EDSE 2300: Test Opportunity #2

bilingual education act

legislation where federal financial incentives were provided to schools that initiated bilingual education programs; some refer to as a "carrot approach"/expired in 2002 and was not renewed

zero reject

mandates that no child with disabilities may be denied a free, appropriate, public education (FAPE)

child abuse

neglect, sexual abuse, physical abuse/teachers & schools are legally bound to report child abuse

underclass

often used to describe people with low incomes who continually struggle with economic problems

interpersonal intelligence

one of the multiple intelligences, is an ability to analyze and respond to the motivations, needs, moods and desires of other people; "people smart"

latinos/hispanics

people of Latin American and Caribbean Spanish speaking heritage; does not refer to a particular continent or country; have the disadvantage of having a sexist connotation when used to refer to groups that include different genders

learning style

personal strategy or strategies to internalize information/preferred way of learning and studying/personal approaches to learning, problem solving, and processing information

preferences for future practice

prospective teachers prefer traditional classroom settings, middle income students, average intelligence students

ethnicity

refers to a person's ancestry/the way people identify themselves with the nation they or their ancestors came from

cultural discontinuity

refers to different ways of communicating and potential miscommunication

students with exceptionalities

refers to learners who need special help to reach their full potential (and includes students with disabilities and giftedness)

emotional intelligence

refers to recognizing, using, understanding, and managing emotions

bilingual education

refers to the use of two languages for instruction

hybrid identity

refusing to accept rigid categorizations based on one culture, race, or other kind of social grouping that is constantly changing

ESL program

regular class part of the day, separate class the other part of assimilate as quickly as possible; typically a pull-out program

Paine

says teacher candidates have a narrow framework of reference and experience

additive approach/level

second level/approach; special units and topics about various groups added to curriculum; additions made are often as a special week or special month of study; no substantial change made to curriculum as a whole

middle class

some college to a bachelor's degree $40,000 to $170,000

ability grouping

sorts students based on capability but the groupings may vary from subject to subject and year to year; attempts to match instruction to each group

resilient students

students at risk who have been able to rise above adverse conditions to succeed in school and other aspects of life

dropouts

students at risk who stop going to school tend to get deadens, minimum wage jobs have an income 50% lower than a high school graduate affected by poverty, race, and gender

students at risk

students in danger of failing to complete their education with the skills necessary to function effectively in modern society; students who experience challenges such as divorce, poverty, and drug abuse/effective schools for these students focus on personal responsibility, cooperation, and mutual respect between students and teachers

upper class

bachelor's to master's to doctorate $170,000 and up

native american

became preferred term in 1960s because it reflected people's determination to name themselves and to have others recognize them as the original inhabitants of this land

Nieto & Bode

believed that multicultural education should not be disassociated for the lives of teachers, students, and communities/SOCIOPOLITICAL CONTEXT OF SOCIETY

bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

"body smart"

naturalist intelligence

"nature smart"

spatial intelligence

"picture smart"

intrapersonal intelligence

"self smart"

linguistic intelligence

"word smart"

ESSA

(Every Student Succeeds Act) all schools to demonstrate that they are improving the English language proficiency of ELLs

IEP

(Individualized Educational Plan) a written document (developed by a team) that specifies goals, objectives, services, and evaluations for a student who has a disability and who is IDEA-eligible

LRE

(Least Restrictive Environment) protects students from being inappropriately segregated calls for the program best suited to meeting a student's special needs without segregating the student from the regular educational program includes mainstreaming and inclusion

NCLB

(No Child Left Behind) was to fund language programs that emphasized transition to English

Discuss two components associated with culturally responsive teaching, CRT (essay)

-accepting & valuing cultural differences *make students feel welcome & valued *communicate caring/be available before & after school to help students, show an interest in their lives -accommodating different cultural interaction patterns *adapt instruction to best meet students' needs *use cooperative learning activities and have variety/help students learn the culture of the school while honoring & valuing their home cultures

transitional approach *bilingual education* (short answer)

-begin by using native language as a bridge to English-language -maintain the first language until students acquire sufficient English to succeed in English-only -transition typically within 2-3 to prepare for an English-only classroom

what can teachers do to promote gender equality in the classroom? (essay)

-call on everyone in your classes individually and by name, regardless of whether their hands are raised -make an effort to present cases of men & women in non stereotypical roles (careers) -encourage female students to pursue science-related careers and male students to consider careers in "nontraditional male fields" -have heterogeneous groupings/provide opportunities for males & females to be group leaders

multi group membership (short answer)

-each one of us belongs to different dimensions of diversity concurrently -in other words, each person has membership in different dimensions of diversity all at the same time -those in a multi group membership categorize with many characteristics, not just one alone -gender, social class, age, ethnicity, learning styles, etc.

social action approach/level *to multicultural education* (short answer)

-fourth level/approach -view issues from multiple perspectives and become involved in problem solving -environmental issues & conservation

working with students with LD (brief essay)

-have notes as a handout -provide computers for taking notes and/or keeping schedules organized -develop a private signal -give time to respond -call on first

goals of multicultural education

1. confront inequality and promote access to an unequal education 2. raise the achievement of all students and provide them with an equitable and high quality education 3. promote democracy by preparing students to contribute to society

key assumptions of multicultural education

1. students learn in different ways 2. teachers recognize and respond to these differences 3. it must be understood within its larger, personal, social, historical, and political context 4. it is for everyone (regardless of ethnicity, race, language, social class, religion, gender, sexual orientation, ability, and other differences)

EEOA

1974, Equal Education Opportunities Act prompted by Lau vs. Nichols supreme court case; ruled that the San Francisco school district was unlawfully discriminating against students by failing to address the language needs of their students

