Education

ChAPTER 1 Sociology of Education: A Unique Perspective for Understanding Schools

...

Educational Movements and Reform Chapter 13

...

Process of Status Attaintment

1. Fathers and Mothers education, fathers occupation, family income 2. Ability measured by achievement or IQ test 3. Academic Performance 4. Significant Others, Encouragement 5. Educational/ Occupational Aspirations 6. Educational Attaintments directs influence on occupational These factors happen with additional influences that interact to determine one position in society

Grouping

1. Includes lower class and minority children this stratification influences, educational attaintment will affect students later job attaintment 2. Children from low socieconomic backgrounds will be placed in low ability groups , low test scores. 3. Each school has its own stratification system depending on the students coming to the system. Groupings related in school are correlated to background of students, once students are labeled and grouped, theirs less chance of moving from one category to the next 4. Students in upper are motivated, higher achievement class rank, test scores.

Poverty

50% of children living in poverty live in single parent family homes Many students living in poverty fail to graduate, which poses a larger problem in our technologically-oriented society. Most jobs require a certain amount of technological literacy and those who do not graduate will not acquire the necessary skills for sustainable employment.

Cultural Transmission

About 30 million Americans aged 16 and above have "below basic" skills (no more than the most simple and concrete literacy skills). About 63 million Americans have basic skills. Minorities are disproportionately represented in these groups. 9 ou of 10 CHILDREN WHO START 1st GRADE BOTTOM READING STAY THROUGH ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ARGUE THAT MONEY SPENT ON INTENSIVE PERSONALIZED EDUCATION EARLY IN A CHILDS EDUCATION MORE THAN PAYS OF LATER

Desegregation

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) - "Separate but equal" is not constitutional. Degredation of schools refers to enrollment patterns where in students of different racial groups attend the same school and students are not seperated in racially isolated schools & classrooms Some areas have been successful in desegregation and some have not been as successful. There has been a move away from desegregation.

Critical Learning

Critical thinking and deep learning are taught in certain instances, particularly for college-bound and wealthier students.

The Function of Innovation and Change

Who has access to the most recent and "cutting edge" technology? Some schools in wealthier districts may fare better with access than others. This creates a "digital divide," reinforcing the unequal stratification system. Internet connection is available in most all public schools, but teachers in poorer school districts may not know how to integrate it effectively into their teaching.

Social control and personal development

In preparing young people to enter society as responsible adults, schools teach not only subject areas such as English and math but also how to be responsible, discipline methods differ by social class, racial ethnic group, and sex even if offense is the same

Religion banned from Schools

In the 1960s, the Supreme Court banned teacher-read Bible readings and prayer in schools.

Modernism

Includes "modern" ideas of rational thought and progress through science and technology with an emphasis on individualism. Attempted all-encompassing explanations of the world.

Teacher Expectations

Influenced by a variety of factors: Student's previous work and test scores Student' dress, name, and physical appearance Attractiveness Language and accent Gender Parents' occupation Single-parent and motherhood status The way the student responds to the teacher

Exchange Theory (Rational choice)

(exchange) theory deals with costs and rewards involved in our interactions.

Third world Alternative education MOvements

!)Open classrooms (open education, open schools, open space): Concern over quality of teacher-child interactions; wrmth, acceptance, childrens thoughts taken seriously 2)Emphasis on cooperation, not competition; few behavior problems 3)Freedom of movement and use of materials; within certain boundaries communication among children 4)Positive self-image and willingness to take risks

Two components of the sociology of education:

(1) carry out objective research, and (2) help schools interpret and implement scientific data.

Socialization

- what we learn and how we learn it. In order to prosper, a society must train its members to be productive and to perform required roles. The conflict lies with how to do this. process becomes a lifelong part of our lives. Its influence its felt through the family, school, religious institution and workplace. Early childhood education takes on process of self concept and social awareness 50% of general intelligence develops between birth an age 4

A child centered curiculum

A child-centered curriculum and an emphasis on flexibility have been adopted in many schools.

(((Functionalist Theory))) Stratification-

A major function of schools is to develop, sort, and select individuals by ability levels to fill hierarchical positions; functionalists argue that this is a rational process based on the merit of individuals. In order to maintain working balance between the parts the system has certain requirements and agreed on rules Inequality and the role education plays in the process of stratification Functionalist argue students are placed according to individual performance than group difference such as race and sex System is flexible allowing opportunity for most American students to attend college The role of education in Stratification process 1. People are induced to what society needs motivated to fullfill roles by extransic rewards(money, prestige) 2. The importance to the survival of society is a role of qualified persons to fill the role determine the prestige ranking of positions. For instance doctors are to believed to be more important than bartenders and have more prestige and higher pay 3. Those positions that are most complex and important require the most talent and training that is, education are the most highly rewarded. 4. This said the more schooling one has completed, the more productive and valuable one is in society

