EdPsych Final (Deemer - UNI)

While repetitive drill can facilitate the quick retrieval of facts, Vygotsky believed ______ is necessary to support development. a. the eventual abandonment of intersubjectivity b. mediated activity that is challenging but within the child's ZPD c. literacy goals should be abandoned because interaction with real world community mentors d. peers are better able to stimulate the conceptual conflict that

b. mediated activity that is challenging but within the child's ZPD

After playing in the snow, 5-year-old Raul complains, "My feets are cold." Raul's comment shows ___. a. fast mapping b. overregularization c. overextension d. semantic bootstrapping

b. overregularization

In a creative move Jason builds a tall tower from blocks in a "Don't break the ice game" and then varies the placement and strength of taps until an intentional blow brings the tower crashing to the ground. An educator convinced Piagetian education is the best would likely: a. imagine this act a willful and annoying display of aggression. b. see this activity as useful in the construction of physical knowledge. c. call the school psychologist to see if Jason has unresolved issues that would benefit from play therapy. d. none of the above

b. see this activity as useful in the construction of physical knowledge.

During the industrial revolution, with the advent of electric lighting, trains, and other technology that ushered in the mass production of consumer goods, American culture was transformed. Vygotsky would claim human development was also transformed at this time due to a. the ability to exercise in the evenings. b. the creation and refinement of available tools. c. better means for scheduling activities. d. an upsurge in the potential of capitalism.

b. the creation and refinement of available tools.

Which family structure, often assumed to be typical and the most beneficial, is an historical anomaly? a. the extended family b. the nuclear family c. the blended family d. single parent households

b. the nuclear family

You are watching a group of boys and girls interacting at a school fair. Many of the tallest youngsters are girls. The students you are observing are most likely to be: a. 5-6 years old b. 7-8 years old c. 10-12 years old d. 14-16 years old

c. 10-12 years old

Which one of the following scenarios is most consistent with the Strange Situation? a. A mother and her young child enter a playroom, where the child encounters a variety of new toys and other objects. Some of the objects (e.g., a jack-in-the-box, a picture of a ferocious dinosaur) are intentionally scary and anxiety-arousing. b. A mother and her young child come to a preschool class for the first time. The child's social behaviors are observed and recorded, with a particular focus on how often the child initiates interactions with unfamiliar peers. c. A mother and her young child are in a playroom. Soon after, an unknown adult joins them, and then Mom leaves the room for a few minutes. The child's behaviors are observed through a one-way mirror. d. A baby lies in a specially designed infant seat where he or she sees a variety of visual displays on a screen. By sucking on a plastic nipple, the infant can control which displays appear most frequently.

c. A mother and her young child are in a playroom. Soon after, an unknown adult joins them, and then Mom leaves the room for a few minutes. The child's behaviors are observed through a one-way mirror.

After explaining what sines and cosines are, a high school math teacher shows students how they might use these concepts in constructing a large building. Which one of the following principles does this scenario best illustrate? a. Over time, self-talk gradually evolves into inner speech. b. Thought and language become increasingly interdependent with age. c. Acquiring the cognitive tools of one's culture enables youngsters to live and work more effectively. d. Children function more effectively when they work at their actual (rather than potential) developmental levels.

c. Acquiring the cognitive tools of one's culture enables youngsters to live and work more effectively.

The school principal tells you that Mary, a new student who just joined your classroom this morning, is currently living in a homeless shelter. Three of the following strategies are consistent with the textbook's recommendations for working with homeless students. Which one is not consistent with its recommendation? a. Pair Mary with a classmate who can show her around the school building and introduce her to other students. b. Find some school supplies that Mary can use to do her homework at the shelter. c. Ask Mary's parents to meet with you in your classroom after school. d. Enlist the aid of volunteers to provide tutoring for Mary at the shelter.

c. Ask Mary's parents to meet with you in your classroom after school.

Mr. Sanborne wants to promote emotional development in his fifth-grade students. Three of the following strategies should help him in this effort. Which one is least likely to be effective? a. He should model appropriate ways of dealing with negative feelings. b. He should encourage his students to write regularly in personal journals. c. He should encourage his students to ignore their feelings as much as possible. d. He should engage students in discussions of the emotions of characters portrayed in literature and history.

c. He should encourage his students to ignore their feelings as much as possible.

