ECP 3143 Final Exam study Guide

The fraction of African American female households with no spouse present rose 16 percentage points, from...percent of families in 1965-1973 to ... percent of families in 2009-2014.

18;34

Among African American males during 2009-2014,... percent were married versus ... percent during 1965-1973. ...percent had never-married during 2009-2014, while nearly ... percent had never-married during 1965-1973

18;62.4;78;29.4

Among 24 to 29 year-old African American women during 2009-2014, ... percent were married versus nearly... percent during 1965-1973. During the immediate post-Jim Crow era, only ... percent of these women had never-married, but by 2009-2014 a large majority (... percent) had never-married.

19.7;60;19.8;74

At the $8,000 criterion, Wood's statistical model suggests that the decline in the marriageability index can account for about ...percent of the 1970 to 1980 decline in young ever-married African American females.

9

in 1970 there were ... births per 1,000 unmarried African American women ages 15 to 44 and ... births per 1,000 married African American women ages 15 to 44

96;130

Fertility rates among unmarried white women decreased/increased for every age group between 15 and 44 years of age. However, white women in their twenties -- especially women ages ... -- exhibited the largest increases in fertility.

increased;20-24

. More than ... percent of white men ages 30-39 were never-married during 2009-2014, close to the African American rate of ... percent during the 1980s.

27;29

Of all the births to unmarried Non-Hispanic black women in 2002, ... percent were to mothers who were cohabiting at the time of the birth. For 2006-2010 this figure was just under ... percent.

29;35

. During 1974-1980, ... percent and ... percent of African American single female and single male parents were never-married

32.6 ;21.5

Today, by ages 30-39, only... percent of African American women are currently married and ... percent have never-married.

33.9;47

Among white children living with mothers-only, ... percent of the mothers have never-married and ... percent) of the mothers are divorced

35;48

For 1965-1973, if we restrict our attention to the ratio of unmarried and fulltime employed men per unmarried woman there are only ... marriage-eligible men per 100 women among 25 - 34 year old African Americans. Among whites, this ratio is near parity, ... unmarried and fulltime employed 25 - 34 year old men per 100 unmarried women

37; 89

By 2009-2014, .... percent of African American children lived in families where only their mother was present

39

Cohabiting Non-Hispanic white mothers were ...percent and ... percent for these two periods, respectively

40;68

After the Great Recession, the ratio of unmarried and fulltime employed men per unmarried woman is ... marriage-eligible men per 100 women among 25 - 34 year old African Americans and ... unmarried and fulltime employed 25 - 34 year old men per 100 unmarried women.

43; 80

The tremendous gain in years of schooling, for both African Americans and whites, is the best explanation for the rise in the fraction of never-married women 16 - 23 years of age. During 1965-1973, 46 percent of African American women with 13-15 years of education were currently married, 42 percent had never married, and 12 percent were previously married (widow, divorce, separated). During 2009-2014, 20 percent of people with 13-15 years of education were currently married, 70 percent had never married, and 10 percent were previously married (widow, divorce, separated).

46; 42; 12; 20; 70; 10

if the sample is restricted to women who expect to marry within 5 years the relative probability of marriage increases from ... percent to ... percent when the pool of full-time employed men is included as an explanatory factor. These estimates show that.... percent of the interracial difference in entry into first marriage is due to African American male marginality.

46;59;24-41

African American Men During 1965-1973, 47 percent of people with 13-15 years of education were currently married, 45 percent had never married, and 6 percent were previously married During 2009-2014, 23 percent of people with 13-15 years of education were currently married, 70 percent had never married, and 7 percent were previously married

47; 45; 6; 23; 70; 7

... percent of white women ages 24-29 were never-married during 2009-2014, close to the African American rate of ....percent during the 1980s

48.7;50

When the pool of full-time employed men is the MMPI, ... percent of African American women are predicted to enter first marriage during a given year versus ...percent of white women. If African American women faced the same MMPI as white women, ... percent would enter first marriage during a given year. If white women faced the same MMPI as African American women, their marriage rate would decline to ... percent.