Impact of Ability grouping

A students socioeconomic level affects assignments with higher soceconomic level Lower ability groups are largely compromised of minorities and students from lower social classes Students in the lower ability groups are often stigmatized Students in any given group tend to be fairly homogeneous Each school has its own stratification system Students in upper ability groups are disproportionately from the upper socioeconomic strata and teachers tend to provide more feedback to them Achievement grouping begins in elementary school and continue through high school are tracked into different paths. The problem is who gets place where

The Function of Social Control and Personal Development

According to some educators and sociologists, the erosion of moral authority is the biggest crisis in American schooling. Disorder and danger in schools is a major issue. A crisis because one of the major functions or purposes of schools is to socialize, children into their roles as citizens. In order to create an environment for learning schools must ensure safety of students and staff

Tax revenue to pay Schools

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2008 a total of 581 billion dollars is spent on financing public schools in the United States from tax revenue.

Experiences and Activities in School

Activities in schools reflect stereotypical attitudes surrounding gender. Girls do not receive the same attention boys do boys are encourage to solve problem where as a girls are given the answers. Teachers, actions reinforce sex stereotypes Boys receive more and harsher discipline but also more teacher time and praise. Studies of playground behavior support the stereotypes surrounding gendered behavior - girls' play is more cooperative and boys' play is more functional.

Rome Movement

After the fall of the Roman Empire, formal education was found in only a few places, mainly religious institutions. Also, knights were formally trained in military tactics and chivalry, and merchant and craft guilds instructed apprentices for trades.

School Funding

Almost all money financing U.S. public schools comes from tax revenue (federal, state, and local taxes).

No Child Left Behind Act 2001

An education bill created and signed by the George W. Bush administration. Designed to increase accountability standards for primary and secondary schools, the law authorized several federal programs to monitor those standards and increased choices for parents in selecting schools for their children. The program was highly controversial, in large part because it linked results on standardized tests to federal funding for schools and school districts.

Self fulfilling prophecy:

Any positive or negative expectation about circumstances, events, or people that may affect a person's behavior toward them in a manner that causes those expectations to be fulfilled. Ex:Children pick up on the subtle cues and interactions from the teacher Teacher expect less and students give less They can cause to believe that they have certain abilities that influence future behavior

"PROGRESIVE" EDUCATORS

Argue education be relevant to surrounding environment and future social civic participation for students

Processes

also provide links between organization and other parts such as educational system and its environment

1. What role does stratification play in the societal system? 2. What role does education play in social stratification? 3. What are some key variables, both in and outside the schools, that affect stratification? 4. Can education lead to equal opportunity for members of society?

Caste o Estate System, in which structure inequality is built into the society individuals are born in to their permanent ascribed positions and stay throughout their lives societies have little social mobility within generations In us their is believe that our society offers opportunity to better themselves

Chapter 4 Gender Race, and Class SEX ROLE SOCIALIZATION

Children spend so much time in school that teachers and schools have become an influential gender socialization force. Books and toys play a prominent role in early socialization. Differences in behavior between boys and girls begins at an early age. "Kindergarten is a triumph of sexual self-stereotyping" as children restrict playgroups based on gender (Paley, 1984) Kindergarteen girls acceptable behavior than boys behaviors Informal Education is a continous process (throught life formal education (schooling) Socities stereotypes of male and female behavior are learned early in childs life. Gendered nature of girl and boy plays is socially constructed

Functionalist Perspective

Community members expect students to learn the skills and values — obedience, punctuality, perseverance, respect, and others — necessary to become productive, law-abiding citizens. Through formal or informal means, schools are expected to instill values related to social control and personal development believed to be essential to survival in the workforce and in school. In this way, society's problems can be reduced because individuals will be trained to fit into society in acceptable ways.

Interaction and Interpretive Theories (Symbolic Interactionist Theorist)

Conflict theorists do not focus on the individual or their interactions in the educational system. To fill this void interactionists offer a different and micro-level explanation. According to interactionists, common norms evolve to guide behavior, and these commonly-understood "interaction rituals" in turn hold societies together.

Socializationand Early Childhood Education

Debate rages as more people are required to use day care at early ages for their children. Early childhood programs such as government-funded Head Start programs have positive results. The goal is to provide developmentally appropriate experiences that children may not receive in the home and that will help them in schooling later on. The debate centers around who best provides early socialization, and some argue that this should take place in the home. Depends on society, social class, and family background. They come in contact with socialization agents outside home, church, nursery systems

Social classes

Demographic factors such as sex race and family status affect individual chances for an educations an have effects on their future occupations, incomes and chances for an educations and have effect in their future

Examples that also reinforce sorting people into occupational groups:

Differences in the level and quality of education available in the country, region, or community in which one lives. 2. Differential access to educational facilities according to one's social class status, religion, race, and ethnic origins. 3. Differences in one's motivations, values, and attitudes; differences in the willingness and ability of one's parents and significant others to provide the financial and psychological supports necessary for the maximization of talent potentials.

