ed psych final
Place the following labor events in the correct order: Pushing & birth, Transition, Delivering the placenta, Dilation & effacement
1. Dilation & effacement 2. Transition 3. Pushing & birth 4. Delivering the placenta
Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development suggests that the parent or teacher a. provide children support so that they can perform skills they are unable to perform independently b. hold children back until they can perform the skills independently c. urge children far beyond his or her current skill level by letting them figure out how to solve problems on their own d. tell children how to perform tasks that they cannot yet perform
a. provide children support so that they can perform skills they are unable to perform independently
By age 4 to 5, the number of synapses in the prefrontal cortex is nearly double the adult value. a. True b. False
a. True
Sleep contributes to body growth because growth hormone (GH) is released during the child's sleeping hours. a. True b. False
a. True
Which state has the highest inequity in infant mortality rates between Black and white babies? a. Wisconsin b. West Virginia c. Alaska d. South Dakota
a. Wisconsin
Based on the order in which children tend to acquire vocabulary, which new word will children learn more readily? a. bear b. swim c. grizzly d. furry
a. bear
When a researcher directly controls or manipulates changes in the independent variable(s) by exposing participants to the treatment conditions in order to study changes in the dependent variable, she... a. can infer cause-and-effect relationships b. is conducting a correlational study c. should find that the correlational coefficient is zero d. is using a technique called matching
a. can infer cause-and-effect relationships
Which of the following is an example of a gross-motor skill? a. climbing b. pointing c. reaching d. scribbling
a. climbing
A researcher designed an experiment to examine whether phonics instruction increases children's reading ability. Forty second-grade children participated in the experiment. During the experiment, a group of 20 children received 4 weeks of phonics instruction and a group of 20 children received no phonics instruction. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? a. reading ability b. phonics instruction c. number of children d. 4 week time period
a. reading ability
Today, infant tests are largely used for a. screening to identify babies in need of intervention. b. predicting future performance. c. measuring higher-order cognitive skills. d. predicting school placement.
a. screening to identify babies in need of intervention.
Two-year-old Aisha tells her mom, "I good girl." This statement demonstrates that Aisha is beginning to develop a. self-awareness b. empathy c. emotional synchrony d. scale errors
a. self-awareness
Two-year-old Ruby utters the words "go car." This is an example of a. telegraphic speech. b. overextension. c. referential speech. d. underextension.
a. telegraphic speech.
What is the name for external, environmental agents that cause damage to the embryo or fetus during the prenatal period? a. teratogens b. toxins c. alleles d. thalidomides
a. teratogens
If we were using an ethnographic research design, what would we be studying? a. the meaning-making of a specific cultural group b. a single case in extreme detail c. people very different than us d. a group of people over an extended period of time
a. the meaning-making of a specific cultural group
_________ is the least-developed of the newborn baby's senses. a. vision b. hearing c. taste d. touch
a. vision
At what point in the menstrual cycle is conception most likely to occur? (**Remember - conception can occur at any time in the menstrual cycle**) a. within 12 - 24 hours of ovulation b. at any time during the luteal phase c. during menstruation d. immediately following the end of menstruation
a. within 12 - 24 hours of ovulation
According to the concept of epigenesis, a. development results from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment. b. children's environment causes children to develop new genes. c. SES greatly influences likelihood of niche-picking. d. children's genetic makeup causes them to receive, evoke, and seek experiences that actualize their inborn tendencies.
a. development results from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment.
Children's language comprehension a. develops ahead of production. b. requires only recall, not recognition. c. develops behind production. d. requires both recall and recognition.
a. develops ahead of production.
Greta has just been shown two boxes—a crayon box full of raisins and a familiarly marked raisin box that is empty. Next, Greta is asked to predict where another child will look for raisins. This task assesses Greta's understanding of a. false belief b. class inclusion c. irreversibility d. conservation
a. false belief
When he was younger, LeBron James was naturally tall, coordinated, and excelled at physical activities. LeBron was encouraged to pursue an interest in basketball. This is an example of a. gene-environment correlation. b. the environment changing genes. c. environmental inheritance. d. parents selecting a genotype.
a. gene-environment correlation.