5.42; 12.45; 6.94; 10.58

... percent of single white women parents and ... percent of single white men parents were never-married in 1974-1980

5.8;4.6

Among women ages 23 - 28, African American women are ... percent as likely to enter first marriage as white women if one does not statistically control for male marriageability. However, when one controls for male marriageability young African American women are ... percent as likely to enter first marriage as young white women

51; 71

. Cohabiting mothers were ... percent and ... percent of births to unmarried Hispanic women in 2002 and 2006-2010, respectively

51;68

The largest gains were among Southern/Northern African Americans during the 1960s. By 1975, Southern and Non-Southern African Americans had virtually identical median years of completed schooling.

Southern

provider role strain is likely to be most intense for two groups of men:

prime age working class men who have been laid off or who face an insecure employment future; and, young working class men facing a future of limited employment opportunities.

After adjusting for racial differences in poverty, age, and unemployment, Gyimah-Brempong found that

race has no statistically significant impact on a series of crimes: robbery, burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny, murder, rape

Today For white women in their 30s, ...percent are currently married and ... percent have never-married

67;19

For Wilson, a man is eligible for marriage if he is

(1) unmarried and (2) employed full-time or in the military.

. Suppose, for example, there are 100 unmarried men ages 24-29 and 100 unmarried women ages 24-29. If 72 men earn sufficient income

.72

Mare and Winship Among African American males a ... increase in the expected probability of employment after marriage increased the odds of marriage by ... percent for African American men 20 to 23 years olds and by ... percent for African American men ages 30 to 39

0.10; 25; 15

in 1965-73 the African American sex ratio was ..., for 35 - 44 year olds, but it was... during 1974-80 before rising to ...in the most recent period.

0.47; 0.45; 0.63

Suppose, for example, there are 100 unmarried men ages 24-29 and 100 unmarried women ages 24-29. If 85 men are either employed fulltime or enlisted in the military

0.85. This ratio implies that 15 unmarried men per 100 unmarried women are marginalized and not eligible for marriage.

Darity-Myers Index Suppose, for example, there are 100 unmarried men ages 24-29 and 100 unmarried women ages 24-29. If 85 men are employed fulltime or in the military and 3 are enrolled in school

0.88

the marginalization of African American males explains about... to... percentage points (or 18 to 32 percent) of the ... percentage point gap between young African American and white women entering their first marriage.

1.1;1.9;6

Unmarried African American women in their early twenties experienced a fertility rate rise from ... per 1,000 in 1984 to ... per 1,000 in 1990, the largest increase of any group

108;145

The number of white families headed by a woman with no spouse present increased from ... percent in 1965-1973 to ...percent in 2009-2014

10;13

. From 1965-1973 to 2009-2014, the fraction of white children living in mother-only families increased from... percent to ... percent.

10;15

During 1970-1987, the fertility rate of married white women ages 15 to 44 declined from... to .... Indeed, the fertility rate of married white women had declined to ....per 1,000 by 1993.

120;91;88

Consider African American male householders with no spouse, which were ... percent of families in 1965-1973 and ...percent of families in 2009-2014.

12;11

Among unmarried white women, the new baby boom began a full decade earlier than among their African American counterparts. After bottoming out at about ... births per 1,000 in 1974, the fertility rate increased to ... per 1,000 by 1993

12;36

The fertility rate of unmarried white women increased from ... births per 1,000 unmarried women ages 15 to 44 in 1970 to ... births per 1,000 unmarried women ages 15 to 44 in 1987

14;25

.... was the period of the most dramatic change in the structure of African American families.

1965-1990

From the end of Jim Crow to the period after the Great Recession, the fraction of African American married couples declined by nearly ... percentage points. By 2009-2014, married couples constituted only ... percent of African American families

19; 50

.... percent of white women ages 30-39 were never-married during 2009-2014, higher than the African American rate of ... percent during the late 1970s but lower than the African American rate of ... percent during the 1980s

19;14.6;24.9

the probability of widowhood among African Americans is often .... times the probability of widowhood among whites .Also, the presence of widows as a fraction of the 16 - 39 year-old population has been increasing/declining since 1940

2-3; declining

In 1969, about... of African American births were to married women. Just seven years later in 1976, ... of African American children were born to unmarried women. By 1990, over ... of African American births were to unmarried women

2/3;1/2;2/3

Mare and Winship found that decreases in expected employment account for roughly ... percent of the decline in the probability of marriage among African American males age 16 to 29 and ... percent of the decline for African American males age 30 to 39.

