ecology test 1

Symbiosis

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

Ecosystem

A community of organisms and their abiotic environment (has water and the sun. basically a rainforest . it has it all).

glomalin

A glycoprotein that is abundant in the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; when hyphae decay, it is an important component of soil.

population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Photorespiration

A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; ((generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when ((stomata close)) and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide)).

abiotic factors

Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of an organism's habitat.

what happens with CO2 and O2 in photorespiration? is the stomate open or closed

CO2 enters and O2 leaves. - stomate is open

what happens with CO2 and O2 in photosynthesis? is the stomate open or closed

CO2 leaves and O2 enters. - stomate is closed

when the sun is directly overhead it means: Rainy or Dry?

Rainy

adaptations for depth: what are the advantages?

Red: can conduct photosynthesis from very deep in the ocean because it absorbs green light the best. green light penetrates more than 150 meters. Green: it takes in red light and blue light best meaning it can conduct photosynthesis either on the surface or very deep.

why are animals different from plants (nitrogen related)

- ANIMALS: get nitrogen by eating. they have excess nitrogen that they gain from nucleic acids as amino groups. - PLANTS: get nitrogen from the soil

what are causes of climate change

- asteroid impacts - volcanoes - continental drift - orbital "wobbles" - ecology

what is a biome

- climate - community - adaptations

soil structure has:

- mineral particles - organic matter - pores (air & water) - organisms

Soil Nutrient Availability depend on

- soil type - abiotic factors - biotic factors

why dont all plants do C4?

- takes too much energy - if you dont have cells, you cant do C4 so it would be considered a constraint

what does an experiment need:

- treatments (manipulations) - replicates - experimental units

soil pH depends on:

-moisture -parent rock -organic matter

soil nutrient availability depends on:

-soil type -abiotic factors -biotic factors

tropic zone

23.5

community

All the different animals that live together in an area

biotic factors

All the living organisms that inhabit an environment

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

natural experiment

An experiment in which nature, rather than a scientist, manipulates an independent variable.

field experiment

An experiment set up in the real world, meaning a experiment outside with human manipulation

lab experiment

An experiment that takes place in a "controlled environment" where the researcher manipulates the experiment.

organism

An individual living thing

Niche

An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. ((stomates open)).

when the sun is at its lowest it means: Rainy or Dry?

Dry

If biochemical cycles change, for example when cyanobacteria created the O2 rich atmosphere 2.3 billion years ago that killed most anaerobic life, that would be an example of:

Ecological Filtering

In photosynthesis, the O2 released as waste comes from ________ and the O in starch molecules in a potato comes from ___________.

H2O, and CO2

what are the advantages of a lab experiment

High control over extraneous variables. Replication is more possible

A budding ecologist wants to measure the effect of light on sex expression in Begonia. He compares the gender of plants already growing in the forest under dense canopy with those growing under a light gap in the canopy. As described, this design is a(n):

Natural Experiment - nothing is being manipulated by the ecologist

directional selection

Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.

Habitat

Place where an organism lives

spatial dimension

Where things are and why they are there.

bottleneck effect

a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size within the same area

environmental filtering

abiotic factors that prevent the establishment or persistence of species in a particular location.

how is the ability to store fat an adaptation?

able to use the stored fat as energy.

temperate zone

above or below 23.5

to minimize absorption

absorbtion

what is the advantage of glomalin

allows roots of plants to grow better

What are trade-offs?

alternative choices

above sea level means

fresh water

Freshwater teleost fish tend to

gain water

what lives inside protists of soil

bacteria

how are biomes defined by climate?

by the temperature and moisture

"The predation of snakes on chipmunks will increase the abundance of mice because of release from competition." This is an example of a hypothesis from which perspective?

community

what would be an animals niche?

consuming other animals

to maximize heat transfer:

convection

phenotypic variation

differences in appearance or function that are passed from generation to generation

the average beak size increased with

drought

when systems are in balance and changing it is called:

dynamic equilibrium

the flow of carbon from gas to rabbits is studied from the perspective of the

ecosystem

what are the main levels of organization in ecology

ecosystem, community and population

change over generations is called

evolution

when closer to the equator it means

fast winds

in the CAM cycle, when the stomata is open, what is happening

fix CO2

disruptive selection

form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two;. favors individuals in two extremes

founders effect

genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area

in the great oxygen event, is it easier or harder to obtain Fe?

harder

what would be bacteria and archaea's niche?

help animals digest, nutrient cycling, and help produce photosynthesis

proximate

how

Ecology is the study of

how organisms interact with each other and the nonliving environment

Freshwater fish are

hyperosmotic

Marine(salt water) fish are

hypoosmotic

stablizing selection

individuals with the average form of a trait have the highest fitness

energy is or is not limited

is limited

if a plant does not appear to be green, then what does it mean?

it does not contain chlorophyll

when iron reacts w oxygen

it rusts

what are the advantages of a natural experiment

its all natural and real without man manipulations

an organisms role in the ecosystem depends on:

its body form, what it consumes, its size, whether or not it is a plant.

Semelpartiy

large numbers of offspring produced once

what are some examples of environmental gradients

light, temperature, oxygen levels, vegetation, salt concentration.

marine teleost fish tend to

lose water

short gut are used for:

meat

what type of fungus is found in soil

mycorrhizae

natural selection is

not random

ecological filtering

occurs when biotic or abiotic factors limit the membership of species in a local community

Osmoregulators

organisms that maintain their internal water balance and solute concentration within narrow limits

what would be a plants niche?

photosynthesis, food for animals, remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, provide habitats, provide humans oxygen

ecological systems of energy and matter follow the laws of ________ and _________.

physics and chemistry

long guts are used for:

plants

O2 is produced by ________ using __________.

produced by using CYANOBACTERIA using PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

in the temperate zones, rising moist air again produces

rain

Genetic Drift is

random

Iteroparity

reproduce little offspring, but often

what caused the ice age?

rise of CO2

below sea level means

salt water

when closer to temperate zones it means

slow winds

what is climate?

temperature and moisture

surface tension

the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and that tends to minimize the area of the surface. its what allows flowers or insects to stay afloat.

what is the trade off of animals (nitrogen related):

the more complex the nitrogen waste is the longer it can be held within animals body but takes more energy to create more complex molecules.

community assembly

the process by which species come to coexist in a common area

what does pH afffect

the shape and functions of protiens

energy comes from _______ and converted to ________.

the sun and converted to heat.

what would be a bee's niche?

to pollinate

why don't all plants do C4

too expensive

in the CAM cycle, when the stomata is closed, what is happening

transport of C4

where would you expect photorespiration to be most severe in: A. temperate forest B. the everglades C. tropical rainforest D. tropical savanna E. artic tundra

tropical savanna (its the driest place of all).

A budding ecologist thinks that sex expression in begonias is a trade-off between attracting bees (more male flowers) and reproducing reliably (more female flowers). This is an example of a(n)

ultimate hypothesis, because it does not describe HOW, it only describes his WHY.

what is predation

when one organism kills another organism to eat it

when do organisms compete?

when organisms need to use the same resources

what is the definition of hyperosmotic

when organisms with body fluids with a lower concentration of water and a higher solute concentration than the external environment. meaning water goes out of the fish. - hypEr = frEsh = Exit

temporal dynamics

when the habitat changes. Ex: from a pond turning into a meadow of trees and grass.

an organisms role LEAST depends on:

whether or not it is a protist. (because protists can perform several jobs, therefore its can be used for various things.

ultimate

why