EDUC 1301 FINAL EXAM
Describe several ways in which business influences education.
Partnerships With Business. Through the 1980s, school-business partnerships formed the core of business involvement in education.
List and describe the characteristics of the four educational philosophies described in your text. Be able to recognize examples of each (goals, methods, teacher role, student role, key ideas, and so forth).
Perennialism- Views nature and human nature as constant, unchanging. Education develops mental discipline needed to search for eternal truths. Curriculum is based on timeless classics in Western culture. Essentialism- Views the mind as the central element of reality. Learning happens through contact with the physical world and reasoning from observation. Curriculum based on core knowledge for living a productive life. Romanticism- Nature and human nature are preferable to the evils of organized society. Needs and interest of students are more important than society's. Learning is self-guided and the curriculum is led by child's curiosity, than teachers. Progressivism- Views nature as ever-changing. Knowledge must be constant and redefined to keep up with the constant change in world. Education is to learn to solve problems and discover knowledge. The curriculum is based on problems to solve.
What are beginning teacher salaries and average teacher salaries on the national level and at your state level?
Beginning -$38,617 Average -$58,950 Beginning -$45,574 Average -$57,091
Why is there a shortage of minority teachers?
"First, minority children deserve to have positive minority role models who can help guide them in a world still plagued by racism. Second, white children need to have minority teachers as positive role models to help them overcome the effects of stereotyping and racism. Third, it is important for the United States' well-being to have a teaching staff that reflects the diversity of racial and ethnic backgrounds in its population. Fourth, minority teachers are needed to serve as "cultural brokers" who can help all students navigate their school environment and culture."
What are the authors' seven additional rules for surviving the first year of teaching?
1. When in doubt, think. 2. Don't look for love in the classroom 3. Deal with your authority problems before you enter the classroom 4. If you are not organized, get organized 5. Love thy school secretaries and custodians 6. Focus on learning 7. Don't get married two weeks before you start your first teaching job.
Indicate the percentage of students who attend private schools, and analyze the significance of this option in the United States.
10% this provides insight to people's values.
What are the two extremes of behavior new teachers may adopt when trying to establish appropriate social distance? Describe the problems with both extremes.
- The overly strict teacher, can give rise to long term difficulties, whereas - the natural teacher usually has short-term but rather severe problems
List and describe the reasons given by the authors that new teachers may experience discipline problems
-They aren't use to being in charge - Students are accustomed to being taught by experienced teachers who know how to manage and control them, usually rather effortlessly -students can sense uncertainty and hesitancy in a new teacher
What are six common components of state reform efforts?
1 An Increase in Graduation Requirements 2. More Academic Learning Time 3. Standards-Based Education 4. Higher Expectations for Teachers 5. Higher Salaries for Teachers 6. School Choice
List the eight criteria that must be satisfied for teaching to be considered a profession, and indicate which of these criteria teaching meets.
1. A profession renders a unique, definite, and essential service to society * 2. A profession relies on intellectual skills in the performance of its service * 3. A profession entails a long period of specialized training. * 4. Both individual members of the profession and the professional group enjoy a considerable degree of autonomy and decision-making authority. * 5. A profession requires its members to accept personal responsibility for their actions and decisions and, in general, for their performance. * 6. A profession emphasizes the services rendered by its practitioners more than their financial rewards. 7. A profession is self-governing and responsible for policing its own ranks. * 8. A profession has a code of ethics that sets out the acceptable standards of conduct for its members *
List and describe the six elements of education reform.
1. Authentic Assessment 2. Active learning: The constructivists approach 3. A sense of community 4. Lifelong learningTools for learning 5. Reclaiming Character Education 6.Learning
What are the pros and cons of the No Child Left Behind legislation from the following perspectives: educators, parents, and students?
1. Helps ensure better test scores. 2. Results in equal access to education. 3. Higher education standards. 4. Approved educational reforms. 1. Excludes special education. 2. Results in academic difficulty. 3. Possible loss of ambition. 4. Inequality in focus of academic resources. 5. Difficulty in measuring student's performance. 6. Requires increased investment.
What are the seven recommendations the authors make for surviving the first years of teaching?
1. Prepare now 2. Keep a teaching journal 3. Maintain the proper frame of mind 4. Find a mentor 5. Make your students' parents your allies 6. Take evaluations seriously 7. Take care of yourself
List the authors' six recommendations for getting off to a good start on the first day of school.
1. Teach your very best lesson 2. Establish class rules and procedures 3. Start learning and using students's names 4. Be friendly but businesslike 5. Share with students your vision for the year 6. Establish procedures for communication with parents
Identify and give an example of each of the six reasons given in the text for parent-teacher problems.
