Econ Test 2 Old quiz/test questions

List two characteristics of a full pharmacoeconomic analysis

- Compare two or more alt - Includes cost and outcomes in alaysis

List two outcomes that could be used in a cost effectiveness study comparing antibioitcs

- Cost - Cure Rate

List two factors that can impact access to health care in Montana?

- Number and type of health care providers/services relative to local needs - geography - cost of care

List the information needed to calculate a QALY

- Utility Weight - Time in Years

The cost of Poison Control Centers was $136million in 2011.The estimated savings (i.e., benefit) for that same year was $1,820million.What was the net benefit? (fill in numeric info)

1684 million

2020 Quizzes

2020 Quizzes

What is the path probability of an alternative that has a 75% cure rate, 90% no ADE rate, and 90% adherence to tx rate

61%

If the branch probability of a medication causing an ADR is 10%, what is the branch probability that an ADR won't occur?

90%

Which of the four full pharmacoeconomic analyses can help determine allocative efficiency? Select one: a. CBA b. CUA c. CEA d. CMA

A. CBA

Which of the following is an example of a full pharmacoeconomic analysis? Select one: a. Comparing the costs and cure rates for three cephalosporins b. Comparing the costs of two biologicals in different drug classes c. All of these are full analyses d. Analyzing the effectiveness of four medication for controlling diabetes.

A. Comparing the costs and cure rates for three cephalosporins

What type of a cost is a prescription medication Co-Pay? a. Direct med b. Direct non med c. indirect d. intangible

A. Direct med

Which of the following are types of rating scales used to estimate a person's health state preference weight? Select one or more: a. Visual Analog Scales b. Time Trade-off c. MOS SF-36 Health Status Survey d. Standard Gamble e. Likert Scales

A. Visual Analog Scale E. Likert Scales

Another name for a "best case/worst case" sensitivity analysis is_________________________

Analysis of Extremes

An option has a path probability of 0.8 and a path costof $500. What is the weighted cost for that path? A. $100 B. $400 C. $500 D. $900

B. 400

Which of the following indicate a location is a medically underserved area (MUA)? a. Too few primary care providers per 1000 population b. All of these can indicate a MUA c. high poverty rates d. high infant mortality rates

B. All of these can indicate MUA

The primary role of critical access hospitals is to: A. Reduce need for health care providers in rural areas B. Increase access to health care in remote, rural areas C. Reduce the need for urban community healthcenters D. Increase the time it takes for a rural patient toreceive care

B. Inc access to health care in remote, rural areas

The Euroqol (EQ5D) consists of two types of preference weight measurement methods. Select the two methods. Select one or more: a. Likert-like Scale b. Visual Analog Scale c. MOS SF-36 Health Status Survey d. Standard Gamble e. Multi-attribute scale

B. Visual Analog Scale E. Multi-Attribute Scale

Type of unit outcome for CUA a. monetary b. natural c. physcial d. equivalent e. quality adjusted

B. natura e. quality adjusted

Type of outcome unit for CEA a. monetary b. natural c. physcial d. equivalent e. quality adjusted

B. natural

Which sensitivity analysis uses randomly selectedvalues for the variables? A. threshold B. probabilistic C. simple, one-way D. analysis of extremes

B. probabilistic

The point where the marginal cost curve crosses the marginal benefit curve is called: Select one: a. incremental benefit. b. economic equilibrium. c. maximum economic efficiency. d. net benefit.

C. Maximum economic efficiency

Which type of cost is co-pay for a prescription? Select one: a. Intangible cost b. Direct non-medical cost c. Indirect cost d. Direct medical cost

D. Direct Medical Cost

Which of these outcome units could be used for a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)? Select one: a. Dollars saved b. All of these c. Level of satisfaction d. Years of life saved

D. Years of life Saved

Limitation due to ability to pay for care but NOT a lackof providers or services is: A. Opportunity cost B. Risk-benefit analysis C. Liability of care D. Cost of care

D. cost of care

Adjusting future costs to their present value is called _________________

DISCOUTING

Another term for "weighted average cost" is _____________________-

Expected Cost

T/F: Markov models are used when the health states remain constant through the analysis period

False

True or Fales. In a pharmacoeconomic analysis, a conservative approach would use the lowest costs and highest outcome rate.

False

True or False. Decision analysis requires individual patient-level data for its calculations.

False

True or False. Each health domain in the SF-36 Health Status Survey has the same number of questions.