Which of the following is an example of a fine-motor skill? a. grasping b. crawling c. sitting up d. standing
a. grasping
Kenneth Phipps and Mamie Phipps Clark made significant contributions to the study of: a. identity development b. ecological systems theory c. dynamic systems theory d. PVEST
a. identity development
Piaget's theory of development focused on the importance of __________; Vygotsky emphasized the importance of ____________ a. individual exploration; social relationships and culture b. physical development; linguistic development c. relationships and culture; independent cognitive categorization d. parenting; community caregiving
a. individual exploration; social relationships and culture
The diagram above is a flowchart that shows how information moves through memory. This is an example of a(n) (environment input: sensory memory > attention > short term memory > rehearsal, retrieval > long term memory) a. information processing theory b. psychoanalytic theory c. dynamic systems theory d. ecological theory
a. information processing theory
In the Strange Situation, Richard is unresponsive to his father when he is present. When his father returns, Richard pays no attention to him. Richard is demonstrating __________ attachment. a. insecure-avoidant b. secure c. disorganized/ disoriented d. insecure-resistant
a. insecure-avoidant
Making sense of multisensory input as an integrated whole is called: a. intermodal perception b. information processing c. interactional synchrony d. myelination
a. intermodal perception
The ultimate responsibility for the ethical integrity of research with children lies with the a. investigator b. university c. institutional review board d. children's caregivers who give permission
a. investigator
Sarah's mom told her they were going outside in the rain and needed a bumbershoot. Sarah had never heard the word bumbershoot before, but she knew the word umbrella. Sarah tries to figure out what the new word means. What word learning strategy explains why Sarah would assume the word bumbershoot does not refer to an umbrella a. mutual exclusivity bias b. cardinality principle c. ordinality principle d. overregularization principle
a. mutual exclusivity bias
Which of the following statements is true? a. Home births are always unsafe b. Contractions during labor get progressively stronger and closer together c. Labor is typically shorter when mothers lay flat on their backs. d. Water births are dangerous because newborns must receive oxygen in their lungs within 30 seconds after birth.
b. Contractions during labor get progressively stronger and closer together
Exposure to teratogens early in prenatal development is often less harmful because damage is reversed/repaired during the fetal period. a. True b. False
b. False
Growth norms for one population provide an equally accurate standard for children elsewhere in the world. a. True b. False
b. False
The sequence of motor development is the same for all children. There is a single course of development for motor development in infancy (i.e., reaching leads to crawling leads to walking). a. True b. False
b. False
True or False: bilingualism in early childhood leads to a delay in vocabulary and grammar acquisition due to the complexity of trying to learn two language systems at once. a. True b. False
b. False
How do genes affect body characteristics? a. Genes determine a person's autosomes. b. Genes regulate the body's production of proteins. c. Genes create the DNA needed by the body. d. Genes change to match a person's phenotype.
b. Genes regulate the body's production of proteins.
At home, Paul's parents hit him as punishment for misbehavior. At preschool, Paul angrily hits a playmate who takes his toy. According to social learning theory, Paul is displaying a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. observational learning d. tabula rasa
c. observational learning
Infants' capacity to attune their perception to the information they most often encounter is called a. statistical learning b. intermodal perception c. perceptual narrowing d. amodal perception
c. perceptual narrowing
Hair color is an example of a a. gamete b. karotype c. phenotype d. genotype
c. phenotype
Growth faltering is caused by a. environmental pollutants b. heredity c. poor caregiving d. inadequate nutrition
c. poor caregiving
Gil describes his son as calm and cautious. He describes his daughter as cheerful and energetic. Gil's descriptions refer to a. categorical self b. effortful control c. temperament d. level of activity
c. temperament
Where in the information processing model above is information temporarily stored while it is being manipulated? What is this component in the information processing model called?