Transmission of culture

Different groups of students rich,poor religious are taught diffferent norms, skills, values and knowledge

Socialization and the Media in the Classroom

Distraction hypothesis- do students need to be entertained in the classroom to prevent boredom? What are the behavioral impacts of television watching on children and how do they play out in the classroom? Is Sesame Street detrimental for children? If parents are involved and help children understand the world around them, and parents watch a small amount of television, then children do not suffer detrimental impacts from television watching.

Europen Renaissance

During the European Renaissance the concept of a well-rounded, liberal education was developed - secular education with a focus on the humanistic aspects of Greek and Latin classics. These views continue to influence education, as seen in the United States' focus on developing well-rounded students.

Problems Associated with testing

Economic success depends on social class, not IQ -we must look beyond individual characteristics to the structure of society to find causes of inequality. Factors from wealth of individual parents to national policiesdeduction serve to distribute rewards unequally CULTURAL BIAS- class ethnicity,religion- REGION OF THE COUNTRY where one is from has an impact- African American score lower then Americans WHO ADMINISTER HE TEST- the race of the person administer the test STRESS RELATED TO THE TEST- some people do good or bad under stress

Postmodernism

Emphasizes human diversity and local explanations of the world. Emphasizes the relationship between theory and practice. Recognizes diversity and variance in learning and the political environment in which students learn.

Basil Bernstein -

Examined the relations among society, schools, and the individual and how they worked to reproduce social inequality.

Television as an Agent of Socialization

Excessive amounts of watching television lowers achievement. DURING THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF LIFE WATCHING TV REDUCES ABILITY TO EXPLORE< LEARN INTERACT< PLAY AND DEVELOP IMPORTANT SKILLS However, watching targeted shows and watching less than ten hours per week can have positive results in learning. Television watching can distort information and promote aggression and stereotypes. The "Reading at Risk" survey in relation to television watching showed a decline in literary reading and a decline in vocabulary. TV SOCIALIZES CHILDREN INTO ANTISOCIAL, AGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS WHAT KIND OF TEACHER IS TV

Feminist Theory

Girls and women face an uphill battle in educational systems. Differential treatment of females reinforces gender stratification and less opportunities for women. In some parts of the world, females are denied access to education. Girls are treated differently in classrooms.

Achievement in Math and science

Girls often perceive math and science as an area for boys. Programs have been developed to address the shortages of girls studying math and science. The enrollment of females in math, science, and technology courses have increased, perhaps due to the programs attempting to address this issue. Parents with higher socioeconomic status tend to be more involved in helping their daughters choose classes and encourage them to take more advanced coursework.

HEAD START

HELPS DISADVANTAGE children achieve "readiness" for 1st grade. These cildren program encourage child initiated activities rather than teacher directed activities showed short and long term academic and social development"

Hazelwood School District vs. Kuhlmeier (1988)

Hazelwood School District vs. Kuhlmeier (1988)- This decision furthered the trend toward student rights that began in Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986) Hazelwood Established a new category for student expression under the First Amendment- school sponsored expression

Davis-Moore thesis

How do we determine the value of merit? For example, does a major-league ballplayer deserve to earn more than a third-grade teacher?

Civil Rights Act Rule

In 1964 civil rights act rule that delays in desegregation were no longer tolerable. In order to achieve equality

Ability Grouping and teacher Expectation

In average to low achievement classroom their is more disruptive learning environment. These learning environment affect student life chances self-concept, motivation, IQ, and achievement level and other aspect of school and work experience Different grouping patterns occur under different organizational structures under different organizational structures depending structural constrains, school atmosphere

Single- Sex Education

In higher education research indicates that women of single sex colleges have higher self-esteem and self control than women from coeducational colleges through debate about the value of single sex college education continues evidence indicate that faculty members at coed institutions take male contributions to classroom discussion more seriously those of females and permit males to dominate

CHAPTER 3 Stratification

It refers too a position in society's hierarchy we will probability say that we have ended up in society is at least to our own actions There are extremely rich and poor but mostly everyone classifies themselves middle class Stratification system- evolves attaining more education and higher positions than others

Functionalist Theory Sociology of Education: A Unique Perspective for Understanding Schools

Just as the heart and brain are necessary for the survival of a human being, an education system is necessary for the survival of society. Interdependent parts make up society and education is one of these parts. Change occurs because institutions are adapting to new circumstances.

Labeling Theory

Labeling theory allows us to see how micro-level interactions contribute to the individual's sense of self.

Second Language Spanish Speakers

Language and issues related to English as a second language have become part of the school curriculum and are also politically contentious.