Children enact rituals in their sociodramatic play such as performing a wedding ceremony or paying a cashier when purchasing items. From a sociocultural perspective these activities arise out of _____. a. a theory of mind b. contingent self-esteem c. collective intentionality d. a biological imperative

c. collective intentionality

Students are likely to have an easier time adjusting to the expectations and rituals of the classroom if caregivers and educators share perspectives and practices. According to Smidt, when backgrounds are significantly different a. disaster is probably unavoidable. b. contemporary redundancy in messages received by students are more likely. c. educators may fail to recognize what to value in the child and their performance. d. thematic elaboration would enhance the likelihood of good communication.

c. educators may fail to recognize what to value in the child and their performance

Olivia understands why 3/5 and 9/15 are equivalent fractions. Based on this information, which stage of development would you conclude that Olivia is in? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. formal operations d. concrete operations

c. formal operations

According to the research findings of Annette Lareau, caregivers who believe in "concerted cultivation" a. require children to skip school so they can till the fields. b. use musical rhythms as mediational means. c. include their children in conversations and provide enriching experiences. d. enroll children in music lessons to stimulate brain development.

c. include their children in conversations and provide enriching experiences.

Gestures such as holding up an object and eye or finger pointing help the child ___. a. assimilate scripts essential for joining society b. develop what Piaget identified as schema c. initiate interaction and the naming of objects d. all the above

c. initiate interaction and the naming of objects

Eleven-year-old Jenny is trying to decide whether to use an adjective or an adverb in a sentence she is writing. She decides that since it modifies a noun, it should be an adjective. This decision illustrates ___. a. language acquisition device b. language-making capacity c. metalinguistic awareness d. private speech

c. metalinguistic awareness

Research suggests adult correction of children's naming mistakes is: a. frustrating, causing children to become angry. b. likely to destroy a child's self-confidence. c. most helpful if accompanied by an explanation. d. less effective than simple acceptance of errors.

c. most helpful if accompanied by an explanation.

The emotions guilt and shame are different from emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger in that they: a. don't appear until the upper elementary grades at the earliest b. are seen in boys far more often than in girls c. require awareness of society's standards d. are seen only in industrialized societies

c. require awareness of society's standards

While there are implications at each stage of motor development in Gallahue's model, adult intervention to support development is least important for: a. mature fundamental movement b. gross motor development c. rudimentary movement d. the ability to participate in sports

c. rudimentary movement

Which one of the following is an example of fundamental movement as defined by Gallahue? a. sewing on a button b. writing a letter to Grandma c. skipping across the schoolyard d. cutting out a heart for a Valentine's Day card

c. skipping across the schoolyard

A new father arrives at his daughter's preschool and complains when the children are resting rather than being engaged in activities such as singing, painting, or playing on the jungle gym. Retaining his composure, the preschool supervision correctly assures him: a. preschool children too easily get out of hand if allowed to roam around the room. b. sitting quietly while listening to an adult read is the most beneficial activity for children. c. children 4 or 5 years old typically need naps or quiet time. d. all the above

c. children 4 or 5 years old typically need naps or quiet time.

In Vygotsky's view, opportunities to engage in pretend play (e.g., playing "house" or "doctor"): provoke cognitive disequilibrium essential for growth in cognitive complexity. reveal internalized understandings of roles and relationships. help children practice sensorimotor thought and action. are highly enjoyable but have little impact on cognitive development.

reveal internalized understandings of roles and relationships.

Universal theories of development typically anticipate progressive movement toward some telos. In this context telos means: a. a predetermined desired endpoint. b. a flexible lens by which to adjust one sight. c. a state of inertia or rest on the path toward further development. d. an innate gyroscope

A. A predetermined desired endpoint.

Which one of the following best describes attachment in the early years? a. An enduring emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver b. A mother's innate tendency to protect her young offspring c. A predisposition by infants to behave in certain ways and not in others d. An affectionate relationship between marital partners, thought by ethological theorists to be important for young children's emotional well-being

a. An enduring emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver

The ____ perspective deals more effectively with the influence of culture and society than do universal stage models. a. biological theories b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. dynamic systems

a. Biological theories

In the mountainous and poverty-stricken areas of Appalachia ____. a. economic and logistical constraints may limit access to some educational opportunities b. few parents care if their children receive an education c. children suffer because parents are lazy and fail to value education d. a universal telos protects children from drowning in large attractor basins

a. Economic and logistical constraints may limit access to some educational opportunities

Which one of the following clearly illustrates Piaget's concept of assimilation? a. Five-year-old Harvey draws on the chalkboard with a large white crayon instead of with chalk. b. Eight-year-old Rachel develops the necessary eye-hand coordination for writing letters in cursive. c. Eleven-year-old Mary Lou moves to a different school and purchases new clothes to fit the local fashions. d. A language arts teacher asks 13-year-old Reynold to think about possible adjectives other than awesome that he might use in his writing to describe interesting and enjoyable activities.

a. Five-year-old Harvey draws on the chalkboard with a large white crayon instead of with chalk.