working, or short-term memory
This week, we talked a lot about Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory. What was the theory and theorist who expanded upon Bronfenbrenner's work to include individuals' experiences within the systems? a. Bowlby & Ainsworth's Evolutionary Developmental Theory b. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory c. Erikson's Psychosocial Theory d. Spencer's PVEST theory
d. Spencer's PVEST theory
When Moses says, "My ball is a circle," his father relies, "Yes, your basketball is round, just like a circle." Moses's father's response is an example of a. an overregularization b. a recast c. fast-mapping d. an expansion
d. an expansion
Piaget found young children have difficulty with the tasks shown above. Children who fail to provide the correct response during this task have yet to develop an understanding of a. dual representation b. irreversibility c. class inclusion d. conservation
d. conservation
The most rapid prenatal development takes place during which period? a. germination period b. conception period c. fetal period d. embryonic period
d. embryonic period
Researchers using the violation-of-expectation method may use __________ by exposing babies to a physical event until their looking declines. a. assimilation b. accommodation c. imitation d. habituation
d. habituation
Which of the following is NOT a way to increase the efficacy of punishment? a. providing explanations b. a positive and warm relationship between adult and child c. consistency d. high frequency
d. high frequency
Which of the following does a scientific theory NOT do? a. predict b. explain c. describe d. hypothesize
d. hypothesize
A researcher puts a chocolate-chip cookie in front of Olivia and tells Olivia "If you wait to eat this until after I come back, I'll give you two chocolate-chip cookies instead of just one!" The researcher is studying Olivia's a. dual representation b. irreversibility c. theory of mind d. inhibitory control
d. inhibitory control
In the Strange Situation, Kimani seeks closeness to her mother. When her mother leaves, Kimani is distressed and cries. When she returns, Kimani goes to her, but continues to cry and hits her. Kimani is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment. a. insecure-avoidant b. disorganized/ disoriented c. secure d. insecure-resistant
d. insecure-resistant
Infantile amnesia a. is the result of information not being stored in longterm memory. b. is caused by early head trauma c. is often reversible. d. is the inability to retrieve early autobiographical memories.
d. is the inability to retrieve early autobiographical memories.
A study that lasts an extended period of time utilizes a [blank] research design a. experimental b. cross-sectional c. microgenetic d. longitudinal
d. longitudinal
Height is controlled by many genes.
polygenetic inheritance
Stroking an infants cheek will stimulate the _______ reflex, in which the infant __________________.
rooting, turns their head towards the stimulation and sucks
Place these fine motor skills in the order in which they typically develop. Start with the skill that typically develops first.
1. Zip and unzip large zippers 2. Fasten and unfasten large buttons 3. Begin to copy simple letters 4. Draw person with six parts
Place the events in the order in which they occur. Implantation, Blastocyst develops, Zygote is formed, Placenta develops
1. Zygote is formed 2. Blastocyst develops 3. Implantation 4. Placenta develops
Place these stages in the progression of drawing skills in the order in which they develop, starting with the skill that typically develops first.
1. Scribbling 2. First representational forms 3. More realistic drawings 4. Early printing
Match the early European theorist with their primary contribution to developmental science John Locke Jean-Jacques Rousseau Mary Wollstonecraft Charles Darwin Alfred Binet
John Locke = Child as "tabula rasa", and the importance of nurture Jean-Jacques Rousseau = First to emphasize genetics, focus on nature Mary Wollstonecraft = Argued that meaningful scientific theory must account for gender Charles Darwin = Introduced the scientific method to the study of human development Alfred Binet = Created the first normative intelligence test
Nine-month-old Daisy retrieves her pacifier, which her mother has hidden under a cover. Baby Daisy has begun to master a. deferred imitation b. reflexie schemes c. object permanence d. make-believe play
c. object permanence
Color blindness is controlled by a single gene. Color blindness is more common in men because men only inherit a single allele for this trait.