Proposition 227

1998/reduced bilingual education programs replacing them with English-only immersion programs for ELLs

african american/black

African American implies culture rather than color; black is more comprehensive because it includes people of African descent from all around the world

D. Goleman

Daniel Goleman developed the emotional intelligence quotient

H. Gardner

Howard Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences 1985 wrote Frames of Mind/"How is this student smart?"/intelligences

twin challenges of equality and excellence

Lazerson and colleagues "schools ought to be committed to enhancing equality and promoting excellence... educational debates should not be about whether the goals are worthwhile, but about how to accomplish them"

homelessness

NCLB required schools to provide transportation to the original school/school provides clothes, places to shower, and medical care

immersion programs

Proposition 227 California

unrealistic optimism

a "... tendency to believe that the problems that plague others won't happen to them," when it comes to their expectations about teaching (Weinstein)

bullying

a more subtle form of school violence that involves a systematic or repetitious abuse of power between students

cyberbullying

a new form of bullying that occurs when students use electronic media to harass or intimidate other students

social justice

a philosophy, an approach and actions that embody treating all people with fairness, respect, dignity and generosity

stereotype

absolute statements applied to all members of a group; these statements ignore individual differences and do not account for variation within a dimension or category of diversity

stereotypes

absolute statements that are applied to all members of a group, these statements ignore individual differences & do not account for variation within a dimension or category of diversity

narrow framework of reference/experience

according to Paine, it describes the fact that prospective teachers have a "...limited exposure to people who are socially, ethnically, and culturally different from themselves...".

language

always changing because it mirrors social, economic, and political events, it is a key barometer of a society at any given time. In other words, it is reflection of societal changes because it mirrors social, economic, and political events

deficit theories

assume that some children, because of genetic, cultural or experiential differences, are inferior to other children

multicultural education

at its best, it is a process of questioning, revising the curriculum, and struggling to create greater social justice in schools. It embraces the idea that all students ought to experience an equal opportunity to learn.

zero-tolerance policies

call for students to receive automatic suspensions or expulsions as punishment for certain offenses, such as those involving weapons, threats or drugs

inclusion

can refer to a movement to educate all students in their neighborhood schools and in regular education classrooms. From this perspective, separate classes or schools are to be avoided unless placement cannot be achieved even with the aid of special materials and supportive services

latchkey children

children who return to empty houses after school and who are left alone until parents/guardians arrive home from work

appropriate education

children with disabilities have the right to an education involving the accurate diagnosis of individual needs as well as responsive programs keyed to those needs

Lazerson (and colleagues)

comment on the twin challenge or equality and excellence for prospective teachers "schools ought to be committed to enhancing equality and promoting excellence... educational debates should not be about whether the goals are worthwhile, but about how to accomplish them"

banks

defined multi group membership each one of us belongs to different dimensions of diversity concurrently each person has membership in different dimensions of diversity all at the same time his approach to multicultural education: Contributions, Additive, Transformation, Social Action

weinstein

described prospective teachers as having unrealistic optimism

achievement gap

describes the circumstances in which some students, primarily those from socially, culturally, and linguistically marginalized and poor families, achieve less than other students

Lortie

developed the theory of apprenticeship of observation

between-class ability grouping

divides all students in a grade into high, medium, and low level groups

within-class ability grouping

divides students within one class into ability groups

mainstreaming

effort to move children out of special education classroom into regular education classrooms to the maximum extent possible/placing students who have special needs in regular classroom setting for at least part of the day

apprenticeship of observation

expectations and preferences held by prospective teachers may be, in part, attributable to the many years of experience as a student in elementary and secondary schools; this experience likely impacts prospective teachers' attitudes and conceptions of how to teach

IDEA

federal law passed in 1990s, which extends full education services and provisions to people identified with disabilities

contributions approach/level

first level/approach to multicultural education/includes study of ethnic heroes, holidays, and/or foods/superficial level; typically one class period in duration

generalizations

flexible insights that provide clues about groups; take into account variation within categories/dimensions of diversity

working class

high school to some college to associate's $25,000 to $40,000

culture

includes the knowledge, attitudes, values, customs, and behavior patterns that characterize a social group/influences student behavior both in and outside of school

RATE studies

indicate that teacher candidates prefer to teach in traditional classroom settings, middle income, average intelligence

race

is socially and not biologically determined

sociopolitical context of society

it includes laws, regulations, policies, practices, traditions, and ideologies

pluralism

it is a belief in and respect for cultural diversity

maintenance approach

students instructed in both languages; dual language classroom settings (ideally from K-12)/keep up proficiency in native language while learning English/this language program places the greatest emphasis on using & sustaining the first language (while teaching English)/MAINTAINING proficiency in both languages

ELL

students whose first language is not English and who need help learning to speak, read, and write in English

existential intelligence

the ability and proclivity to pose (and ponder) questions about life, death, and ultimate realities

intelligence

the capacity to acquire and use knowledge, solve problems, and reason in abstract (Gardner)

socioeconomic status (SES)

the combination of family income, parents' occupations and level of parental education; it influences school success in a number of ways but has its most powerful influence at the lower income levels

equity

the process

equality

the result

demographic forecasting

the study of people and their vital statistics (which gives us insights into tomorrow's schools)

suicide

the third leading cause of teen death, behind car accidents and homicide

procedural due process/due process

upholds the right of persons with disabilities to protest a school's decision about their education/a notice of charge or actions to be taken; the opportunity to be heard; and the right to a defense that reflects the particular circumstances and nature of the case

Kauchak & Eggen

who purports that multicultural education is a term that describes a variety of strategies schools use to accommodate cultural differences in teaching and learning