EDUC 2210

What is a language delay?

"Rule of 6" in defining language delays. If a child's language development lags six months behind what is considered to be normal, the child is said to have a delay.

Stuttering is defined as?

"a disruption in the fluency of verbal expression characterized by involuntary, audible or silent, repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables."

Dysgraphia

"disturbance in the ability to express thoughts in writing"

Dyscalculia

"disturbance in the ability to use and remember numbers and do arithmetic"

Agnosia

"lack of knowledge, an inability to recognize the significance of sensory stimuli"

What does it mean to have Low Vision?

(partially sighted) individuals are those with a visual acuity greater than 20/200 but not greater than 20/70 in the better eye, after correction.

Trisomy 21

- 3 chromosomes instead of 2. - 14 different types of Trisomy 21, which accounts for 93% cases of Down Syndrome.

Etiology of Developmental Exceptionalities

- Chromosomal abnormalities - Trauma (e.g., trauma, x-rays) - Infections and intoxicants (e.g., maternal rubella, drugs, alcohol) - Metabolism or nutrition (e.g., malnutrition

Role of the EA in Communication Exceptionalities

- Collaborating with the teacher and SLP in the development of a treatment plan. - Enabling opportunities for communication. - Modeling appropriate responses to abnormal language for peers. - Be proactive. Search for new and different ways to do things!

Stroke/Traumatic Brain Injury

- Communication difficulties are often the worst immediately following the accident when brain swelling is the greatest. - Language problems: - aphasia (language disorder resulting from an injury to the brain), which can affect... - spoken language expression & comprehension, - written expression, and - reading comprehension. - Speech Problems: - dysarthria (motor speech disorder).

Down Syndrome

- Most common cause of intellectual disability. - Intellectually can fall anywhere along the severity spectrum (mild to profound). - Occurs in approximately 1 in 1,000 live births. - Genetic abnormality.

Translocation

- Only part of the 21st chromosome is present in triplicate. - 5% of cases; thought to be due to a hereditary component.

Cleft Lip & Palate factors

- There are a number of factors that affect how this physical anomaly will affect communication, such as: - Cleft type/severity - Associated exceptionalities - Age at the time of palate repair - Hearing status

Down Syndrome characteristics

- Usually motivated to interact socially right from infancy but they have to rely on non-verbal skills such as gesture for longer than other children. - Often experience significant speech and language delay. anatomical differences in the mouth/jaw - speech motor difficulties - hearing difficulties - smaller verbal short term memory spans - intellectual impairment

What is Cluttering?

- a disorder that occurs when a person's words all come out together at the same time. - manifested as a series of disjointed thoughts and words in one sentence.

What does it mean to have a Learning Exceptionality because of a Brain Dysfunction?

- damage/ injury to the brain, generally the main cause of learning exceptionalities.

What does it mean to have a Learning Exceptionality because of Maturational Lags?

- slow to meet developmental milestones, then slow to meet academic achievements

What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder?

-A continuum of various permanent birth defects caused by the mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. -Mild to severe neurological, craniofacial, skeletal and other defects.

Co-occurring Disabilities

-Children who are constantly frustrated often react with poor behaviour. -24%- 52% of children with learning problems have a significant social, emotional, and behavioural problems. -Exhibit externalizing behavioural disorders: -Aggression, antisocial behaviour, and conduct problems. Teenagers display impulsiveness, low frustration thresholds, irritability, low self-esteem, and suggestibility which sometimes leads to antisocial acts

What are the non-physical features of Fragile X Syndrome?

-Developmental delay. -Hyperactivity. -Short attention span. -Fearfulness, shyness. -Rapid, repetitive speech. -Difficulty adjusting to change. -Stereotypic movements (e.g., hand-flapping).

If someone has expressive language delays & disorders it can be described as?

-Difficulty sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings. (More common.)

If someone has receptive language delays & disorders it can be described as?

-Difficulty understanding spoken language.

What is Fragile X Syndrome?

-Genetic, chromosomal disorder. -Results in intellectual disability; especially among boys. -Presents a wide variety of disabilities. . -5% meet the diagnostic criteria for autism. -Results in a spectrum of intellectual disabilities ranging from mild to severe as well as physical characteristics

Cystic Fibrosis

-Genetic- a gene changes a protein that regulates the movement of salt in and out of cells. (loose salt in sweat) -Inherited- Must inherit one copy of the gene from each parent -Lethal hereditary disorder -Affects Caucasian population. -Intellectual functioning is not impaired.

Impact of Down Syndrome on the Senses

-Hearing and vision disorders occur in more than half of people with Down syndrome. -Vision e.g. cataracts -Hearing e.g. chronic ear infections

Behaviour

-High rate of behavioural disorders and mental illness, as compared to their peers (e.g., between 7 - 18% have co-occuring ADHD). -Behaviours such as aggression can results from frustration and the lack of problem solving skills. -May engage in self-stimulating and/or self-injurious behaviour. -Preservation - persistent repetition of a behaviour.