1. Varied perceptions 2. Judgments on students 3. Differences of social class and experiences 4. Overburdened parents 5. The pain of change 6. Special problems 7. Privilege and responsibility
Describe the purpose and procedures for alternative licensure.
A procedure offered by many states to license teachers who have not graduated from astate-approved teacher education program.
Describe the fields of aesthetics and ethics.
Aesthetic education is an approach to teaching and learning that engages students in learning about works of art through hands-on inquiry, questioning, writing, and art making. Educational ethics is a field which considers ethical problems and dilemmas specific to the complexities of education, with a view to assisting educators, educational policy-makers and school communities to clarify these context-specific problems and making ethical recommendations for their resolution.
Describe the significant changes in education that have taken place since World War II
After ww2 segregation was done with in schools. Discrimination against Asian Americans began to subside
For women and for each group of minority students in American schools, briefly describe the historical evolution of their participation in the American school system.
American Indians- They began with schooling from missionaries then they went to boarding schools. Now they are in normal schools but plagued with poverty, alcohol and high dropout Hispanics- Started at religious mission schools, the 1965 elementary and secondary act provided new support. We now have bilingual education programs. They are the fast growing population in the US. Asian Americans- They had Segregated schooling until after ww2. Model minority, they need to foster parent involvement as well.
What is an eclectic philosophy, and what are the hazards associated with holding such a position?
An eclectic philosophy consists of believing in different aspects from different philosophical views. Taking bits and pieces of all the philosophies and forming a new perspective consisting of those views. However, someone who is eclectic must be taking this position because they truly feel the aspects they chose as their own are valuable, not just because they aren't interested in learning what they truly value. The issue of inconsistency will arise if someone takes the position of eclectic based off laziness and not seeking their true values because their methods will conflict with one another and make it difficult for students to follow instructors' reasoning behind it.
Give an example of privatization in education.
An example of privatization in education would be Sylvan Learning Systems Inc. that is for students to help with learn with their grade level. This was a private education, but now public education.
What are the components of a successful job search?
Campaign actively •Prepare materials-Resume-Teaching portfolio-Credential file •Develop interview skills •Determine job availability •Gain experience through substitute teaching
Explain the constructivist theory of learning.
Constructivism is a theory of knowledge acquisition built on the idea that learners interact with new information to "construct" meaning from it.
Describe Latin grammar schools, English grammar schools, and academies; include the purposes of each.
Latin- meant solely for college preparation, you were there from 7-14 years old learning greek and latin. English- provide practical instruction in everything from navigation and engineering to bookkeeping and foreign languages
Distinguish between the terms licensure and certification.
Licensure is the official recognition by a state governmental agency that an individual meets state requirements. Certification is the process by which the profession grants special recognition to an individual who has met certain qualifications specified by the profession
According to the authors, what accounts for the very idealistic views of children and classrooms that most new teachers have when they begin teaching?
Culture Shock- it's not what they thought it would be
Give a brief description of at least six of the roles principals play.
Leader- they make decisions or act as funnels for the decisions to higher leaders Policy maker- introduce teachers to the policies and monitor the policies implementation Crisis Manager- when something happens that a teacher cannot handle, the principal deals with them effectively. Reward giver- decides who will teach what and who they will teach. Also assigns teachers to extracurricular activities. Buffer- acts as buffers between teachers and parents "steps in" Sacrificial lamb- the principal takes blame/ responsibility for what goes on and happens at their school
Identify the European educators that have made significant contributions to American education, and briefly describe each of their contributions.
Froebel- first kindergarten in 1837. Pestalozzi - modeled his educational doctrines on a Swiss experimental school in 19th century Herbart- stressed that the primary purpose was moral development Montessori- developed a curriculum that emphasized learning through senses for young children
Compare and contrast inductive and deductive reasoning.
Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning in which a body of observations is synthesized to come up with a general principle. It consists of making broad generalizations based on specific observations. Deductive reasoning, also deductive logic, is the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logical conclusion. It consists of drawing particular conclusions from a general premise
What are the advantages of substitute teaching while you are looking for a full-time position?
It gets your feet in the door- people see you, they get to know you, you get to know kids, you can make an impression for yourself
Identify the significant characteristics of middle schools
It's a place where 10-13 years can grow at their own rate. Their puberty is better handled here
Who is John Dewey, and with which educational philosophy is he most closely associated? What are considered his most important contributions to American education?
John Dewey was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. He was one of the most prominent American scholars in the first half of the twentieth century.
List and describe the seven themes in American education.