False

True or False. Healthcare expenditures in the U.S. are evenly distributed across all age groups.

False

True or False. When drug AAA costs more than drug BBB and has a lower cure rate, one should do a full pharmacoeconomic analysis.

False

When the price per gallon goes from $80 to $400 but there is no change in quantity demanded the demand curve is said to be elastic

False

When the price per unit goes from $80 to $400 but there is no change in quantity demanded, the demand curve is said to be _____________________

INELASTIC

Old Tests

Old Tests

Economics is the "Science of ________________"

Scarcity

Explain what dominated means

Simple - When a lower cost, more effective alt exists Extended - ICER os a less effective alt is higher than the ICER of the next more effective one

A markov procsess is used in decision analysis when it is possible for pts to transition between different health states during the analysis period

True

A patient's SF-36 score for bodily pain changed from 60% to 40% over a three month period, which indicates the patient is experiencing more pain.

True

A preference (Utility) weight of 1 means perfect healht

True

It is possible for a preference weight to be less than zero

True

T/F: In a cost-effectiveness analysis, decision analysis is used to estimate the expected cost and expected outcome values for each option.

True

T/F: In a decision tree, the path probability is determined by multiplying all the branch probability in the path

True

T/F: One of the direct methods for measuring a preference weight is a rating scale such as a visual analog scale

True

T/F: Sensitivty analyses are used to determine the robustness fo the base case

True

T/F: The total cost is the sum of fixed and variable costs

True

T/F: Two direct methods used to measure health state preference weights in research studies are standard Gamble and Time trade off

True

T/F: UItility (or preference) weights usually range between 0-1

True

T/F: When considering the cost of a medication option for a formulary, one should consider downstream costs associated with using that medication

True

The results of multiple univariate simple sensitivity analyses can be displayed in a tornado diagram.

True

True or False. Another term for expected costs is average weighted costs.

True

True or False. Critical access hospitals (CAHs) have 25 or fewer beds and are located at least 35 miles away from another hospital.

True

True or False. Decision analysis should be done before conducting an incremental analysis.

True

True or False. Expected costs and outcomes can be estimated using either regression analysis or decision analysis.

True

True or False. In a pharmacoeconomic analysis that considers more than one year, future dollars should be discounted to present value. Select one: True False

True

True or False. In the Time Trade-Off method, the worse the health state is for a person, the more time they will be willing to give up in order to spend a shorter lifetime in perfect health.

True

True or False. Indirect costs measure the cost of lost productivity.

True

True or False. When considering the cost of a decision, one should include both the upfront costs and downstream costs associated with a choice.

True

T/F; Economic has called the science of scarcity

Ture

What is the QALY for someone who lives 12 years and has a preference weight for their current state of health estimated at 0.75. a.9 b.11.25 c.12.75 d.16

a. 9

A Markov model is used in decision analysis when the following condition is present. Select one: a. A patient can transition back and forth between different health states b. The study time frame exceeds 12 months c. All of these describe when a Markov model should be used d. The decision analysis is used for a cost-utility analysis

a. A patient can transition back and forth between different health states

How are the terms "utility" and "benefit" related? Select one or more: a.Both refer to the satisfaction one has after consuming a resource b.Benefit is a utility measured in monetary units c.Utility refers to the resources consumed and benefit refers to the outcome d.Benefit is a special type of utility that is obtained when there are no costs

a. Both refer to the satisfaction one has after consuming a resource b. Benefit is a utility measured in monetary units

Which of the following full pharmacoeconomicanalyses can determine allocative efficiency ofalternative treatments? A. CBA B. CEA C. CUA D. All of the above

a. CBA

Which of the following has a MONETARY outcomeunit? A. CBA B. CEA C. CMA D. CUA

a. CBA

Match the type of full pharmacoeconmoic analysis w/ the outcome it measure a. cost effectiveness analysis b. cost minimization analysis c. Cost benefit analysis d. Cost utility analysis

a. Cost effectiveness analysis - Natural/Physical unit b. Cost minimization analysis - Natural/physical with equivalent values c. Cost benefti - monetary d. Cost Utility analysis - QALY/preference weight

What type of cost are each of these a. Pay for a babysitter so you can go to a clinic appointment b. Lost productivity c. Co-pay for a prescription

a. Direct Nonmedical cost c. indirect cost d. direct medical cost

adjusting future costs to their present value is called: A. Discounting B. Pooling risk C. Reducing moral hazard D. All of these

a. Discounting

If utility is greater than cost, the decisional balancewill be: A. Do it B. Don't do it

a. Do it?