As she watches her grandfather, 3-year-old Audrey asks him, "What you are doing?" Which one of the following most accurately describes the incorrect format of Audrey's question? a. It reflects a normal step in the development of question syntax. b. It is a mistake in grammatical form that needs immediate and persistent correction. c. If she makes such mistakes frequently, she may have Williams syndrome. d. It suggests that she may have a slight hearing impairment.

a. It reflects a normal step in the development of question syntax.

Derrida was a French philosopher who helped us understand _____. a. language and concepts frame perception, context is important in what we perceive, and every act of seeing is also an act of not seeing. b. that children are valued innocents in need of protection. c. some mothers think it inappropriate to play with children. d. caregivers ethnotheory is an important aspect of the ecological niche.

a. Language and concepts frame perception, context is important in what we perceive, and every act of seeing is also an act of not seeing.

When Ruth and Michael have their first child, Jacob, they vow to be "good" parents who will always treat their son gently. Yet Jacob is a temperamentally hyperactive child who is difficult to control. In their efforts to discipline him, Ruth and Michael scream at him and spank him far more frequently than they ever thought they might. This situation reflects the fact that: a. The socialization of children involves reciprocal influences. b. Physically aggressive parenting is instinctive in human beings. c. Parents are more likely to use harsh discipline with boys than with girls. d. Two-parent families are more likely to be authoritarian than single-parent

a. The socialization of children involves reciprocal influences.

The meaning of childhood is constructed differently in different societies. According to Smidt: a. this matters because how we view children influences the kinds of developmental contexts we create for them. b. because of children's resilience how our society views childhood matters very little. c. this matters very little because children are universally valued, and contexts will be created to fully engage their potential. d. none of the above.

a. This matters because how we view children influences the kinds of developmental contexts we create for them.

Across the course of history our ancestors have undergone major paradigm shifts. From hunter gatherers, through the agrarian and industrial revolutions, their ways of being in the world changed. When paradigms shift _____. a. what people wonder about and how they answer life's practical questions are likely to change. b. rarely does anything worthy of our attention change. c. it is an indication that all prior questions have been answered and new ground needs to be forged. d. change is rapidly and universally endorsed.

a. What people wonder about and how they answer life's practical questions are likely to change.

Which one of the following reflects intentionality as an aspect of an infant's theory of mind? a. When Angie's father starts running water in the bathtub, she knows that he's getting ready to give her a bath. b. Benjamin is puzzled by all the colorful decorations that the family puts around the house in December. c. Cristina loves to look at all the photographs in her mother's fashion magazines, but she is quite surprised when Mom scolds her for ripping some of the pages. d. Desmond sees a giant teddy bear across the room and immediately crawls over to get it.

a. When Angie's father starts running water in the bathtub, she knows that he's getting ready to give her a bath.

Children who can think of you thinking about what a classmate thinks of you a. are capable of recursive thought. b. are undoubtedly prone to paranoia. c. are lacking metacognition. d. have greater metacognition abilities.

a. are capable of recursive thought.

Fourteen-year-old Anna has what is politely referred to as a "healthy appetite," yet she maintains a trim figure with no apparent effort. You notice that Anna often disappears briefly after meals or snacks, but she becomes nervous if others insist on accompanying her to the restroom. Anna may be suffering from: a. bulimia. b. schizophrenia. c. anorexia nervosa. d. an undiagnosed brain disorder.

a. bulimia.

Despite sentimental attachments, when her daughter goes off to college Margaret decides it is time to let go of the light portable seat she used to schlep her daughter around, as well as the high chair, stroller, and crib. These artifacts are fond reminders of her daughters' growth that was in sync with the predictable ___. a. cephalocaudal trend b. proximodistal milestones c. fine motor developments d. all the above

a. cephalocaudal trend

At an infant care center, 6-month-old Dexter begins to cry. Hearing Dexter, 7-month-old Kristina starts crying as well. Before long, several other infants add to the chorus. This situation illustrates: a. emotional contagion. b. emotional regulation. c. the Strange Situation. d. disorganized and disoriented attachment.

a. emotional contagion.