CHAPTER 2 Conflicting Functionsof Education

Learning to be productive members of society through passing on of culture (socialization)- New Generations children learn the rights and wrongs, values and role expectations of society into which they are born. In learning their role, children are socialized, or taught how to meet expectations of society, into which they are born. In learning their role children are socialized, or taught how to meet expectations placed on them. Educational systems socialize students become members of society Selection, training, and placement of individuals in society Changes and functions of innovation

Grouping Consequences

Many argue that tracking programs based on presumed ability result in two unfortunate consequences: "more academic failure, and heightened racial and social class animosity" (Brookover, Erickson, and McEvoy, 1996) that are more important than the gains it provides for those in the higher tracks

Conflict Theory Today

Modern conflict theorists argue that schools serve as a mechanism to reinforce the social stratification system.

Changes and functions of Innovations

New Knowledge and technologies challenge students and teachers of all ages as they advance knowledge and change the way work is done

The Coleman Report:

Occurred 10 years after Brown v. Board of Education and was quite comprehensive. Its purpose was to evaluate performance and opportunities of minority students compared to white students. It surveyed 5% of the schools. It provided the impetus for increased efforts to desegregate, especially through the use of busing. Colemans Reccomendation one way to improve the academic achievement of poor and minority children would be to integrate the schools putting minority children with white children produce an environment for achievements

Educational Movements

One of the most active areas of educational reform today are "no excuses" schools - schools with the goal of moving poor and minority students into college preparatory curricula. These schools teach middle-class attitudes and try to separate students from the influences of street culture. Every generation struggles with how to provide the best education to meet the needs of children and society. One recent focus is accountability, in which prospective teachers must pass a test before entering the classroom and students must pass achievement tests at various levels before they can move on. Educational movements are more common in countries that lack centralization because influencing education at the local level is easier. The U.S. Constitution does not mention education, leaving it to state-level control. At the time of its creation, illiteracy was common and not considered a problem; states were unwilling to raise taxes to support schools. In the mid- to late 19th century the common school movement gained momentum.

Structure of Society

Patterns and behavior and Order of relationships to achieve needs of people (Family, Religion, Education, Politics, Economics, and Health) These organizations, as schools, structures that carry out societies

Lee v. Weisman (1992) and Santa fe Independent School District

Public school comencement ceremonies and student led devotionals at high school football games

ACT/ SAT TEsting

Race, IQ, social hierarchy fit together, and that the poorcan be blamed for the position, Thesis assumes that intelligence is understood, definable and testable can measure intelligence accurately

Jecks study of Inequality

Reanalyzed the Coleman Report and other data and concluded that school reform will not bring about societal changes - quite controversial.The evidence equalizing educational opportunity would do very little to make adults more equal Family Backgroung and attitudes toward education and primary determinants of school behavior Schools can do little to change peoples status in society after graduation Schools achievement of children is dependent on one major factor their families

SOCIOLOGY

SOCIOLOGY IS AN IMPORTANT discipline when it comes to understanding educational systems and for making needed changes to increase the quality and effectiveness of educational systems

Zelman v. Simmons- Harris (2002)

School voucher, the 2002 Supreme Court decision that upheld a state providing families with vouchers that could be used to pay for tuition at religious schools.

Sex differences in the Educational System

Schools are a mechanism to pass along society's values and beliefs, including sex roles. Sex roles in schools mirror those of society. There has been a steady increase of women in higher education and earning advanced degrees. Women currently exceed men in advanced degrees in the age group of 25-29.

Sociologist and the Role of Media and technology

Social media and technology are constantly vying for students' attention. Conundrum: Integrate social media/technology or fight using it in the classroom...what do you think? Some argue that the role of education now is to teach students what information is valid and reliable and what information is not. Some theorists (Cuban) argue that technology should not play a role in the classroom, as it is not relevant to the way teachers teach. technologies will be workers in the future students need to become familiar with ways to slove problems

Sex Role Composition in Schools

Socialization affect attitudes, structural barrier limit access. Approximately two-thirds of the teachers in elementary schools are females. This lessens in high school and there is a dramatic decrease in higher education. Structural barriers also come into play in inhibiting women from moving in and up in these institutions. Educational System is slow for change. Socialization and hierarchical power structures of organization have influenced women not to seek administrative response

Elite Secondary Schools

Socialize student s into Elite Power Groups that from their adult primary groups and perpetuate status In private schools they show them about their place in the worlds, their relationship. In private schools they show them about their place in the world, their relationship. In private schools they show them about their place in the world. their relationship with others and who they are "Status rights" in private schools allow for the "passage of privilege." - Private schools pay for the special "status rights" and social networks that allow for "passage of privilige hope this will maintain their childrens priviliged position or help them obtain a better position. Do private schools produce higher-achieving students than public schools? Catholic schools have a less differentiated curriculum and tend to produce stronger students; this is particularly true in urban environments. An attribute associated with private schooling is that parents have to pay for them and make sure their children behave well enough to stay in them, which implies more parental involvement. Public schools do not require this.