Local control-fear of too-strong federal government. State governments assumed role of educational authorities and delegated substantial powers to local school boards Universal Education- education for all children no matter race Public Education-publicly supported education. Education became compulsory Comprehensive Education- basic abilities to read, write, and do arithmetic but now also educated for work. Training for trades and preparation for college Secular Education- became concerned with producing socially responsible citizens. Religious studies remained in a private setting Changing Ideas for the Basics- practical skills. Preparing students to compete in a global market place Expanding Definitions of Educational Access and equality- equalize education, offering more curricular choices. Focuses on academic achievement
List and define the four branches of philosophical study.
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that considers the physical universe and the nature of ultimate reality. It asks questions like, What is real? Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that considers how people come to learn what they know. Derived from the Greek word episteme, meaning knowledge or understanding, epistemology refers to the nature and origin of knowledge and truth. Axiology is the branch of philosophy that considers the study of principles and values. These values are divided into two main kinds: ethics and aesthetics. Logic is the branch of philosophy that seeks to organize reasoning. Students of logic learn how to think in a structurally sound manner.
Why is it important to have minority teachers (for white students as well as minority students)?
Minority teachers deserve to have positive minority role models who can help guide them in a world still plagued by racism. Second, white children need to have minority teachers as positive role models to help them overcome the effects of stereotyping and racism. Third, it is important for the U.S. well-being to have a teaching staff that reflects the diversity of racial avnd ethnic backgrounds in its population. Fourth, minority teachers are needed to serve as "culture brokers" who van help all students navigate their school environment and culture
Indicate how the ruling in each of the following legal cases affected education in the United States: Old Deluder Satan Act, the Kalamazoo case, Plessy v. Ferguson, and Brown v. Board of Education.
Old Deluder Satan Act- Deemed important that all kids learn to read so they can know scripture. Kalamazoo case- Michigan ruled that school district could tax the public to support elementary and high schools. Plessy v Ferguson- separate but equal for African Americans. Brown v board of education- different races must go to school together. Segregation is illegal
List the pros and cons of establishing common schools.
Pro- democracy depends upon educated populace Common schools would promote common American culture.Enhanced opportunities and general prosperity. Against- Some citizens pay for schooling of others kids. Weakened cultural identities of diverse groups. Concerns over religious teaching in schools
What are induction programs, and what roles do mentors play?
Professional experiences for beginning teachers that provide assistance to ease the transition into teaching
What are the advantages and disadvantages of teaching in a private school?
Religion affiliated school Compared with public schools, private schools have fewer classroom control problems, stricter discipline, smaller classes, fewer students using drugs, students who are absentless often, parents who are more supportive, a higher percentage of colleagues who share the school's mission, and a more supportive administration.Although private school teachers tend to work about two more hours a week than their public school counterparts, they believe they have greater influence over important school policies
Identify and describe other informal but powerful influences that affect the decisions made in education.
School principal-look over teachers, teacher's work, schedule students, manage school budget, discipline, and dispense supplies. Parents- first and primary teacher of their child
What are the major factors influencing the demand for new teachers?
Some major factors that are influencing demand for new teachers are student enrollment in schools, class size, enrollment in teacher education programs, geographic location, subject matter and grade levels taught, and economic conditions. Also, retiring teachers, teacher turnover, and returning teachers.
What are some other job options open to teachers besides classroom instruction?
Some other job options open to teachers beside classroom instruction are librarian, counselor, supervisor, administrator, and school psychologist.
Describe the roles, responsibilities, and relationship between the state board of education, the state department of education, and the chief state school officer.
State board of education- to exercise general control and supervision of schools within the state. It's the policymaking body for elementary and secondary schools. It sets goals and priorities for education in the state. It establishes and enforces minimum standards for the operation of all phases of elementary and secondary education from state to local school system level. State department- is administered by chief of state. Responsible for carrying out the policies of the state board of education and laws passed by state legislature. Chief state school officer- responsible for the administration of public education and reports to state board of education. They recommend improvements, arranges studies, identifies problems and proposes solutions.
Describe the role of the district superintendent of schools.
Superintendent- professional educator selected by local school board to act as its executive officer and as the educational leader and administrator of school district. Most powerful officer in local school organization. Their job is to gather and provide info to local school board so its board can make decisions
List and give examples of the types of continuing education opportunities for teachers.
Supervision, Mentoring, Group Study, Graduate Study, Independent Study, Systematic Reflection on Practice
Describe the location, time period, and characteristics of dame schools, town schools, moving schools, district schools, private venture schools, and common schools.