When looking at her new baby brother, 2-year-old Martina says, "Baby nap." Her mother responds, "Yes, the baby is taking a nap." Mom's reply is an example of _____. a. expansion b. overextension c. telegraphic speech d. interpreting a holophrase

a. expansion

Seven-year-old Emma thinks that "Too many cooks spoil the broth" is only about cooking soup. Her inability to recognize the more general meaning of the expression: a. is typical for her age-group. b. reveals preoperational reasoning. c. reflects delayed pragmatic development. d. indicates that instruction in such expressions would definitely be in her zone of proximal development.

a. is typical for her age-group.

The most recent dietary guidelines for children suggest that: a. small, nutritious snacks are appropriate for children who are at least moderately active. b. children should drink milk substitutes, such as soy beverages, more often than whole or low-fat milk. c. school meals should generally include some type of meat, vegetables, milk, and some product made of whole grains. d. except as a treat, children should not eat desserts.

a. small, nutritious snacks are appropriate for children who are at least moderately active.

Bruner emphasized the importance of social interaction in language development. His proposed route to language acquisition is called a. the LASS. b. the LAD. c. pragmatics. d. the deep structure.

a. the LASS.

When children first learn to crawl they sometimes go backwards. This finding has been attributed to a. the cephalocaudal trend. b. the general growth curve. c. the proximodistal trend. d. a shift in their center of gravity.

a. the cephalocaudal trend.

The dynamic systems approach defines an attractor basin as ____. a. a magnetic pot into which steel marbles are collected when children play with ramps. b. a pattern of behavior that holds some force for the child at least for a period of time. c. a point in development universally difficult to traverse because of genetic canalization. d. a colorful, cartoon enhanced basin useful in potty training children.

b. A pattern of behavior that holds some force for the child at least for a period of time.

Three of the following statements accurately describe the typical physical development of children in the elementary grades. Which one is not accurate? a. Girls mature more quickly than boys. b. Children become increasingly clumsy in their gross motor skills. c. Children become increasingly proficient in fine motor skills. d. Children become increasingly sensitive about their physical appearance.

b. Children become increasingly clumsy in their gross motor skills.

Three-year-old Stacey watches her father put away the groceries he has just brought home. She is particularly interested in the package of Oreo cookies, which he puts in the breadbox just before leaving the room. A few minutes later, Stacey's mother opens the breadbox, exclaims, "Goodness, these Oreos belong in the cupboard!" and moves them to the correct spot. At lunchtime Stacey asks her father for an Oreo cookie. Given the typical development of theory of mind in 3-year-olds, which one of the following will she expect him to do? a. Forget where he put the cookies b. Look for the cookies in the breadbox c. Look for the cookies in the cupboard d. Ask her where she thinks he should look for the cookies

b. Look for the cookies in the cupboard

There was a time in the history of developmental psychology that universal stage models predominated. In contrast the more recent dynamic systems approach suggests ____. a. there are no typical universal trends in human development b. more inclusive and less linear models of development need to be included c. more attention needs to be given to social policy and its effects on human development d. all of the above

b. More inclusive and less linear models of development need to be included

Humans are wholistic beings, embodied and embedded in cultural contexts. However, for focus and emphasis researchers in developmental psychology emphasized these three developmental domains: a. society, culture, and nature. b. physical, social emotional, and cognitive. c. belonging, self-actualization, and wellness. d. rudimentary, mature, and elementary.

b. Physical, social emotional, and cognitive

DeVries suggests when designing tasks to help students construct physical knowledge a. take a hands off approach as students need to work independently. b. ask whether the task and your introduction to it support initiative on the part of the child. c. make sure directions for each step are clearly articulated so the child will do as you ask. d. be sure every action is followed with a discussion of why the phenomenon occurred.

b. ask whether the task and your introduction to it support initiative on the part of the child.

When a new child care provider picks up 11-month-old Ceci for the first time, Ceci screams hysterically and struggles to get away. Which one of the following is the most likely explanation for Ceci's behavior? a. She is showing a lack of attachment to other caregivers in her life. b. She is showing stranger anxiety, which is common at the end of the first year. c. Her resistance indicates a hypersensitivity to stimulation, signaling possible autism. d. Her resistance indicates an absence of the need for relatedness, signaling a possible emotional disturbance.

b. She is showing stranger anxiety, which is common at the end of the first year.

Christine is an obese 12-year-old. What is one prediction about her health as an adult that cannot be made? a. She faces the possibility of developing diabetes. b. There are no possible serious health risks that she will face in adulthood. c. She may have high cholesterol. d. She may have high blood pressure.

b. There are no possible serious health risks that she will face in adulthood.