Sex Differences in the Educational System

Societal Systems are dependent on schools to pass along crucial beliefs and values, sex role behavior and expectations this happens through courses and texts. Sex roles in schools mirror those in society. "Hidden" sexist lessons (Sadker and Sadker, 1994): Boys are called on more to solve problems but are also disciplined more often - boys view school as a place where girls excel. Boys associate academic achievement with girls and may not be able to sustain their motivation. "Boy problem" in education - some argue boys are ill-suited to the way boys learn and need "boy friendly" schooling.

Sociological Research

Sociologists use the scientific method when gathering data to explain phenomena in education and schools. Some of the methods they employ are: Observations Test scores and other data already generated Surveys Case studies Controlled laboratory experiments Combination of any of these

Conflict Theory Sociology of Education: A Unique Perspective for Understanding Schools

Some sociologists argue that the emphasis on the status quo in the functionalists' approach to education, and the emphasis on shared values and understanding, does not address the numerous problems in education. Conflict theory assumes a tension in society between the "haves" and "have nots." The "haves" have access to the best education.

Pierre Bourdieu (CULTURAL CAPITAL)

Students from higher social strata have access to more "cultural capital" that can be traded for higher status in school and the workforce.

Reproduction Theories

Study cultural process by which students learn knowledge and what knowledge is transmitted

Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007)

THIS DECISION SERVES AS THE LATEST COUNTERPOINTS to Brown with regard to applying the Fourteen Amendment Equal Protection Clause in favor of racial minority students held that the student assignment plan of Seattle Public Schools and Jefferson County Public Schools does not meet the narrowly tailored and compelling interest requirements for a race-based assignment plan because it is used only to achieve "racial balance." Public schools may not use race as the sole determining factor for assigning students to schools. Race-conscious objectives to achieve diverse school environment may be acceptable.

Teacher Education

Teacher education- changes in classroom behavior are easiest to tackle that awareness of self identity stereotypes and for actions that commonly operate in the classroom can make teachers more sensitive to the formal and informal simple changes in classroom are easy to tackle

Enlightment

The Enlightenment of the 18th century, with its belief in reason and education's ability to create a better world, is also reflected in American education.

Educational Movement in the US

The Public School Movement - concerns that led to movements for increased schooling: 1. Industrialization and urbanization of the northeastern U.S. and concerns about the well-being of children working in factories schools provided one alternative to working long hours in factories 2.Industrialist sought ways to educate people moving from rural to urban areas to make them reliable workers 3.The need to Americanize and assimilate immigrants.

Morse v. Federick (2007)

The Supreme Court revised the map of the First Amendment student speech to marginalize Tinker, thus continuing the constitutional trend away from the students rights era. The court concluded that First Amendment protection did not extend to produg student speech. As Cambron- McCabes article explains, a variety of other students freedom of expression cases have already surfaced in the lower courts

Indian Education Act 1972

The case of Native Americans is unique. At first, missionaries provided education, but by the 1890s education was under government control. Educators tried to "civilize the Indian population" and to eliminate their linguistic and cultural differences. Boarding schools were established to remove children from tribal and family influences. 1972 - Indian Education Act - allowed tribes to control and operate their own schools. Parental involvement is low in non-Native American-controlled schools, and the dropout rate is near 15%. The government and churches believed it was their duty to " civilize the Indian population" to eliminate their linguistic and cultural differences. They were relegated to poor land and today many live in poverty as a result of low incomes poor education and unemployment

Benefits of Desegregation

The desegregation of a school district can positively influence residential integration in the community. Desegregation is associated with moderate academic gains for minority-group students and does no harm to white students. Desegregation plans work best when they cover as many grades as possible, when they encompass as large a geographic area as possible, and when they stick to clearly-defined goals over the long haul.

Labeling Students

The effects of Labeling Students for special placement can influence peer group relations. The major concern is that # minority of students labeled retarded of learning disabled

Special Education Students

The importance of considering each childs special needs designing programs that sulted to them. Specific learning disabilities comprise about 39% of special education students: Speech or language issues - 22% Cognitive issues 7.6% Emotional issues - 6.7% Most students are integrated into regular schooling situations which affords many positive results.

Max Webers Approach

Weber's view is a unique conflict approach that combines macro- and micro-level analysis. Weber argued that the primary activity of schools is to teach status cultures. "Insiders" benefit from their participation in schools and "outsiders" have numerous barriers in place that keep them from benefiting from the educational experience.

Class, Race, and Attempts to Rectify Inequality in Educational Opportunities

The problems Include disadvantage poverty and discrimination this occurs to injustices suffered by racial minorities

Financing Schools in the US

There is tremendous educational disparity in the U.S. and this issue is politically charged. Funding education is perceived as a state and local issue. Property taxes are about 50% of the revenue at the local level. High property values and taxes - more funding for schools. With NCLB, the federal government can withdraw funding for schools not meeting certain standards. The greater the value of property in a community, the more money it could raise at any level of taxation

American Disabilities Act of 1990 and ADA Amendments (2008)

These congressional reactions reflected a continuing and expanding societal commitment to protect individuals- including students and employees with disabilities from discrimination. THE ADA extended Section 504 to to private schools and other organizations that do not receive federal financial assistances

The data in the previous charts illustrate an advantage for females in higher education. Relate some of your school experiences that could support the data presented?