X-linked inheritance
Which of the following statements about chromosomes is correct? a. People inherit 22 autosomes from their mother and 22 autosomes from their father. b. People inherit a total of 44 chromosomes. c. People inherit a total of 22 chromosomes. d. Females inherit autosomes from their mother and father, males only inherit autosomes from their mother.
a. People inherit 22 autosomes from their mother and 22 autosomes from their father.
I want to conduct research to better understand how preschool students think about forgiveness. I've decided to design a qualitative semi-structured interview study. Based on research ethics requirements, what sort of consent process do I need to follow for this study? a. I should ask the preschool participants to assent, but I do not need legal consent from their guardians b. I must obtain informed consent from the participant's legal guardian, and informed assent from each participant c. Because this is a non-invasive study with minimal potential for harm, there is no mandated consent process d. I must obtain informed consent from each participant's legal guardian
b. I must obtain informed consent from the participant's legal guardian, and informed assent from each participant
Which of the following is NOT a possible variable in determining SES: a. A family's income-to-needs ratio b. Primary language spoken in the home c. Access to nonmaterial resources (like family support, or strong community ties) d. Mother's education level
b. Primary language spoken in the home
Erin is on a swing at her preschool. Leah comes over and tells Erin to give her the swing. Erin says Leah can have the swing when her turn is over. Rather than wait, and in order to get her to move, Leah sits on top of Erin. This kind of hurts, and makes Erin feel scared and angry. Erin bites Leah. Leah sitting on Erin is an example of__________ ; Erin biting Leah is an example of_________ a. Reactive Aggression; Proactive Agression b. Proactive Agression; Reactive Aggression c. Reinforcement; Punishment d. Punishment; Reinforcement
b. Proactive Agression; Reactive Aggression
When Sadie says, "I goed to the store," her mother replies, "Yes, you went to the store." Sadie's mother's response is an example of a. an expansion b. a recast c. an overregularization d. fast-mapping
b. a recast
Which of the following tasks would be within Lucy's zone of proximal development? a. a task that Lucy cannot accomplish alone or with the help of an adult b. a task that Lucy cannot yet handle on her own but can do with the help of an adult c. a task that Lucy has recently mastered independently following the assistance of an adult d. a task that Lucy accomplishes through her independent activity
b. a task that Lucy cannot yet handle on her own but can do with the help of an adult
The strict three-component model of Executive Functioning demonstrates a _________ theoretical lens. a. behaviorist b. cognitivist c. dynamic systems d. ethological
b. cognitivist
A researcher shows Harry a dollhouse. One room in the dollhouse represents the room they are in - it has the same furniture and decorations. The researcher hides a toy shoe under the couch in the dollhouse, then asks Harry to find a shoe in the room they are in. Harry knows to look under the real couch for the shoe. He understands that the dollhouse is both a toy and a symbol of the real room they are in. This is an example of a. metacognition b. dual representation c. conservation d. illogical thought
b. dual representation
Dr. Jones believes that a child's mind, body, and physical and social worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills. The system is constantly in motion. His view is consistent with which recent theoretical perspective? a. ecological systems theory b. dynamic systems perspective theory c. sociocultural theory d. evolutionary developmental psychology
b. dynamic systems perspective theory
Imani quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Imani would be classified as a(n) __________ child. a. difficult b. easy c. slow-to-warm-up d. uninhibited
b. easy
5-year-old Matthew identifies as a boy. He also likes to wear skirts and tutus - clothing which is stereotypically gender-typed as "female" in the US. However, Matthew knows that putting on clothing that is associated with feminine traits does not change his own gender. This is called: a. developing identity b. gender constancy c. gender biasing d. gender typing
b. gender constancy
Dr. Mastick believes that language is a uniquely human accomplishment etched into the structure of the brain. Dr. Mastick's views are consistent with which theory of language development? a. behaviorism b. nativism c. interactionism d. psychoanalytic
b. nativism
Most conceptions result from intercourse a. during the first week of the menstrual cycle. b. on the day of ovulation or during the two days preceding it. c. 5 to 7 days after ovulation. d. during the last week of the menstrual cycle.
b. on the day of ovulation or during the two days preceding it.