Regulations

-Identification and Placement of Exceptional Pupils. -Special Education Program and Services . -Special Education Advisory Committee. -Operation of Schools - General. -Ontario Schools for the Blind and Deaf.

The Interprofessional Team

-In addition to the regular classroom/special education teacher, children with physical and/or medical exceptionalities often require the services of a: RN/RPN, PSW, Psychologist, Dietitian, OT, PT, SLP. These professionals provide both direct care to the child and training for the teacher and EA.

What are the physical features of Fragile X Syndrome?

-Large head with long narrow face. -Prominent forehead. -Protruding ears -Large hands. -Mitral value prolapse. -Large testes.

What are the Neurological Characteristics of Down Syndrome?

-Many developmental milestones are delayed. -Commonly have better language understanding than ability to speak. -Mental illness occurs in nearly 30%. -Autism occurring in 5-10%. -Increased risk of epileptic seizures which occur in 5-10% of children and up to 50% of adults. -Many who live 40 years or longer develop Alzheimer's type dementia. -In those who reach 60 years of age, 50-70% have the disease.

Education Amendment Act

-Ontario Ministry of Education -Bill 82 - Education Amendment Act -Education Act -Identification and Placement of Exceptional Pupils -Special Education Programs & Services -Special Education Advisory Committee -Operation of Schools -Schools for the Blind and Deaf

Moderate to severe developmental exceptionalities can result in physical impairments, such as:

-Poor coordination -Slower to reach developmental milestones -Poor speech -Incontinence -Sensory impairment -Seizures

The Education Act Requires each school board in Ontario to:

-Provide special education programs (free of charge) that are based on the development and ongoing review/modification of an Individual Education Plan (IEP). -Implement procedures for the early and ongoing identification of students learning abilities and needs. -Provide an appeals process for parents concerning their child's special identification and/or placement.

Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA)

-Requires all organizations throughout Ontario to develop and implement their own accessibility policies. -Customer Service standard -Subsequent standards include: Information and Communication, Employment, Transportation, and the Built Environment.

Assessment of Developmental Exceptionalities

-Screening Mild intellectual disabilities are often not suspected until children enter school. -Assessment of Intelligence Standardized IQ tests, developmental scales, measures of adaptive behaviour and observation. -Assessment of Adaptive Behaviour Some adaptive behaviours, such as toileting and dressing are easily observable.

Definition of Medical Exceptionalities

-is one who has special complex health care needs , because of an accident, illness, congenital disorder or abuse. The diseases and conditions affect the lives and functioning of the child. Therefore, the child is dependent on medications, treatments, specialized equipment/supplies, needs assistance with activities of daily living.

What are the Physical Characteristics of Down Syndrome?

-small chin -slanted eyes, -poor muscle tone -a flat nasal bridge -single crease of the palm -protruding tongue due to a small mouth and large tongue -short neck -excessive joint flexibility (e.g., atlantoaxial instability) -short stature -increased risk of obesity

What is involved in Specific strategies?

-used in one situation, such as remembering, a /sh/ combination in reading, or a principle in geometry

What are the five categories of exceptionalities?

1. Behaviour 2. Communication 3. Intellectual 4. Physical 5. Multiple

What are the two classifications of language problems?

1. Delays 2. Disorders

Examples of communication exceptionalities include:

1. Dyslexia 2. Dysgraphia 3. Aphasia 4. Dysarthria

What are two types of stuttering?

1. Persistent developmental stuttering (PDS) 2. Acquired stuttering

What are the seven areas altered by cognitive exceptionalities?

1. Physical 2. Cognitive 3. Learning and Memory 4. Communication 5. Academic Achievement 6. Social and Emotional 7. Behaviours

What are 3 Interventions for Down Syndrome?

1. Speech and language therapy -Hearing aids or other amplification devices. -Speech therapy is recommended to be started around 9 months of age. -Learning sign language may be possible. 2. Physical therapy -to compensate for poor muscle tone and decreased strength. 3. Surgical treatment -Repair of defects (e.g., heart, GI).

What are the two types of fluency disorders?

1. Stuttering 2. Cluttering

Which type of stuttering is rare?

Acquired stuttering

What are examples of communication exceptionalities?

Autism Deaf & Hard of Hearing Language Impairment, Speech Impairment Learning Disability

What are Approaches to Addressing Learning Deficits?

Behavioural (skills) Approaches Direct instruction Cognitive Generic strategies Specific strategies Strategy Training

Communication:

Children with multiple disabilities have major difficulties with speech and language development. Children may be at prelinguistic or have minimal linguistic abilities.