These educational advances do not always translate into equal access to all fields better job opportunities, and equal salaries after school. Women are majority of masters and equal number of proffesionals and graduate degrees The differences are varied males are less likely to graduate from high school and have lower achievement levels on average when they do these levels on average when they do these differences are related to family socieconomic status, Differences dissapear for students at higher status

Vernonia School district 47 J v. Action (1986) and Board of Education v. Earls (2002).

These two decisions marked the erosion of students rights under the Fourth Amendment since the Supreme Court transitional decisions in International Labor Organization

Counterculture Movement

This movement developed as a reaction to strucutred, authoritarian schools and lead to the development of schools with freedom of choice and little structure.

Missouri v. Jenkins II (1990) and Missouri v. Jenkins III (1995)

This pair of decisions qualified for the list of merely as illustrations of a long line of Supreme Court decisions that gradually moved from the lofty spirit of Brown integration down to harsh reality of post Brown implementation. After trying to adress the de facto segregation in communities

Dealing with concerns of women outside the classroom helps in the classroom

This questions about relationships carrear choices, violence, and futures are all concerns that impinge on the learning process

Sex and Drug Education

Three approaches to teaching sex education: (1) abstinence only; (2) sex education programs; and (3) sex education along with condoms. DARE - Drug Abuse Resistance Education - is now an international movement. Sex and Aids Education are increasing despite parents and community objection they believe they should discourage sexual activity not encourage it through classes and distribution of condoms Children not involved in sex intercourse supportive family relations, Parental Supervision, Sexual Abstinent friends, Good Grades and church attendance Drug use is passed on from parents, advertising, and peers about usage. Factors that increase drug use history of family crime, drug use or alcoholism, poor child rearing patterns, low investment in education, delinquent behavior, academic failure and early use of drugs

What Culture to Pass On

To Improve the passing on of culture have included "writing-across-the curriculum" technology is the classroom striker discipline and increased homework assignments and critical thinking and deep learning that is reflective and resonable thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe or do

Curriculum grouping

Tracking and Negative teacher Expectations are examples of the factors many responsible for the gaps in student

School Patterns

Train Students for their respective social classes in working class school, children follow procedures, usually mechanical role behavior

COnflict Theory (((Stratification)))

Values, rules, and institutions of society reflect the dominant class and is evidenced in education. Schools were developed to meet the needs of capitalist employers and to provide a mechanism of social control allowing the elite to rule. This reproduces inequalities from one generation to the next. The U.S. school system is dominated by class inequalities. See educational system from the conflicts in the society as a whole. Education is based on haves and haves nots Education and knowledge to people is controlled their access to position in society is controlled they are doing existing class system to prepare children.For their roles in the capitalistic, technological society controlled by dominant groups in society. Members of social classes share socialization share traits as common language,values, lifestyle and interests. Reproducing schools are responsing capitalistic system 1) Schools have evolved in the US not as part of pursuit of equality, but rather to meet the needs of capitalist employers for a discipline and skilled labor force and to provide a mechanism for social control in the interest of political stability 2) that as the economic importance of skilled and well educated labor has grown, inequalities in the school system have become incresingly important in reproducing the class structure from one generation to the next Conflict theorist believe that lower classes are allready targeted for poor secondary schools, community college, vocational schools and lower jobs. Reproduction, Revitionist, & Neo Marxist develop explanation of stratification that upper, middle class, conspire to perpetuate their own class interest by eliminating educational opportunities to other groups Conflict Theories argue elite in the Us are unlikely to change basic structures that work for their class interest. they also aregue placement correlates directly with childs background, language skills, appearance and other socioeconomic variables. Students placed in high achievement groups are taught more ansd at a faster pace than the low aachievement groups, making more difficult for students from lower tracks

The Essentials -

a 1950s movement opposing progressive education Essentialist were vexed about an offshoot of progressive education called the life adjustment movement, which they believed reduced education to teaching survival skills such as home economics,driver education, and hygiene ignoring the intellectual mission of schooling to teach disciplines

Accountability -

a means of controlling educational standards of competency and measuring outcomes against expenditures. The accountability movement movement arose in reaction to the humanistic emphasis in education Of paramount concern is an attempt to account for dollars spent and to hold someone (usually teachers) accountable for student achievement. This is likely to reduce creativity in classrooms, as teachers "teach to the tests." Critics of the movement argue that there are numerous causes for educational problems besides the teachers or schools, such as parent, community, school board, taxpayers, and the students themselves. Humanist point out accountability may turn the schools from humane, spontaneous, creative places that encourage positive self concepts and success to cold, formal places with measurement procedures