Mei Mei uses the word "close" to apply to closing a book, turning off the light, and tying her shoelaces. This is an example of a. underextension b. overextension c. telegraphic speech. d. referential speech
b. overextension
Bernadette, a participant in a longitudinal study, became quite familiar with the test over time and, as a result, her performance improved. This limitation of longitudinal research is known as a. biased sampling b. practice effects c. cohort effects d. random assignment
b. practice effects
In the Strange Situation, Juan uses his mother as a secure base. When she leaves the room, Juan cries for a few minutes. When she returns, Juan seeks contact with her and then begins to explore toys once again. Juan is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment. a. insecure-avoidant b. secure c. disorganized/ disoriented d. insecure-resistant
b. secure
Jazmin, age 18 months, cries and climbs on her mother when she attempts to leave Jazmin with a babysitter. Jazmin is displaying a. social referencing b. separation anxiety c. an internal working model d. interactional synchrony
b. separation anxiety
The best estimate of a child's physical maturity is a. height b. skeletal age c. chronological age d. weight
b. skeletal age
When an unfamiliar adult picks up Louisa, age 9 months, she begins to cry and struggles to get down. Louisa is exhibiting a. separation anxiety b. stranger anxiety c. avoidant attachment d. insecure attachment
b. stranger anxiety
Max uses the word "doll" only to refer to the rag doll he carries every day. This is an example of a. telegraphic speech. b. underextension c. assimilated speech d. overextension
b. underextension
In the sandbox, Amelia and Franklin work together to make a mountain out of sand. Both children pour sand from one container to another. The children talk about their sand mountain and develop a make-believe story to act out with the mountain. What type of social interaction is Franklin engaging in? a. Nonsocial activity b. Associative play c. Cooperative play d. Parallel play
c. Cooperative play
What is the theory of emotion that posits physiological arousal happens first and the experience of emotion happens second? a. Ecological systems theory b. ethological theory c. James-Lange theory d. Piagetian theory
c. James-Lange theory
Which of the following is an example of interactional synchrony? a. Levi instinctively mirrors his caregiver's facial expressions back to them b. Levi is exploring a novel environment, but keeps returning to check in with his caregiver before moving from one toy to the next c. Levi's caregiver smiles, and Levi smiles. Levi cries, and his caregiver makes a sad face d. Levi is reaching for a very hot mug, but stops when he sees his caregiver's very alarmed facial expression
c. Levi's caregiver smiles, and Levi smiles. Levi cries, and his caregiver makes a sad face
5-year-old Jacob's bedtime is supposed to be at 8:30pm, but his parents don't make him go to sleep if he says he doesn't want to. His parents have a rule that screentime ends at 8pm, but they rarely enforce this rule. The family often stays up late watching tv together. Jacob enjoys this, but he is often very tired at school. What type of parenting style are Jacob's parents demonstrating? a. Authoritarian b. Authoritative/Supportive c. Permissive d. Uninvolved
c. Permissive
Which of the following is NOT a factor in the development of a new motor milestone? a. The body's movement capacity b. Available environmental supports c. Progression through a predetermined developmental sequence d. Development of the Central Nervous System e. The child's goals
c. Progression through a predetermined developmental sequence
Which of the follow is NOT a way to reduce instances of SIDS? a. Keeping the room a comfortable temperature b. Removing all soft bedding and stuffed animals c. Taking away a baby's pacifier when they sleep d. Placing babies to sleep on their backs
c. Taking away a baby's pacifier when they sleep
What is the foundational cognitive skill that enables social skills like empathy and perspective taking? a. Intermodal Perception b. Executive Function c. Theory of Mind d. Information Processing
c. Theory of Mind
A researcher observes an association between shark bites and ice cream consumption among beach goers. When the number of shark bites increases, the amount of ice cream consumption also increases. Which of the following is a correct interpretation of the researcher's findings? a. There is a negative correlation between shark attacks and ice cream consumption. b. An increase in ice cream consumption causes an increase in shark attacks. c. There is a positive correlation between shark attacks and ice cream consumption. d. An increase in shark attacks causes an increase in ice cream consumption.
