Ecosystems

Based on the second law of thermodynamics, how much biomass of phytoplankton would be needed to produce 1 kilogram (kg) of large fish in this food web?

1,000 kg

A temperate grassland biome has a gross primary productivity of 3,480 kilocalories/meter2/year and a net primary productivity of 2,000 kilocalories/meter2/year. Which of the following is the approximate number of kilocalories/meter2/year available to herbivores in that biome?

200 kilocalories/meter2/year

Which of the following types of organisms are required to complete the nitrogen cycle, including the process of denitrification?

Bacteria

This biome contains a nutrient-rich environment created by falling leaves and trapped organic materials from the large trees, and it provides the ecosystem service of filtering pollutants from water.

Freshwater wetlands

Which trophic level has the least available energy in kilojoules in this food web?

Killer whale

In reef ecosystems, corals often have microalgae living inside them. The algae supply the corals with nutrients, and the coral give shelter to the algae. Which of the following interactions best describes the relationship between the corals and the algae?

Mutualism

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems?

Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.

This freshwater biome is characterized by fast-flowing water that can originate from underground springs or runoff, which carries sediment and organic material.

Rivers

Which of the following describes the most likely change to terrestrial biomes resulting from warmer average global temperatures?

The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase.

The majority of the nitrogen on Earth can be found in which of the following reservoirs?

The atmosphere

Which of the following statements is best supported by the diagram of the phosphorus cycle?

The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually return to the soil through the excretion of plants and animals and their decomposition

Six white-tailed deer and six sika deer were enclosed in a pasture for observation during an eight-year study in central Texas. White-tailed deer are a native species to central Texas, while sika deer are a nonnative species to central Texas. White-tailed deer feed on flowering plants and the tips of trees and shrubs but do not eat grass. Sika deer feed on flowering plants, the tips of trees and shrubs, and grass. All other grazing animals were kept out of the pasture during the study. The number of sika deer more than doubled after the eight years, while the population of white-tailed deer decreased by 50 percent. Which of the following statements best supports the results from the study?

The sika deer out competed the white-tailed deer in consuming flowering plants and shrubs.

Farmers in a suburban coastal town started using no-till agriculture, a practice that reduces soil erosion from their farmland. Use the image above to determine which of the following long-term effects no-till agriculture will have on the ecosystem surrounding the farmland.

There will be less algal growth in the nearby ocean.

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest net primary productivity?

Tropical rain forest

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest primary productivity per unit area?

Tropical rain forest

Which of the following best describes an example of resource partitioning in an ecosystem?

Two different bird species feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark.

Which of the following best describes a terrestrial ecosystem that will have the highest net primary productivity?

Warm temperatures, high rainfall, and consistent sunlight

Based on the diagram, which of the following statements about the hydrologic cycle is true?

Water from the ocean evaporates and condenses in the atmosphere.

Which of the following smaller reservoirs of freshwater are missing from the diagram?

ice caps

This biome is found in shallow waters off the coastline and is Earth's most biologically diverse marine biome.

Coral reefs

Energy is transferred along food chains from one stage to the next. Which statement best explains how the energy is transferred?

If a primary producer stores 10,000kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer will have 10 kcal of energy available level 1 primary producer- 10,000 primary consumer- 1,000 secondary consumer- 100 tertiary consumer- 10

The energy available to consumers determined by subtracting the energy used by plants from the total energy transformed by the process of photosynthesis.

Net primary productivity

The diagram below shows a particular marine food web. Which of the following best describes what is represented by the arrows in the food web?

The flow of energy

Which of the boxes represents a carbon source?

burning of fossil fuels

Which of the following biogeochemical cycles includes the processes of buffering ocean pH and photosynthesis, as shown in the diagram?

carbon cycle

This rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time.

cellular respiration

the reduction of nitrates back into nitrogen gas.

denitification

The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area.

gross primary productivity

converting ammonium ions into nitrite ions, and then into nitrate ions

nitrification

Which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers and nitrifying bacteria or lighting converts atmospheric nitrogen N2N2 to ammonia.

nitrogen fixation

The diagram above best illustrates major processes in which of the following biogeochemical cycles does not have an atmospheric sink and is driven by weathering and uplift.

phosphorus cycle

Which of the following trophic levels represents a primary producer in an aquatic food chain?

phytoplankton

Which of the following best identifies a key component of the hydrologic cycle that powers the movement of water and is missing from the diagram?

the sun

Which box represents a carbon sink that holds carbon compounds for the shortest period of time?

vegetation