20; 14

...percent of white children were born to unmarried women during 1994 and about ... percent of white children were born to unmarried women during 2014. At ... percent, the rate of children born to unmarried white women is nearly ... generations behind African Americans but the white rate has been growing rapidly. The white rate ... between 1978 and 2014.

21;30;30;two;tripled

Regardless of race, husband's earnings have a positive impact on remaining married. For their data, the cumulative baseline divorce rates at 5, 10, and 15 years are ... percent, ... percent, and ... percent.

22.5; 31.5; 39.5

White Men During 1965-1973, ... percent of people with 13-15 years of education were currently married, ... percent had never married, and ... percent were previously married During 2009-2014, ... percent of people with 13-15 years of education were currently married, ...percent had never married, and ... percent were previously married

52; 45; 2; 33; 61; 7

In Wood's sample, ... percent of African American women were ever married in 1980, down from ... percent in 1970, i.e., a decline of 17 percentage points. Using the $8,000 annual income definition of marriageability, ... percent of African American males were marriage eligible in 1980, a drop of 4.7 percentage points from 1970 when the rate was ... percent

55.6; 72.3; 39.5; 44.2

The presence of children in male householder families has declined from ...percent in 1965-1973 to .... percent during the period after the Great Recession. Similarly, the fraction of childless African American married couples has increased by ... percentage points.

56;36;12

White women During 1965-1973, 59 percent of people with 13-15 years of education were currently married, 37 percent had never married, and 4 percent were previously married During 2009-2014, 38 percent of people with 13-15 years of education were currently married, 53 percent had never married, and 10 percent were previously married

59; 37; 4; 38; 53; 10

Wood the minimum level of income required for achieving marriageability was $..., $..., and $..., respectively, in 1979 dollars

6,000;8000; 10,000

In 1940, 25 to 34 year old African Americans had a median of ...years of completed schooling, ... years less than the white median. By 1960, 25 to 34 year old African Americans had a median of ... years of education, just ... years less than the white median. In 1970 and 1975, young African Americans averaged ... and ... years of completed education, respectively, or ... and... years less than the white median.

6.9; 3.5; 10.3; 2; 12; 12.4; 0.6; 0.4

The majority (... percent) of African American children living in father-only families do so because the father has never-married. Again, among whites, divorce is the most common (... percent) path to children living in father-only families.

60;49

Among white males ages 24-29, ... percent were never-married during 2009-2014, higher than the African American rate of ... percent during the 1980s but lower than the African American rate of ... percent during the 1990s

63.9;58;67.3

Among African American children living in mother-only families during the post-Great Recession period, ... percent of the mothers have never-married and ...percent of the mothers are divorced

67;18

in the immediate post-Jim Crow years ... percent of African American children resided in two-parent families, but today ...percent of African American children live in two-parent homes

70;50

During the 1990s the rate of births to unmarried women stalled for African Americans: ... percent of African American children were born to unmarried women during 1994 and ... percent of African American children were born to unmarried women during 2014

71;72

Among African American men in their thirties, the fraction currently married plummeted from... percent in 1965-1973 to ... percent in the 2009-2014

74;40

For unmarried African American women, the fertility rate bottomed out in 1984 at .... births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 44. There was an upward trend for the next 6 years, peaking at ... births per 1000 women by 1990.

75;91

For both groups of married women 1987 appears to have been the turning point. From 1987 to 1990, the fertility rate among married African American women increased from ... to ..., while the fertility rate among married white women increased from ... to ....

76 to 80; 91 to 94

By 1986, the fertility rate for both groups of African American women was ... births per 1,000 women

79

white families headed by married couples declined by three percentage points, from... percent in 1965-1973 to ...percent in 2009-2014.