c. There is a positive correlation between shark attacks and ice cream consumption.
Three-year-old Sara says, "I have three dolls. I have brown hair. I made a tall tower." This demonstrates that Sara is beginning to develop a. body-awareness b. a gender identity c. a self-concept d. self-esteem
c. a self-concept
What does a scientific theory NOT do? a. explain b. describe c. define d. predict
c. define
In lecture, we saw a video of researchers using EEG to measure infants' brain activity in relation to temperament and emotional reactivity. EEG is a measure of a. white matter (myelin) density b. Blood Oxigination Level Dependent (BOLD) signals c. electrical brain wave activity d. the paths of a radioactive tracer injected into the bloodstream
c. electrical brain wave activity
Currently, the most common approach to controlling pain during labor is a. a spinal block b. meditation c. epidural analgesia d. pitocin
c. epidural analgesia
Dr. Newman is a researcher who wanted to study undergraduate Greek life on a large Midwestern campus. Dr. Newman spent three years at the UW-Madison, participating in the daily life of a sorority there. She gathered extensive field notes, consisting of a mix of self-reports from members of the community and her own observations. Which of the following research methods did Dr. Newman most likely use in her research? a. sequential design b. structured observation c. ethnography d. microgenetic design
c. ethnography
Marcus, a cooperative, attentive child, receives more patient and sensitive interactions from his parents than they give to Erica, his distractible, inattentive sister. This is an example of a(n) __________ gene-environment correlation. a. dynamic b. passive c. evocative d. interactive
c. evocative
The association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with biological sex in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes is called: a. developing identity b. gender constancy c. gender typing d. gender biasing
c. gender typing
Birth weight is the best available predictor of a. myopia b. adolescent anorexia c. infant survival d. childhood obesity
c. infant survival
Baby Paloma's parents talk to her using short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech segments, clear gestures to support verbal meaning, and repetition of new words in a variety of contexts. Paloma's parents use a. an authoritative style. b. an expressive style. c. infant-directed speech (IDS). d. a referential style.
c. infant-directed speech (IDS).
The core knowledge perspective emphasizes a. assimilation b. experimentation c. native endowment d. accommodation
c. native endowment
According to __________'s ecological systems theory, a parent's workplace is in the ___________ a. Vygotsky's ; mesosystem. b. Bronfenbrenner's ; microsystem. c. Vygotsky's ; macrosystem. d. Bronfenbrenner's ; exosystem.
d. Bronfenbrenner's ; exosystem.
Based on current research, which of the following is NOT an effective way to support Executive Function development? a. Centering the child's motivations and interests b. Creating a reliable and trustworthy environment c. Ensuring adequate nutrition and health d. Direct practice of exercises like the Stroop or Head/Toes/Knees/Shoulders
d. Direct practice of exercises like the Stroop or Head/Toes/Knees/Shoulders
Which of the following statements is consistent with the proximodistal trend of body growth? a. During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body. b. During infancy and childhood, the body grows from "head to tail." c. During the prenatal period, the trunk grows first, followed by the the head. d. During infancy and childhood, the arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.
d. During infancy and childhood, the arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four factors that influences motor development? a. Available environmental supports b. The child's goals c. The body's movement capacity d. Interactional synchrony e. CNS development
d. Interactional synchrony
Brianna, age 4, eats only pasta, bread, and chicken. Which of the following would you suggest to Brianna's parents to encourage their daughter to eat new foods? a. Refuse to serve pasta until she tries at least one new food. b. Serve her only new foods so that she has no other choices. c. Add sugar or butter to new foods, and offer dessert if she eats them. d. Repeatedly expose her to new foods without any direct pressure to eat them.
d. Repeatedly expose her to new foods without any direct pressure to eat them.