The point where a demand and a supply curve cross is called: Select one: a. economic equilibrium. b. shortage. c. surplus. d. maximum efficiency.

a. Economic equilibrium

A change in quantity demanded describes the situationwhen the price per unit drops and the number of unitsdemanded: A. Increases B. Decreases C. Stays the same D. Depends on whether the demand curve moves tothe left or right

a. Inc

In addition to the elements found in a checklist for conducting a pharmacoeconomic analysis, a checklist for analyzing the literature which of these addtional elements? Select one: a. Potential limitations b. Sensitivity analyses c. Discounting d. Study perspective

a. Potential limitations

Which of the following types of formats is used for results of the MOS sf-36 Health Status Survey ? Select one: a. profile score b. All of these c. Probability d. index score

a. Profile Score

Which of these is used to test the robustness of the initial pharmacoeconomic analysis? Select one: a. Sensitivity analysis b. Base Case analysis c. Decision analysis d. Discounting

a. Sensitivity Analysis

What is the role of health insurance in an economy? A. Smooths spending over time B. Increases uncertainty in the market C. Adds to an individuals financial risk D. All of these

a. Smooths spending over time

What happens when the cost of a medical service changes from $50 for one unit to $20 for one unit? Select one: a. The quantity demanded will increase b. The demand curve shifts to the right c. The demand curve shifts to the left d. The quantity demanded will also decrease

a. The quantity demanded will increase

Which of the following can be determined w/ a host benefit analysis (CBA) a. Allocative efficiency b. economic efficiency c. productive efficiency d. economic equilibrium

a. allocative

Which of the following can be determined with a costbenefit analysis (CBA)? A. allocative efficiency B. economic efficiency C. productive efficiency D. economic equilibrium

a. allocative

From a 3rd party perspective, which of the following costs would be included in a study of migraines that impact adult workers absenteeism? a. direct b. indirect c. intangible d. all

a. direct

Less generous insurance A. Elastic Demand B. Inelastic Demand

a. elastic

Moral hazard is a large concern in: A. Elastic Demand B. Inelastic Demand

a. elastic

1.Which of the following is a method used by insurancecompanies to reduce moral hazard related toprescription medication use? A. Increase copay amount B. Increase monthly premiums C. Increase # of medications covered D. All of the above

a. increase copay amount

Type of cost unit for CMA a. monetary b. natural c. physcial d. equivalent e. quality adjusted

a. monetary

Type of cost unit for CUA a. monetary b. natural c. physcial d. equivalent e. quality adjusted

a. monetary

Type of outcome unit for CBA a. monetary b. natural c. physcial d. equivalent e. quality adjusted

a. monetary

Typeof cost unit for CEA a. monetary b. natural c. physcial d. equivalent e. quality adjusted

a. monetary

Amount the patient pays to the provider is: A. Out of pocket cost B. Fee for service C. Bundled payment D. Capitation

a. out of pocket cost

A marginal cost can be described as: a. the additional cost of producing an addition unit of outcome b. a value calculated from teetotal costs of production c. a cost that is beyond recovery when a decision is made d. all

a. the additional cost of producing an addition unit of outcome.

The base case determines alternative A is preferred, but the results of a sensitivity analysis indicate a 5% decrease int eh price of alternative B will flip the decision and make it more preferred. What kind of sensitivity was done. a. Threshold b. probabilistic c. simple, one way d. analysis of extremes

a. threshold

High deductible and limited benefit plans A. Tiered benefits B. Risk sharing C. Inelastic demand D. Elastic demand

a. tiered benefits

A full pharmacoeconomic analysis has two key characteristics.Select theTWO (2)that apply. a.Compares costs and consequences for each alternative b.Compares two or more treatment alternatives c.Compiles the total costs for treating a single disease d.Compares alternatives with a randomized, controlled clinical trial

a.Compares costs and consequences for each alternative b.Compares two or more treatment alternatives