THEY WERE ALL IN 1600'S. Dame New England, Girls learned basic house wife skills. Town, New England, All kids went to school to learn to read. Moving, Village to village as they moved, School held in each village for a few months before moving on. District, New England, Towns were divided into to districts and they each got a school paid for by town funds. Private venture, Middle colonies, Licensed but not funded. Parents paid teachers directly. They accepted or rejected students as desired. Common,New England, Provide school for an average person
Describe the characteristics of teachers at each of the three levels of professionalism.
The Level One Teacher: -They are essentially going through the motions prescribed by someone else in a rather mechanical fashion, tend to be preoccupied with classroom discipline and keeping students busy, follow patterns set by guidelines or textbooks. The Level Two Teacher: -mentally reflect on what they are doing in a classroom, but their reflection lies within a narrow range, have an awareness of the uniqueness of their classroom and students, and go beyond their curricular guides and materials. The Level Three Teacher: -Jump to the generative-creative level, they focus on their individual students, and they take a wide view of knowledge. They attend to their curricular guides and the prescribed materials, but those materials serve as launching pads rather than being the sole targets of their instruction.
Compare and contrast the characteristics of the NEA and the AFT.
The NEA is The National Education Association and The AFT is The American Federation of Teachers. The NEA has become a strong political player while the AFT is more focused on the teachers' salaries and benefits and has also been a defender of academic freedom and greater participation in decision making by teachers.
Describe the purpose of compensatory education, the students who qualify to participate, and two examples of compensatory programs.
The purpose of compensatory education is to create equal opportunities for disadvantaged students. The purpose of students who qualify to participate is for students that are low-income and at-risk. Two examples of compensatory programs are Success for All program and Head State program.
To which level of government is the legal responsibility for the governance of schools delegated, and what legal document states this?
The state government is responsible for the governance of schools based on the 10th Amendment of the Constitution.
Define the word philosophy.
The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline
Indicate the three levels of governance that contribute to school funding, the relative amounts they contribute, and their source for these funds.
The three levels are federal government 10%, state government 46%, and local governments 44%. Federal government gets funds from tax revenues, businesses, fines, and printing currency. State government sources their funds by using sales taxes, personal income taxes, corporate income taxes, and revenue taxes. Local government are mainly are from property taxes.
List and give an example of each of the three initiatives to improve teacher quality.
The three people in each student that needs to be educated are the democratic citizen, the good worker, and the good person.
Describe the components of character education.
To achieve excellence in student achievement, according to these critics, serious schoolreform must address the issue of character education which we define as the effort to help the young acquire a moral compass—that is, a sense of right and wrong and also the enduring habits necessary to live a good life. Character education, then, involves helping children to know the good, love the good, and do the good
Licensure requirements are enacted by states to accomplish what purpose?
Traditional Licensure •Requires completion of approved teacher education program •PRAXIS or other teacher competency exam •In some states, background check, oath of allegiance, or health check Alternative Licensure •Variety of alternative programs, including Teach for America, Troops to Teachers •Usually require a bachelor's degree and/or experience in subject taught •May require an exam
Compare and contrast authentic assessment with the traditional model of assessment.
authentic (performance) assessment A recent trend in student evaluation that attempts to measure real student performance on significant tasks; the focus is on what we want the student to be able to do. Also called performance assessment.
Define categorical grants and explain in what ways the "funding source" behind the grant can influence education.
intergovernmental grants with specific instructions to state and local officials on how the money could be spent
What kinds of help can new teachers expect from principals or supervisors?
they may have valuable advice on dealing with specialized problems,such as an extremely reticent student -they can put you in contact with specialists in your building or elsewhere in school district to help you on a range of issues, from curricular matters to dealing with disruptive students. -they may be able to do demonstration lessons or special presentations in your class. -they may be able to come to your classroom, observe you in action, and provide focused feedback on your early efforts to carry out strategy such as cooperative learning
Describe what the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards is and how it could affect your career in teaching.
to advance the quality of teaching and learning by maintaining high, rigorous standards for what accomplished teachers should know and be able to do; providing a national voluntary system certifying teachers who meet these standards; and advocating related education reforms to integrate NBPTS standards.
Discuss charter schools, magnet schools, and voucher plans as ways of providing school choice.
·Charter schools are public schools chartered to be run independently. ·Magnet schools are schools with specific themes. ·Voucher plans is public money to attend private school.
Explain the rationale, essential components, positives, and negatives of three or four areas of national reform efforts that are underway.
•Adopting standards and assessments that prepare students to succeed in college and the workplace and to compete in the global economy; •Building data systems that measure student growth and success, and inform teachers and principals about how they can improve instruction; •Recruiting, developing, rewarding, and retaining effective teachers and principals, especially where they are needed most; and •Turning around our lowest-achieving schools.