If you were interested in how a child's culture influences cognitive development, you would be most likely to consider which approach to cognitive development? a. Piaget's b. Vygotsky's c. neo-Piagetian theorists' d. information processing theorists'

b. Vygotsky's

Despite the stereotype of adolescents being rather wild and crazy a. today's adolescents passively conform to the desires of adults and rarely if ever are moody. b. as the brain matures adolescents become better able to regulate their emotions. c. this generation receives all the sleep they need and this, along with meditation, pacifies them. d. few adolescents, if any, engage in risk-taking.

b. as the brain matures adolescents become better able to regulate their emotions.

Mr. Johnson teaches a class of twenty 7- and 8-year-old second graders. His goal for the upcoming school year is to help at least 50% of his students reach formal operations. From the perspective of Piaget's theory, we would expect that Mr. Johnson's goal is ___. a. an easy one to attain b. developmentally inappropriate. c. attainable only if he emphasizes abstract reasoning throughout the school year d. attainable only if his students have had enriching educational experiences throughout infancy and early childhood

b. developmentally inappropriate.

Mr. Wong tells a joke in his fourth-grade class: "An eye doctor fell into the lens-grinding machine and made a spectacle of himself." The humor of the joke rests, of course, on the double meaning of the word spectacle. With respect to children's language development, such word play is most likely to: a. confuse and frustrate children. b. enhance children's metalinguistic awareness. c. enhance children's pragmatic development. d. enhance children's ability to construct narratives.

b. enhance children's metalinguistic awareness.

In a cognitive apprenticeship learners eventually can frame their own questions and pose problems for themselves. McDevitt calls this exploration. In the language of Vygotsky the learner ___. a. has outgrown the need for mentors. b. has internalized an important aspect of independent learning. c. is now literate. d. is now able to conserve

b. has internalized an important aspect of independent learning.

For the past four afternoons Sheila and Rachel have acted out the same scene with their dolls: The girls put their dolls to bed. The dolls want the light left on. The girls tell the dolls that the light must be turned off at night. The girls then explain at length that the dolls will be safe in bed with the light off. The scene ends with the dolls going to sleep in the "dark" room. Such fantasy play is apt to: a. have little effect on the girls' fear of the dark. b. help the girls constructively work through their own fear of the dark. c. intensify the girls' own fear of the dark by focusing their attention on it. d. enable the girls to deny their own fear of the dark by projecting it onto the dolls.

b. help the girls constructively work through their own fear of the dark.

What triggers the sudden growth spurt in preadolescence? a. myelination b. hormonal interplay c. age of the child d. neuron development

b. hormonal interplay

On her first day at a new child care center, 2-year-old Martha is quite upset when her father leaves to go to work. When Dad returns that afternoon, Martha runs to him for a hug but then soon pushes Dad away. Martha's behavior is most consistent with a(n): a. secure attachment b. insecure-resistant attachment c. insecure-avoidant attachment d. disorganized and disoriented attachment

b. insecure-resistant attachment

In middle childhood there is a typical observable difference in children's physical development with: a. a reversal in the proximodistal trend. b. intensified speed and coordination in running, kicking, catching and dribbling. c. pronounced loss of rudimentary movements as youth move into sports. d. enlarged feet providing greater stability and altering the center of gravity.

b. intensified speed and coordination in running, kicking, catching and dribbling.

Ethnotheories typically include beliefs about what children are like and what they need. Aspirations for the child and strategies to bring about these desired outcomes are also common. It is important to make an effort to understand the ethnotheories of care providers because: a. they prevent assimilation into mainstream culture. b. it will help you interpret relevant actions in relation to the children in your care. c. they determine who should succeed in your setting. d. understanding these theories is mandated and tested on exams for licensure.

b. it will help you interpret relevant actions in relation to the children in your care.

Lev Vygotsky believed education could transform the world. An important tool for bringing about change, from his perspective, was: a. the use of post-modern environmentally sustainable practices. b. literacy. c. rigid adherence to cultural traditions of the past. d. quick reflexes emanating from early behavioral repertoires.

b. literacy

Which one of the following conditions is most likely to help children learn from a discovery learning activity? a. Making sure children always remain in equilibrium b. Having some prior knowledge about the material being explored c. Having an abstract overview of the discovery session ahead of time d. Having freedom to explore one's environment without any structure or restraint

c. Having an abstract overview of the discovery session ahead of time

Which one of the following pairs of children best illustrates a difference in temperament? a. Ann enjoys dancing; Alice prefers basketball. b. Bob likes to spend his time reading science fiction novels; Bill would rather read detective mysteries. c. Carol is very sociable and outgoing; Chris is quieter and reserved around peers. d. Dan likes to think about abstract ideas; David learns more effectively when he can manipulate concrete objects.

c. Carol is very sociable and outgoing; Chris is quieter and reserved around peers.