Which of the following steps in a full pharmacoeconomic analysis is done last?Select one: a.Perform a sensitivity analysis b.Conduct a base case analysis c.Identify two or more options to include in the comparison d.Use decision analysis to get expected (weighted average) costs and outcomes

a.Perform a sensitivity analysis

Which of the following are considereddirectmeasures of health utility (preference) weights? (SelectALLthat apply) a.Standard Gamble (SG) b.RAND 36-Item Health Status Survey c.Visual Analog Scale (VAS) d.Time Trade Off (TTO) e.Multi-attribute instruments

a.Standard Gamble (SG) b.RAND 36-Item Health Status Survey c.Visual Analog Scale (VAS) d.Time Trade Off (TTO)

In a decision tree, option C has a 70% (0.7) probability of working and a 1% (0.01) probability of causing a severe ADR.What is the path probability for the combination of events "works and causes ADR"?Select one: a.70% (0.7) b.0.7% (0.007) c.1% (0.01) d.71% (0.71)

b. 0.7% (0.007)

An option has a path probability of 0.8 and a path cost of $500. What is the weighted cost for that path? a. 100 b. 400 c. 500 d. 900

b. 400

Which of these variables can be used in a sensitivity analysis? Select one: a. Discount rate b. Any and all of these could be used c. Costs of treatment d. Probability of a cure

b. Any and all of these could be used

Which of the following has a NATURAL & equivalent value outcome unit? A. CBA B. CEA C. CMA D. CUA

b. CMA

Which of the full pharmacoeconomic analyses uses a QALY as its outcome measure? Select one: a. CMA b. CUA c. CEA d. CBA

b. CUA

A study compares Septra and bactrim for tx UTIS is most accurately described as a: a. Randomized clinical trial b. Cost minimization analysis c. Cost effectiveness analysis d. Full pharmacoeconomic analysis

b. Cost minimization analysis

If utility is less than cost, the decisional balance willbe: A. Do it B. Don't do it

b. Dont do it?

Each service or item is paid for individually: A. Out of pocket cost B. Fee for service C. Bundled payment D. Capitation

b. Fee for service

Which of the following is a potential confounder for results obtained from the RAND 36-item Health Status Survey in the upcoming IPPE assignment? Select one: a. The RAND instrument method for scoring responses has been shown to systematically reduce scores by 10% b. Interviewees will not be able to separate impact of Covid-19 from health status in their responses c. All of these are legitimate sources of confounding d. The health status survey will only measure 4 dimensions of health this year

b. Inteviewees will not be able to separate impact of COVID 19 from health status in their responses

What does one need to do with a preference weight and number of years of life saved to calculate a QALY? Select one: a. Divide years of life saved by preference weight b. Multiply preference weight by years of life saved c. Add preference weight to years of life saved d. Subtract preference weight from years of life saved

b. Multiply preference weight by years of life saved

Which of the following are needed to calculate a QALY: select all a. Diagnossis b. YOL c. Preference weigh d. SF-36 profile score e. Direct medical cost

b. YOL c. Preference weig

A sunk cost can be described as: A. A value calculated from the total costs ofproduction B. A cost that is already spent regardless of thedecision made C. The additional cost of producing an additional unitof outcome D. All of these

b. a cost that is already spent regardless of the diction made

The economic role of insurance includes all of thefollowing EXCEPT: A. Reduce uncertainty in the market B. Increase uncertainty in the market C. Smooth spending over time D. Reduce an individuals financial risk

b. inc uncertainty in the market

Moral hazard is not a large concern in: A. Elastic Demand B. Inelastic Demand

b. inelastic

More generous insurance A. Elastic Demand B. Inelastic Demand

b. inelastic

Type of outcome unit for CMA a. monetary b. natural c. physcial d. equivalent e. quality adjusted

b. natural d. equivalent

.If someone has no insurance, they have: A. No risk, but a lot of moral hazard B. No moral hazard, but a lot of risk C. Who the f**k knows D. I just took a DNA test, turns out I'm 100% that b*tc

b. no moral hazard but a lot of risk

Which sensitivity analysis uses randomly selected values for the variables. a. threshold b. probabilistic c. simple, one wayu d. analysis of extremes

b. probabilistic

Portion of total care cost paid by the insured patient A. Tiered benefits B. Risk sharing C. Inelastic demand D. Elastic demand

b. risk sharing

Which of the following economic concepts determinewhat resources will be used in a population? A. Utility B. Scarcity C. Consumers D. Benefits

b. scarcity

An opportunity cost is best described as the cost: a. of a dominated alternative b. the next best alternative c. that occurs prior to making a decision d. that changes w/ the amount of output

b. the next best alternative

_______ is the satisfaction gained from the product orservice. A. Demand B. Utility C. Scarcity D. Cost

b. utility

Which of the following might be included as an outcome measure in a cost-effectiveness analysis? a.Cost of a treatment b.Number of cures c.Reduction in fear of dying d.Probability of an ADR

b.Number of cures

What are the two key characteristics of a full pharmacoeconomic analysis? (SelectTWOresponses) a.A societal perspective is used for the analysis b.Two or more options are compared c.Costs and outcomes of each option are included d.Sunk costs of each option are included

b.Two or more options are compared c.Costs and outcomes of each option are included