Physical Development:

Children with severe or multiple disabilities often show uneven development and lag in reaching developmental milestones. Walking, using first words, and toilet training may be quite delayed, and in some children, they never develop.

This is an example of which type of stuttering? 'I want to go to the st-st ... uh, place where you buy ... market st-st-store and I don't have muh-muh ti-time money."

Cluttering

Scope of the EA Role

EAs are qualified professionals who provide support to students in a variety of ways. -One-on-one support -Some have additional qualifications in braille, or specialized training in specific exceptionalities (e.g.) autism. -Transcriber -Regulated Health Professions Act Controlled Acts Exceptions

What are examples of intellectual exceptionalities?

Giftedness Mild Intellectual Disability Developmental Disability

What is the cognitive functioning of someone with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder?

Intellectual functioning is often compromised (44%).

Child & Family Services Act

Members of the public, including professionals who work with children, must promptly report any suspicions that a child is or may be "in need of protection" to a children's aid society. -includes physical, sexual and emotional abuse, neglect, and risk of harm. -must not rely on anyone else to report on your behalf. -There is a penalty for professionals who fail to report.

Cognitive Development:

Multiple disabilities do not always correlate with intellectual dysfunctions. The conditions tend to delay, and interfere with children's perceptions of incoming stimuli.

Which type of stuttering is more common?

Persistent developmental stuttering or PDS

What are examples of physical exceptionalities?

Physical Disability Blind or Low Vision

School Health Support Services

SHSS provide: direct therapy nursing services consultative services (e.g. the training of educators and families) medical supplies, dressings and treatment equipment. Community Care Access Centre (CCAC) Administers the SHSS program School Boards are responsible for: administration of oral medication lifting and positioning assistance with mobility, feeding and toileting

Mosaicism

Some cells are normal and some have a trisomy expression.

What are the soft skills of professionalism?

Teamwork Communication Problem Solving Integrity Initiative Accountably

Definition of Developmental Exceptionalities

The Child and Family Services Act defines a developmental disability as: "A condition of mental impairment, present or occurring during a person's formative years that is associated with limitations in adaptive behaviour."

Provision of Health Support Services in School Settings

The Model for Provision of School Health Support Services outlines: The services (e.g.)medications, catheterizations. Who they are administered by (e.g.) EAs, healthcare professionals). The agent/agency responsible for training (e.g.) attending physician.

What is involved in Behavioural (skills) Approaches?

The focus is on a student's ability to perform specific academic tasks through the delivery of direct instruction in areas of deficit.

What are the 3 major types of Down Sydrome?

Trisomy 21 Translocation Mosaicism

What is a language disorder?

When a person has trouble understanding others (receptive language), or sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings completely (expressive language). Developmental language difficulties that affect most or all aspects of expressive and receptive language. Often caused by brain dysfunction and/or psychological problems.

What is Dyslexia?

a language-based disability in which a person has trouble understanding words, sentences, or paragraphs.

What is Dysarthria?

a motor speech disorder that can affect speech clarity and production, which can influence communication abilities.

What is Dysgraphia?

a writing disability in which a person finds it hard to form letters correctly or write within a defined space.

What is an example of a Learning Exceptionality because of Genetics?

common in children with reading challenges: Dyslexia

Dyslexia

difficulty in learning to read

Communication

involves both speech and language. It includes verbal (tone, emphasis) as well as nonverbal information (gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact).

Language

is a socially shared code that allows thoughts to be expresses ideas through symbols and rules.

Persistent developmental stuttering or PDS

is more common and usually displays between 2 and 5 years of age, and has no known cause.

Acquired stuttering

is rare and occurs after a definable brain damage (e.g., stroke, hemorrhage, or head trauma).

Mild cognitive exceptionalities do not generally result in _______ ________.

physical impairment

Speech

refers to the coordination of oral-neuromuscular movement to produce sounds.

What systems does Cystic Fibrosis mainly impact?

respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems.

What are the Physical characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder?

significantly below average height and/or weight, craniofacial abnormalities.

What is Aphasia?

the inability to communicate effectively with verbal language because of comprehension (receptive) and/or production (expressive) difficulties.

What are the academic consequences of reading difficulties?

•A large percentage of students with learning disabilities have reading difficulties. •phonological awareness-the ability to blend, rhyme, or manipulate the sounds of spoken words. •They many be unable to deal with symbols, synthesize parts of a word into a whole, or organize words into meaningful clusters; •miss or confuse important details.