In passing legislation to support good parenting it would be wise to ___. a. ignore science and other myths of the culture b. accept the freedom of all parents to do as they please c. consider how contextual constraints influence options available to parents d. remember the importance of decalage

c. Consider how contextual constraints influence options available to parents

When parents, teachers, and peers share the same values, mutually reinforcing a message about the importance of certain beliefs or practices, __________ is present in their socialization. a. thematic elaboration b. microsystem harmony c. contemporary redundancy d. the epigenetic fallacy

c. Contemporary redundancy

Four-year-old Lena lives with her father, grandmother, and 8-year-old brother. She spends 40 hours a week at a neighbor woman's home while her father and grandmother are at work. All four of these individuals are reasonably kind and attentive to her. Chances are that Lena will: a. Form an attachment only to the neighbor b. Form strong attachments to the grandmother and neighbor and weaker ones to the father and brother c. Form attachments to all three family members and to the neighbor d. Have difficulty forming a strong attachment to any of these four individuals

c. Form attachments to all three family members and to the neighbor

Most developmental psychologists believe that temperament: a. Has a strong biological basis and is resistant to socialization efforts b. Is largely a product of the socialization efforts of parents and other adults c. Involves certain genetic dispositions, which are moderately open to socialization d. Arises from the complex interaction of the genetic inheritance of the two parents

c. Involves certain genetic dispositions, which are moderately open to socialization

Which one of the following most accurately describes the development of narratives in children's speech? a. Early narratives appear around age 21/2 or 3. b. Most children are incapable of producing narratives until around puberty. c. Narratives become increasing complex during the elementary school years. d. Children's early narratives are largely fictional, but they become increasingly reality-based as youngsters move through the middle school and high school grades.

c. Narratives become increasing complex during the elementary school years.

Which statement is most consistent with Vygotsky's perspective? a. Individuals are pawns of their society, as they develop by internalizing the beliefs of their elders. b. Imaginative youth are often thinking totally outside the linguistic and aesthetic tools of their culture. c. Youth are simultaneously a part of their culture but capable of bringing about new ways of being. d. Global capitalism is the best means of bringing about a decent minimum wage.

c. Youth are simultaneously a part of their culture but capable of bringing about new ways of being.

A good example of a qualitative change in physical development that occurs during childhood is _____. a. a 5-year-old practices the steps and eventually ties her shoes independently. b. an 8-year-old gains 15 pounds over the course of a year. c. a 9-year-old becomes better able to walk on a balance beam due to a change in his center of gravity. d. a 6-year-old joins a soccer team and rapidly develops new skills at kicking.

c. a 9-year-old becomes better able to walk on a balance beam due to a change in his center of gravity.

Bruner viewed narrative as a. an inherent, universal set of discursive patterns. b. a complex skill best taught in high school English classes. c. a primary meaning making tool. d. reflecting an amoral and dissociated culture.

c. a primary meaning making tool.

According to Michael Halliday the move from protolanguage to speech involves development of a semiotic system. In the study of language development semiotics is ____. a. related to shifts in the deep structures of mind that allow for fast mapping b. a method of making marks as a precursor to use of an alphabet c. the study of what signs and symbols mean and how they are used d. the universal system for diagramming sentences

c. the study of what signs and symbols mean and how they are used

In her first trip to a zoo, 7-year-old Latisha notices that leopards have paws very similar in shape to her cat Snowball's paws. She also notices that leopards walk in much the same way that Snowball does. Latisha starts to wonder if perhaps leopards are cats. Latisha's thinking illustrates Piaget's idea that thought is characterized by ___. a. egocentrism b. conservation c. use of schemes d. compartmentalization

c. use of schemes

Which one of the following most accurately describes the concept of temperament? a. The ways that children have learned to react to environmental stimuli because of their past experiences b. The extent to which children are either outgoing (extroverted) or withdrawn (introverted) c. The extent to which children like or dislike themselves d. A child's way of responding to events and of regulating impulses.

d. A child's way of responding to events and of regulating impulses.