How many questions would one expect to find in a health status survey titled "MOS SF-12 Health Status Survey"? Select one: a. 5 b. 36 c. 12 d. 8

c. 12

Another name for analysis of extremes is: Select one: a. univariate simple analysis. b. base case analysis. c. best case / worst case analysis. d. Monte Carlo simulation.

c. Best case/Worse case analysis

Payment based on expected costs for clinicallydefined episodes of care (across different providers): A. Out of pocket cost B. Fee for service C. Bundled payment D. Capitation

c. Bundled payment

Which of the following has a NATURAL outcome unit? A. CBA B. CEA C. CMA D. CUA

c. CEA

A recent report on the health effects of lemons has resulted in a situation where pts who used to buy one lemon only if it costs lesss than $1 will now pay over $5 for a single lemon. This phenomena is called: a. economic efficiency b. economic equilibrium c. a change in demand d. a change in quantity demanded

c. Change in demand

What is the economic consequence of moral hazard? A. Total cost of care B. Cost to patient C. Deadweight loss D. Medical care

c. DWL

.When compared to a new medication, the currenttreatment costs more but achieves fewer cures. Whatdo you recommend doing? A. Conduct a CEA B. Conduct a CBA C. Select the new medication D. Keep the current treatment

c. Select the new med

Which method uses the risk of death from a treatment that may give a person perfect health to estimate the preference weight for their current state of health? Select one: a. All of these include risk of death b. Rating Scales c. Standard Gamble d. Time Trade-Off

c. Standard Gamble

Which result indicates the base case results may be sensitive to a variable in the decision analysis model? Select one: a. The base case decision will flip if the cost of drug B increases by 600% b. Discounting future costs by 6% instead of 4% changes which alternative is preferred c. The alternative selected in the base case is the preferred alternative in 90% of the Monte Carlo simulations d. When 20% of 1000 Monte Carlo simulations indicate another alternative is more cost effective than the option identified in the base case

c. The alternative selected in the base case is the preferred alternative in 90% of the Monte Carlo simulations

A student has a choice between two types of free doughnuts and chooses the maple bar instead of the plain raised glazed doughnut. Which of the following best describes this situation? a. The plain raised glazed doughnut costs less than the maple bar b. The plain raised glazed doughnut gives the student greater utility c. The maple bar gives the student greater utlity d. The maple bar costs less than the raised glazed doughnut

c. The maple bar gives the student greater utlity

The point at which the marginal cost and marginal benefit curves cross is called: a.economic equilibrium. b.economic utility. c.economic efficiency. d.economic surplus.

c. economic efficiency

In a cost-effectiveness analysis, decision analysis is used to: a. ID alt options to include in the CEA b. determine the outcome measure for the analysis c. Estimate the expected cost and expected outcome value d. do all of these

c. estimate the exited cost and expected outcome value

Areas of the state that need rural health clinic servicesbut do not otherwise qualify for federal HPSA orMUA/P designation certification: A. FQHC B. HPSA C. Governor designated D. MUAs & MUPs

c. governor designated

If someone has FULL insurance, they have A. Moral hazard is a concern B. Moral hazard is NOT a concern C. No risk, but a lot of moral hazard D. No moral hazard, but a lot of risk

c. no risk, but a lot of moral hazard

The cost that is the value of the next best alternative use of a resource is called:Select one: a.a sunk cost. b.an indirect cost. c.an opportunity cost. d.a marginal cost.

c. opportunity cost

When demand is greater than supply at any givenprice, there is: A. Demand B. Utility C. Scarcity D. Cost

c. scarcity

The following are health insurance risk sharingstrategies EXCEPT: A. Tiered benefits B. High deductible plans C. Self-pay D. Limited benefits

c. self-pay

A sunk cost is best described as the cost: a. of a dominated alternative b. of the next best alternative c. that occurs prior to making a decision d. the changes w/ the amount of output

c. that occurs prior to making a decision.