A study of children who were transferred between birth and 3½ years from extremely deprived Romanian orphanages to adoptive families in Great Britain found that a. children who experienced adequate early nutrition were not negatively affected by early orphanage rearing. b. the longer the children spent in orphanage care, the higher their mental test scores during middle childhood and adolescence. c. serious mental health problems appeared in all children, no matter how long they spent in the highly deprived orphanage. d. most children were impaired in all domains of development, but those who were adopted before 6 months of age showed impressive cognitive catch-up.
d. most children were impaired in all domains of development, but those who were adopted before 6 months of age showed impressive cognitive catch-up.
Two-year-old Camden finds only one of her shoes. She says, "I need two shoes. I have two foots!" Camden's error is an example of a. underextension b. semantic bootstrapping c. underregularization d. overregularization
d. overregularization
Arthur wakes frequently to check to see if his sleeping infant, Sam, is breathing. Arthur can reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) by a. providing Sam with soft bedding. b. taking away Sam's pacifier. c. wrap Sam in warm clothing and blankets. d. placing Sam to sleep on his back.
d. placing Sam to sleep on his back.
Children who freely use private speech during a challenging activity __________ than their less talkative agemates. a. have more adjustment problems b. are less attentive c. are less involved in the activity d. show better task performance
d. show better task performance
Baby Emma is learning to stand. Each time she falls, she looks at her dad. When he looks concerned, Emma cries. When he smiles and says, "You did it!" she tries again. Emma is using a. perceptual narrowing b. effortful control c. emotional self-regulation d. social referencing
d. social referencing
Two Apgar ratings are given because a. one is given by the pediatrician, and one is given by the labor and delivery nurse. b. one is for appearance, pulse, and grimace, and the other is for activity and respiration. c. one is taken immediately after birth, and the other is taken just before the newborn is released from the hospital. d. some babies have trouble adjusting at first but do quite well after a few minutes.
d. some babies have trouble adjusting at first but do quite well after a few minutes.
Evidence that logical operations develop gradually, are influenced by context, and that preschoolers can be trained to perform well on Piagetian tasks poses a challenge to Piaget's a. three-mountains problem b. views of animistic thinking c. concept of egocentrism d. stage theory
d. stage theory
According to __________, preschoolers figure out many word meanings by observing how words are used in the grammar and structure of sentences. a. semantic bootstrapping b. the whole object bias c. the mutual exclusivity bias d. syntactic bootstrapping
d. syntactic bootstrapping
The developmental emergence of pretend play is_________; the structure and content of pretend play is_________. a. epiphenomenal; influenced by media b. culturally specific; universal c. influenced by media; epiphenomenal d. universal; culturally specific
d. universal; culturally specific
All people have two alleles for the gene that controls whether an individual has brown or blue eyes. Someone with at least one allele will have brown eyes. Only people with two alleles blue eyes will have blue eyes.
dominant-recessive inheritance
Match each theory of moral development with its primary focus Psychoanalytic Theory focuses on... Social Learning Theory focuses on... Cognitive Developmental Theory focuses on...
emotion behavior thinking
Tulip color is controlled by a single gene. Some tulips can come in red, pink, or white. Tulips that have two alleles for red are red. Tulips that have two alleles for white are white. Tulips that have one allele for red and one allele for white are pink.
incomplete dominance
A permanent change in individuals' DNA may cause changes in individuals' phenotypes.
mutation