We have been talking about perspectives from the first day of class. Attending to perspectives is important because: a. assumptions are embedded in our perspectives often without our awareness. b. much of what we perceive is constructed through our perspectives. c. reflecting on our perspectives can help us identify our blind spots. d. all of the above

d. All of the above

Three of the following are suggested strategies for promoting children's expressive language skills. Which one is not recommended? a. Teach infants gestures they can use to make their desires known. b. Encourage children to describe recent events in their lives. c. Tell children if you don't understand what they're trying to tell you. d. Create conceptual conflict so children have an authentic purpose for formulating questions.

d. Create conceptual conflict so children have an authentic purpose for formulating questions.

Which one of the following best describes empathy? a. Being able to "step into someone else's shoes" b. Understanding what another person must be thinking c. Feeling sorry for someone who faces exceptional life challenges d. Experiencing the same feelings as someone in unfortunate circumstances

d. Experiencing the same feelings as someone in unfortunate circumstances

Students in a fourth-grade reading group are reading a passage about snakes. Their teacher asks, "Who can think of a good title that summarizes what this passage is about?" After hearing several good suggestions, the teacher says, "The author says that snakes are helpful to farmers. What evidence does she give to support her statement?" If we consider Vygotsky's concept of internalization, we might predict that such a discussion will: a. Be more beneficial for students who are working outside their zones of proximal development than for students working within their ZPDs. b. Help students develop a greater interest in learning for its own sake. c. Be confusing and counterproductive for students who are not yet capable of abstract thought. d. Help students acquire effective reading comprehension strategies (e.g., summarizing, looking for supporting statements).

d. Help students acquire effective reading comprehension strategies (e.g., summarizing, looking for supporting statements).

Which one of the following would Piaget be least likely to advocate for elementary school children? a. Discussions with classmates b. Field trips to hands-on science museums c. Laboratory-type experiences with physical objects d. Lectures that describe interesting scientific facts

d. Lectures that describe interesting scientific facts

Three of the following teachers are using scaffolding to help their students learn. Which one is not evidenced as providing scaffolding? a. Ms. Applegate gives her students a structure to follow when they write their first essay. b. Mr. Bernardo teaches a backhand tennis swing by gently guiding each student through the correct movement a few times. c. Ms. Chen gives her class some hints about how to solve an especially difficult word problem. d. Mr. Donaldson takes his students on a field trip to a local history museum.

d. Mr. Donaldson takes his students on a field trip to a local history museum.

Which one of the following appears earliest in the development of children's sense of self? a. Personal fable b. Imaginary audience c. An autobiographical self d. Recognition of oneself in the mirror

d. Recognition of oneself in the mirror

Even though he teaches history rather than English Mr. Stahl wants to support his seventh-grade students in their syntactic development. Which one of the following strategies, although possibly beneficial in other respects, is least likely to promote his students' syntactic development? a. Teach students a wide variety of sentence structures they might use. b. Teach students the differences between similar words (e.g., that vs. which, lie vs. lay) and when to use each one. c. Engage students in many formal writing activities and give them regular feedback about punctuation and grammar. d. Teach students how to take notes more efficiently by capturing ideas in short phrases rather than complete sentences.

d. Teach students how to take notes more efficiently by capturing ideas in short phrases rather than complete sentences.

In the early years research in developmental psychology focused predominantly on mothers and their children. By the 1970s ___ expanded the field of vision through recognition of broader contextual influences such as social policy and cultural norms. a. Sandra Scarr b. Risley and Hart c. Annette Lareau d. Urie Bronfenbrenner

d. Urie Bronfenbrenner

Three of the following are recommended strategies for getting students' parents involved in school activities. Which one is not recommended? a. Visit students' families at home if such visits are welcome. b. Invite parents to share their unique talents with your students. c. Find people who can interpret for parents who speak little or no English. d. When divorced parents share custody of a student, communicate primarily with the parent who seems most involved in the student's day to day activities.

d. When divorced parents share custody of a student, communicate primarily with the parent who seems most involved in the student's day to day activities.

Three of the following are accurate statements about cultural differences in children's emotional responding. Which statement is inaccurate? a. Children in collectivist cultures are less likely to display negative emotions that might disrupt a group's harmony. b. Children in the United States tend to be more emotionally expressive than children in China. c. Group differences in emotional expression are largely due to socialization practices. d. Within a culture, emotional expression tends to be consistent; there are few individual differences.

d. Within a culture, emotional expression tends to be consistent; there are few individual differences.