Which sensitivity analysis indicates the point at which a decision to go with option A flips so option B becomes the preferred option?Select one: a.Probabilistic b.Univariate c.Threshold d.Simple one-way

c. threshold

According to 2011 data, Poison Control Centers save society $13.39 for every $1 spent to fund them.What is this ratio called?Select one: a.Net Benefit b.Return on Investment c.Benefit:Cost Ratio d.Total Cost

c.Benefit:Cost Ratio

How many dimensions of health are in the RAND 36-item Health Status Survey? Select one: a. 36 b. 3 c. 12 d. 8

d. 8

A decision tree has definite components including these: Select one: a. Choice nodes b. Chance nodes c. Branches d. All of these are found in a decision tree

d. All of these are found in a decision tree

What should be included when calculating the expected cost of one alternative in a decision tree? Select one: a. Path costs b. Include all paths that flow from that one alternative c. Path probabilities d. All of these are used in calculating expected costs

d. All of these are used in calculating expected costs

Which of the following has a QALY outcome unit? A. CBA B. CEA C. CMA D. CUA

d. CUA

A lump sum is paid regardless of number of servicesreceived: A. Out of pocket cost B. Fee for service C. Bundled payment D. Capitation

d. Capitation

What type of cost is a prescription medication co-pay?Select one: a.Indirect b.Intangible c.Direct non-medical d.Direct medical

d. Direct medical

Which of the following is an advantage of using a disease-specific health status survey rather than a more general survey like an SF-36? Select one: a. Can determine how comorbidities also impact health status b. All of these c. It is easier to compare different populations d. It is easier to detect changes in health status due to the disease

d. It is easier to detect changes in health status due to the disease

Which of the following could a health insurance company do to reduce moral hazard? Select one: a. Reduce monthly premium payments b. Reduce the deductible level c. Reduce co-pay for services or medications d. None of these will reduce moral hazard

d. None of these will reduce moral hazard

Which of the sensitivity analyses randomly selects and includes values for all variables from a range of plausible values? Select one: a. Analysis of extremes b. Threshold analysis c. Simple univariate analysis d. Probabilistic analysis

d. Probabilitstic Analysis

The RAND 36-Item Health Survey has eight dimensions of health and produces a(n):Select one: a.Index score b.Preference weight c.QALY d.Profile score

d. Profile Score

Which of these measurement methods produces a profile score for health? Select one: a. Visual Analog Scale b. EQ5D c. All of these d. SF-36

d. SF-36

When the cost of a well check clinic visit is $50m pts will go twice a years. When the cost of the visit inc to $200, pts will go only once a year. This phenomenon is called; a. economic efficiency b. economic equilibrium c. a change in demand d. a change in quantity demanded

d. a change in quantity demanded

If a pharmacoeconomic analysis is made from a Societal perspective, which of the following types of costs would one expect to see included in the study? Select one: a.Direct medical b.Indirect c.Intangibled .All of these

d. all

Suppose the same migraine absenteeism study was performed from a societal perspective instead. Which of the following costs would be included in the study a. Direct b. indirect c. intangible d. all

d. all

What can contribute to downstream costs once a decision to use a specific medication is made?Select one: a.Treatment failure b.Onset of sever ADRs c.Disease complications d.All of these

d. all

Which of the following is an example of an absorbing state that is used in a Markov Model? a. well b. sick c. dead d. all

d. all

When compared to a new medication, the current tx costs less and thieves more cures. What do you recommend doing? a. Conduct a CEA b. Conduct a CBA c. Select new med d. Keep the current tx

d. keep the current tx

What is the primary concern with moral hazard caused by health insurance companies being too generous with patient benefits?Select one: a.Reduction in out-of-pocket costs for patients b.Increased access to necessary health care services c.All of these d.Unnecessary overuse of limited healthcare resources

d. unnecessary overuse of limited healthcare resources

All of the following are criteria for critical accesshospitals EXCEPT: A. 25 or fewer acute inpatient care beds B. 35 miles or more away from another hospital C. 96 hours or less average length of stay (LOS) D. 24/7 emergency care services E. Mandatory on site pharmacy services

e. Mandatory on site pharmacy services

True or False. Health status is impacted by more than just physical health and functioning.

true