Higher education programs like TRIO and Upward Bound

a)Identifing students with college potential b)accepting lower academic requirement for college admision c)Using admission criteria that allow open enrollment every high school graduate has opportunity to attend a 2 year college d) transition programs to increase success for Disadvantage youth once admitted into college

Conflict Theories What makes the system work

argue schools are reproducing their social classes from which students provide opportunities to avancement ( THis includes maintaing the social hierarchy with educational policies and practices that select students for higher tracks Experience with computer and other high-tech machines gives some student and edge on leaderships

Conflict theorists What makes the system work

argue that critical thinking and deep learning are only taught to the upper classes, otherwise the working classes would reject their exploitation. Argue that these children are taught differently because those who learn critical thinking would challenge the social system. Conflict theorists argue that schools are tools of capitalist society and used as a sorting mechanism to reinforce the unequal system of stratification. reducing role Conflict theorist different views of social control they contend schools are tools of capitalist societies controlling training, sorting human beings for places in the societal system unequal class system

Conflict theorists (((((Educational Movements))))

argue that the recent stress on the basics will widen the gap in the opportunity structure by creating more compliant future laborers.

Cultural reproduction and resistance theories

argue that those who control capitalist systems mold everyone else to serve their purposes.

Parson Stratification

argued society has shared norms, values by how to judge and evaluate members also argue inequality, incapable of being avoided, some will always be at the top becuase of their value in society others will fall in to the bottom Is how much inequality is justifiable. Some inequality is useful in motivating memebers of society to work hard, get ahead to keep society running.

Rational choice

argues that interactions that bind individuals and groups with obligations play into the education situation.

Education

as an institution of society, follows the broad trends and attitudes of society (conservative versus liberal trends).

Glass ceiling

begins in elementary and high school Males have been encouraged to be independent thinkers and can develop creative ways of dealing with mathematicians rather than rigid norms of math formulas Teachers expect boys to be better Problem solvers and ask them higher level questions than girls and high achieving girls receive less attention than boys

Functionalists Theorist

believe that more stress on the basic will help people achieve a niche in the competitive economic system.

Interpersonal barriers

confront aspiring women when they face dominant power structure, organizational and institutional barriers occur during recruitment, selection placement, evaluation and other process

Revolutionary Movement-

deeply dissatisfied with existing order and seeks to reorganize society, including education

The alternative education movement

came from the humanistic perspective with its emphasis on the "whole child." The alternative education movement with its emphasis on the whole child. It is impossible to speak of one philosophy school was described as free, open, innovative, experimental, new and radical This model was exemplified by Summerhill, England, founded in 1921. The movement waned in the 1980-90s, although there are still a few alternative schools today.

Reform Movement -

certain changes are necessary, usually in specific areas of society such as education

Weber Stratification

class has been described by Weber:comprised by wealth, power & prestige wealth ones property, capital and income occupation:prestige education affects occupational status and income

Tracking (Stratification) Ch. 3

college preparation course, vocational, educational, courses if we take math and science is we want to go to college, know tracking doesn't exist is caused of student choices Not all students are placed in this evaluation of their interests and abilities Testing is the primary method placing students in tracks, this can increase Social Stratification A students socieconomic level affects assignments with higher soci-economic level Ability grouping often reinforces race and class segregation, perpetuates stereotypes, and lowers aspirations and self-esteem of lower-grouping students. Students placed in high achievement groups are taught at a faster pace the low achievement groups making it more difficult for for a lower track

Stratification

determines where people fit into social structure and their resultant lifestyle

What should be the school's role in teaching about moral issues? Who should make these decisions?

decision making about content represents broader issues about power and control of peoples lives What happens to their children threats to belief systems and changes in their communities

Minority Group

fall at the end of the educational achievement scale highest percentage living in poverty who disproportionately fall at the lower end of the educational achievement scale, are the fastest-growing groups in the United States. have the highest number of children living in poverty and in single-female headed homes.

Sociologist

have a role to play in research, policy making and change process, Sociologist have a role to play in research, policy making and change process Sociologist study impact of government policies on achievement. Progams are often require to see if goals are being met.

Bilingual Education

how people attain literacy in a second language is influenced by culture and social context in which the language training takes place. Their has been programs implemented Some argue that teaching children in their native language hurts them in the competitive system and that English facility is crucial to get ahead.

African Americans

intellectuals especially women are caught in a bird living in a basically "anti- intellectual society. They often believe their intellectual work is perceived as less valuable than that of activists through their contributions lay ground work for activism always sex, be smart, but not too smart, always expect confrontation with harsh realities

Cultural capital"

is an indicator of status, and families and schools differ in the amount of cultural capital they provide.