Daniel successfully completes an essay on the allegorical meanings in John Lennon's song "Imagine". Given the complexity of his reasoning you would conclude Daniel likely is _____. a. a preoperational thinker b. a concrete operational thinker c. an animistic thinker d. a formal operational thinker

d. a formal operational thinker

Which of the following statements about diversity in attachment are consistent with findings from cross-cultural research? a. In individualistic cultures, parents encourage their children to be independent and assertive. b. Japanese infants often become quite upset in their mothers' absence, as their mothers rarely leave them. c. German infants are quite accustomed to being left alone outside a shop while their parents complete short errands. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Higher mental functions such as focused attention and deliberate attempts to remember a. arise from social interaction b. are mediated by the use of signs c. involve the use of cultural tools d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Activity is mediated by the tools of the culture and through the support provided by more expert others. "Tools" in this usage refers to a. systems of communication. b. computers and other technological devices. c. conceptual frameworks. d. all the above

d. all the above

Linguistic games and routines provide a foundation for the development of communicative systems. Which of the following is a format Bruner identified as facilitating development? a. games such as peek a boo b. word games such as I spy c. sociodramatic play d. all the above

d. all the above

Piagetians advise teachers to a. use familiar content and tasks when asking students to reason in sophisticated ways. b. present situations and ideas difficult for students to explain using their existing knowledge and beliefs. c. plan activities that encourage students to share their beliefs and perspectives. d. all the above

d. all the above

To establish rapport with caregivers it is helpful if you a. communicate optimism regarding the performance of their child. b. use strategies such as humor or at least a friendly demeanor to communicate openness. c. respect parents as authorities regarding the needs of their children. d. all the above

d. all the above

Eddie's parents take a "stop-and-smell-the-roses" approach to child rearing. They urge Eddie to identify and pursue his own interests at his own pace. While insisting Eddie engage in prosocial and constructive interactions with others, they avoid pushing him into situations they believe he is not developmentally ready for. Eddie's parents think of childhood as an important time for personal development during which children should be sheltered from adult responsibilities. In the language of developmental psychologists what you have just seen described is ______. a permissive parenting b. concerted cultivation c. a useless period in the life cycle that must be grown out of as quickly as possible d. an ethnotheory

d. an ethnotheory

Parents who reward children with sweets for eating vegetables are likely influencing their children to: a. dislike vegetables even more but also come to dislike sweet, fatty foods. b. prefer vegetables over sweet, fatty foods. c. develop a strong preference for both vegetables and sweet, fatty foods. d. dislike vegetables even more and have a stronger preference for sweet, fatty foods.

d. dislike vegetables even more and have a stronger preference for sweet, fatty foods

According to Elliott Currie inclusive schools would utilize school suspension only under the most extreme conditions. In addition inclusive schools would a. demand parents attend after school socialization programs if their child misbehaves. b. ensure all students are receiving the same state mandated curriculum. c. serve as magnets to gather students with identified differences so they can leave the mainstream and create a more homogeneous and safe space. d. invite students to participate in meaningful activities that provide a sense of purpose and positive self regard.

d. invite students to participate in meaningful activities that provide a sense of purpose and positive self regard.

Three-year-old Robert is visiting the local zoo with his preschool class. When his teacher exclaims, "Look at the giraffe!" Robert first looks at the teacher's face and then follows her gaze to the strange creature she is looking at. Robert's behavior in this situation reflects: a. semantic bootstrapping b. functionalism c. pragmatics d. joint attention

d. joint attention

It is 11:00 p.m. on a school night and 8 year old James, who earlier refused to eat his dinner, is eating a third bowl of ice cream because "I want to". He says, "I'm not ready to go to bed yet, I want to watch more TV". James' mom says, "Okay, honey. I'll watch with you for a while." James' mom is probably a(n) ___ parent. a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. uninvolved d. permissive

d. permissive

A language used in South Africa includes a clicking sound that we do not use in English. German, Hebrew, and other languages use a gargling sound that does not exist in English (as in Achtung!). In English we use a breathy "h" sound (as in "her" or "him") that does not exist in Russian. Here we are describing ___. a. symbols b. referents c. morphemes d. phonemes

d. phonemes

According to Vygotsky the roles children enact in sociodramatic play helps to socialize players into the culture and _____. a. facilitates the consolidation of pre-operational thought b. discourages syncretic acts c. requires the provision of elaborate props d. scaffolds more mature behavior such as self-regulation

d. scaffolds more mature behavior such as self-regulation

Racine is very moody. One day she seems reasonably happy, but the next day she's irritable and on edge. The day after that, she's quite cheerful. Taking developmental differences in affect into account and without knowing anything else about Racine, our best guess would be that Racine is in: a. preschool b. first grade c. third grade d. seventh grade

d. seventh grade