79;76

The fertility rate of married African American women then declined by ... points during 1990 - 1993 while the fertility rate of married white women declined by ... points.

7;6

during 1965-73 there were ... unmarried African American males per 100 unmarried African American women among 18 - 24 year olds, but ... unmarried white males per 100 unmarried white females.

88; 118

Regardless of race or gender, there has been a dramatic (increase/decrease) in the prevalence of never-married parents. Whites are about one generation behind African Americans, but their rates are growing much more (rapidly/slowly).

Increase;rapidly

Summing up, the stunning increase in the proportion of births to unmarried African American women has two sources.

The first is the striking decline in marriage. The second is the fertility rates of married women declined faster than fertility rates of unmarried women.

Public policy responses can have an impact on the quality of family life through two means.

They can ameliorate the speed and impact of joblessness and social isolation and hence, reduce or increase provider role strain among fathers. Two, policy responses may aid (or worsen) the internal coping strategies of African Americans.

contrary to the conventional wisdom, Darity and Myers (1990) found that

after controlling for age, education, region, state unemployment rate, percentage of population on welfare, and residential location -- as the African American share of the population increases homicide and incarceration rates decline.

Lichter, et al. (1992)

argue that it is incorrect to assume that all unmarried women are in the marriage market.

Accordingly, Lichter, et al., considered a woman in the marriage market if she was

between 23 and 28 years of age or responded affirmatively to the query of whether marriage was anticipated in the next 5 years.

The percentage of African Americans men and women who are currently divorced or separated has tended to decline/increase since 1980. Additionally, except among teens, the current rate of divorced or separated persons is lower/higher among African Americans than among whites

decline; higher

In the Darity-Myers model, an increase in homicides or the incarceration rate will decrease/increase mate availability

decrease

An increase in the local unemployment rate directly increases/decreases mate availability and indirectly decreases/increases mate availability through a rise in homicides and incarcerations.

decreases; decreases

From at least the late 1950s to the mid-1980s, fertility rates for both African American and white women were on a upward/downward trend

downward

The fertility rates of both married and unmarried African American women have risen/fallen; however, the fertility rate of married women has declined at a faster/slower pace.

fallen;faster

. The percentage of never-married white men during 2009-2014 is slightly (higher/lower) than the percentage of never-married African American men in the 1980s

higher

For each year from 1987 to 1993 the fertility rate of unmarried African American women was higher/lower than the rate for married African American women.

higher

However, the Darity-Myers discussion of male marginalization adds additional details. In particular, the complete Darity-Myers (DMI.2) discussion of male marginalization emphasizes

male institutionalization (involvement with the criminal justice system); premature death and disability; and, whether the individual has any children.

Given that a divorce occurs, whites are more/less likely than African Americans to re-partner, that is, to re-marry or to co-habitate after divorce

more

For all age groups and for both racial groups, there has been a large and mostly continuous decline/rise in the incidence of never-married men and women during 1940 - 2014. . This pattern is particularly pronounced among whites/African Americans.

rise; African-Americans

the percentage of never-married white mothers in 2009-2014 is roughly (similar/more/less) to the percentage of never-married African American mothers during 1974-1980

similar

Hoffman and Duncan (1995) examine

the economic determinants of divorce for women entering into their first marriage between 1967 and 1983.

Family functioning refers to

the quality of inter-personal relationships within the family and, in particular, whether the quality of inter-personal relationships nurture emotional, social, and economic wellbeing.

. Consider first the sex ratio, that is,

the total number of unmarried men within an age-group divided by the total number of unmarried women within the same age-group.

Family structure refers

to the demographic composition of family members, that is, whether a family has children, whether a family is nuclear or extended, whether a family with children has a single parent or multiple parents, or whether a family is blended or all the children in the family have the same two biological parents.

the impact of a change in the ratio of unmarried but marriageable males per unmarried female is about ... as large when income is the criterion (either $8,000 or $10,000) than when full employment is the marriageability criterion.

twice