Educational System

is built on the belief that all students should be educated regardless of race, ehnic group, sex, ability This responsobility has been entrusted to the state and federal govt. to take an active role in ensuring rights for minorities including African American, Hispanics, immigrant from other countries

Sociology of Education THE TERM sociology of education

is made to understand educational Systems, this subject has questions from student and teacher and student interactions and other educational systems of countries. This sociology of education is guided by sociological theories and methods In the 1920s, Robert Angell developed the term sociology previously known as Education of sociology

Horace Mann -

leader of the public school movement; advocated schools for all children, free of charge, without religious teaching, financed through taxation

Utopian Movement-

loosely constructed collectivities arguing for radical change (i.e., 1960s counter culture)

Title IX

mandates that schools provide a nondiscriminatory educational environment, for students the law covers admissions quotes by sex, different course offering by sex, different course offerings by sex an atlethic programs regulations for students include analysis of existings programs and equal treatment of all students in courses financial aid counseling services an employment the law covers admissions quotas by sex discrimination

Cultural Capital

one has an indicator of ones status and families and school differ in the amount of culture capital they provide to children

The Progressive Education Movement -

paralleled the political progressive movement of the 1890s, and extended into the 1920-30s. The movement of public education during the first half of the 1900 century paralleled the wider social trend to integrate newcomers into an increasingly urban and industrial society As exemplified in the influential book Fitting the School to the Child, it had a child-centered approach. A recent offshoot of this philosophy, "life skills" courses (such as sex and drug education, consumer knowledge, parenting, etc.), has created controversy in that some view these courses as essential while others believe that schools should concentrate on basic skills and life skills should be taught at home.

Ancient Greece Movement

privileged boys (seldom girls) were educated by wandering teachers (Sophists). This met the needs of the times - Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are still studied for their ideas of education.

Regressive Movement

put the clock back"; reverse current trends and return to a former state of affairs

"Social movement"

refers to collective efforts for or against change. When change occurs in one system or subsystem of society, it affects other systems., movements arise because large groups of people are dissatisfied with existing conditions

Integration

refers to the situations in which students of different racial groups not only attend schools together but effective steps have to be taken to overcome the disadvantage Achieveing Goals of Integrtion and positive race relations will not be easy but lessons from succesful programs, provide models for reaching goals. These programs are good human relations within classrooms cooperative learning , involve all students in order to reduce tracking

Free schools -

schools that gave people freedom and choce, reflect qualities of stress openness and informality, intellectual, social, and emotional development, self-knowledge, and creativity; minimize failure, competitiveness, and authoritarianism. stimulate creativity in an environment of shared responsibiity

Credentialism"

serves as a gate-keeping mechanism.

Guidance and counseling programs

social, Psychological and vocational Services have been provided for Disadvantage. Social Workers and community aids have been involved in helping to bridge the gap between school and home

Hobson v. Hansen

stated that separation of students into fast and slow tracks resulted in unconstitutional segregation of minority and nonminority students.

Functionalist theory

support existing systems and the dominant power group whether good or bad and preserves the social order rather than finding a way out of wars, inequality and scarcity, it is committed to making things work.The implications that people must meet the needs of the system rather than vice vers is believed by some critics to be false and misleading. Functions of education may represent powerful individuals or groups pursuing their own interest

Gebser v. Lago Vista School District (1998) and Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education (1998) In Frankilin v. Gwinnett County Public School (1992)

the Supreme Court established the standards for liability under the Title IX for teacher on student and student on student sexual harrasment, in these two successive decisions.

Back to Basics

the swing of the pendulum moved to the conservative side. The movement referred to as back to basics, features goods, old fashioned reading, writing, and arithmethic with with a good dose of discipline 1.The elementary curriculum should aim to cultivate basic literacy and arithmetical computation 2.The secondary curriculum should cultivate competency in history, math, science, literature, English, and foreign languages 3.Schooling requires discipline and respect for authority 4.Learning requires hard work and disciplined attention

Humanistic Education -

this movement of the 1960-70s was a reaction against authoritarianism in schools and was a rediscovery of the teachings of the child-centered progressives. Leaders of the Humanistic Movement said leaders should eliminate coercive rules and regulations. More opportunities should be created for students to participate in shaping educational goals, especially at the secondary level

Segregated classes

tracks minority grouping within classrooms, segregated athlethics and activities differential discipline and suspension practices and teacher assignment, this all may help efforts to integrate schools and classroom

John Dewey -

use the child's experience and involve them in the learning process as opposed to the authoritarian atmosphere and rote teaching techniques that characterized most of education.HE BELIEVED TECHNIQUES OF MEMORIZATION AND AUTHORITARIAN ATMOSPHERE WERE NOT CONDUCIVE TO LEARNING HE PROPOSED USING CHILDRENS EXPERIENCES and INVOLVIING ACTIVELY IN THE LEARNING PROCESS

Emile Durkheim

Émile Durkheim was quite influential and promoted the use of sociology in understanding education. He wrote several books integrating sociological understanding into the educational process. He argued that the educational system and society are reflections of one another. Numerous modern functionalists draw heavily upon Durkheim's approach in understanding education and schooling