edu ch.10

How does self esteem affect preschoolers

Affects preschoolers' initiative

Cognitive Development and Emotional Understanding

As preschoolers age, they judge causes of emotions better. predict actions based on emotions. help relieve others' feelings.

Child-Rearing Styles

Authoritative sets rules and examples Authoritarian ******* Permissive lets the kids run wild Uninvolved meh

Self concept

Based on observable characteristics: Appearance Possessions Behavior

Reducing Gender Stereotyping In Young Children

Delay exposure to gender-stereotyping. Model nontraditional roles. Encourage mixed-gender activities. Point out exceptions

Parental Influences on Early Peer Relations

Direct Arrange informal peer activities. Allow child to act as host. Provide guidance on how to act toward others. Indirect Secure attachment Emotionally expressive, and supportive communication Parent-child play models good behaviors.

Emotional Self-Regulation

Language helps children improve their ability to regulate their emotions. Effortful control is vital in managing emotions in early childhood. Inhibiting impulses Shifting attention

Using Positive Discipline

Use transgressions as an opportunity to teach. Reduce opportunities for misbehavior. Provide reasons for rules. Arrange for children to participate in family routines and duties. When children are obstinate, try compromising and problem solving. Encourage mature behavior. Be sensitive to children's physical and emotional resources.

What Makes Authoritative Child-Rearing Effective?

Warm, involved parents provide models of caring concern as well as confident, self-controlled behavior. Children are far more likely to comply with and internalize control that appears fair and reasonable. Authoritative parents let children know that they are competent individuals, which fosters self-esteem and maturity. Supportive aspects of the authoritative style, including parental acceptance, involvement, and rational control, are powerful sources of resilience

Characteristics of Good Models of Moral Behavior

Warmth and responsiveness Competence and power Consistency between words and behavior

Peer Sociability in Play

non social activity: unoccupied, onlooker behavior plays alone Parallel Play: Plays near other children with similar toys, but does not try to influence them Associative Play:Engage in separate activities, but exchange toys and comments Cooperative Play:Children work toward a common goal (such as make-believe play).

What helps children understand themselves?

The richness of life-story narratives helps children understand themselves. Asserting rights to objects ("Mine!") helps define boundaries of self.

Gender-Stereotyped Beliefs and Behaviors

Children acquire at young age in terms of activities and behaviors. Preschoolers associate common objects, occupations, and colors with gender. Translates to play preferences Influences personality traits Gender beliefs strengthen in early childhood

initiative

Eagerness to try new tasks, join activities with peers Play permits trying out new skills. Act out highly visible occupations

Alternatives to Punishment

Effectiveness of punishment increased by: Consistency Warm parent-child relationship Explanations Alternatives to punishment: Time-out Withdrawing privileges Positive discipline

Cognitive Play Categories

Functional Play:Simple, repetitive motor movements, with or without objects 0-2 years old Constructive Play:Creating or constructing something 3-6 years old Make-Believe Play:Acting out everyday and imaginative roles 2-6 years old

Influences on Gender Typing

Genetic Evolutionary adaptiveness Hormones Environmental Family Teachers Peers Broader social environment

The Power of Inductive Discipline

Gives children information about how to behave that they can use in future situations Encourages sympathy and concern, which motivates prosocial behavior Gives children reason for changing their behavior and encourages moral standards that make sense Children form a script that can deter future transgressions.

Sources of Aggression

Individual Differences Temperament Family Harsh, inconsistent discipline Cycles of discipline, whining and giving in Television TV violence

Self-Esteem

Judgments we make about our own worth Includes global appraisal and judgments of different aspects of self

Common Fearsof Early Childhood

Monsters Ghosts Darkness Preschool/child care Animals Phobias are possible

Moral Imperatives and Social Conventions

Moral Imperatives Protect people's rights and welfare. Victims and other children react strongly to moral offenses. AdultsSocial Conventions Customs such as table manners or dress styles Peers seldom react to violations of social convention. Adults explain less, demand obedience explain rights and feelings of victims.

guilt

Overly strict superego, or conscience, causing too much guilt Related to excessive threats, criticism, punishment from adults

Factors Related to Child Maltreatment

Parent characteristics Child characteristics Family characteristics Community Culture

Emotional Development in Early Childhood

Parenting strongly influences preschoolers' emotional competence. Understanding of others' emotions increasingly accurate Emotional self-regulation improves. More self-conscious emotions (shame, guilt) as self-concept develops Empathy, sympathy, and prosocial behavior increase.

Types of Aggression

Physical :Harms others through physical injury or destroying another's property Verbal:Harms others through threats of physical aggression, name-calling, or hostile teasing Relational:Damages another's peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation

Child Maltreatment

Physical abuse Sexual abuse Neglect Emotional abuse

Punishment in Early Childhood

Physical punishment and frequent punishment have undesirable side effects. Models aggression Children react with anger and resentment. Children develop poor relationship with punitive parent. Punitive adults have behavior reinforced, thus punish more frequently and harshly. Use of corporal punishment may transfer to next generation.

Empathy and Sympathy

Prosocial or altruistic behavior Temperament plays a role in the level of emotional regulation. Parenting affects strategies used for emotional regulation. development of stress management techniques. levels of empathy and sympathy.

Perspectives on Moral Development

Psychoanalytic:Freud: superego and guilt Todayinduction,empathy-based guilt Social Learning:Modeling moral behavior Behaviorist:Rewards and punishment Cognitive-Developmental:Children as active thinkers about social rules

Theories of Gender Identity in Early Childhood

Social Learning Theory :Gender-typing behavior leads to gender identity. Cognitive-Developmental Theory:Self-perceptions (gender constancy) come before behavior. Gender Schema Theory:Combines social learning and cognitive-developmental theories

Cultural Variations in Child Rearing

Some ethnic-minority families have distinct child-rearing beliefs: Chinese parents often more controlling. Hispanic, Asian Pacific Islander, and Caribbean families combine high respect for authority with high parental warmth. Low-SES African-American parents tend to insist on immediate obedience

Early Childhood Friendships

Someone who likes you, plays with you, and shares toys Friendships change frequently. Friends more reinforcing, emotionally expressive than nonfriends Social ability contributes to academic performance