Types of deficits that impact a child's ability to learn:

•Auditory Deficits •Visual Deficits •Fine/Gross Motor •Attention Span •Expressive Language •Receptive Language •Short/ Long Term Memory •Processing Speed •Attention Span •Organization Skills

Learning Exceptionalities Etiology:

•Brain Dysfunction •Genetic •Maturational Lags

Muscular Dystrophy:

•Congenital abnormality, X-linked inheritance, genetic. •Weakens the body's muscles •Orthopedic impairment •Physical/motor disability •Many different types, all are characterized by progressive muscle weakness. o Major types : Duchene's, Becker's, myotonic, Charot Marie Tooth Syndrome o Most common is Duchenes.

Multiple exceptionalities:

•Defined as combination of several exceptionalities that may include: visual, speech, physical mobility, intellect, hearing, brain injury, hearing impairment, sensory losses as well as behavior and social problems.

If the following characteristic is present -Receptive language difficulties, what are the observations in the classroom?

•Does not comprehend jokes •Confuses oral and written direction •Needs instructions for each assignment •Asks the same question repeatedly •Doesn't seem interested in the answers

Educational Blindness:

•Educational Definitions Educational definitions focus on visual functioning or visual efficiency. •For educational purposes: o A child who is visually impaired is one whose visual abilities interfere with learning. o A child with a visual impairment is one whose visual impairment interferes with his or her learning and achievement, and requires adaptations in: the presentation of learning experiences, the nature of the materials used, and/or in the learning environment.

If the following characteristic is present -Memory problems, what are the observations in the classroom?

•Forgets assignments, homework, coats, etc... •Forgets names of people, places •Can't remember things seen or heard •Can't recollect order of letters that make up word

If the following characteristic is present -Expressive language problems, what are the observations in the classroom?

•Hesitations and repetitions in oral language •Poor syntax and semantics •Trouble relating a story •Difficult time forming concepts •Confuses yesterday, today, tomorrow

What are the academic consequences of Mathematical difficulties?

•High incidence of students with learning disabilities will have difficulty in mathematics. •Deficit may range from basic number facts to higher level mathematics. •Difficulties may be related to perception, abstract thinking, memory, or reading.

What is involved in Strategy Training?

•Incorporates elements of behavioural, cognitive, and social learning theories. •provides the learner with a set of self-instructional steps to increase effectiveness in the acquisition, organization, and expression of information •Teaches techniques to remember information, improve expressions through written material. •Lengthy process.

Tourette's syndrome:

•Involuntary muscle movements •Sporadic twitches or tics •Hyperactivity, restlessness, impulsive behavior •Both multiple motor as well as one or more vocal tics present at some time. •The tics occur several times a day (usually in bouts) •Almost every day or intermittently throughout a span of more than one year; •Disappear for weeks or months at a time; •Onset before the age of 18

Legal Blindness:

•Legal blindness is defined as an acuity measure of 20/200 or less in the better eye with correction, or visual acuity of more than 20/200 if the widest diameter of the field of vision subtends an angle no greater than 20 degrees.

Cerebral Palsy:

•Nervous system disorder •Cerebral means brain, palsy means disorders of movement •Congenital or acquired •Damage in the motor neurons of the brain •Damage impacts co-ordination and muscle strength •Symptoms appear within the first three years of life. •Slow uneven growth •Muscle atrophy- leads to contracted muscles, paralysis •Seizures •Slow withering movements, most often affects the limbs, •Withering facial movements which leads to drooling and communication-speech issues. •Language difficulty (dysarthria) •Intellectual impairment. •Visual and auditory deficits are common but very serious. -Strabismus, sensory loss •Tactile sensation deficits - pain, pressure, temperature. •Poor bladder and bowel control

Physical Exceptionalities Characteristics:

•Paralysis •Altered muscle tone. •Loss of, or inability to use, one or more limbs. •Difficulty with gross motor skills, such as running, jumping, throwing. •Difficulty with fine motor skills, such as printing, picking things up, using instruments. •Sensory impairments: visual, hearing.

If the following characteristic is present -Academic problem, what are the observations in the classroom?

•Problems in all areas of language hierarchy •Has problems reading, skips words, adds words when reading aloud •Can do math mentally but not write it down, can add but can't subtract •Weak problem-solving strategies

What are the academic consequences of Written Expression problems?

•Weak reading skills lead to poor spelling, •Students often have difficulties with written expression, poor spelling, gross disorganization, disjointed thoughts, incorrect syntax, and poor grammar. •Improper letter formation, reversals, transformations, uneven slant, •Poor relationship of the graphics to the lines on the paper

What is involved in Direct instruction approaches?

•activity-focused • teacher-directed classroom procedures that are systematic •and usually conducted according to an individual plan. •Instruction begins at the child's level of skill acquisition.

What is involved in Generic strategies?

•problem solving skills that apply across many areas of the curriculum, such as planning and setting goals, locating information, generating questions.

What is involved in Cognitive approaches?

•programs that focus on learning and thinking.