EEB 115 (mammalogy part 2)
Order Cetacea Suborder Mysticeti Family Balaenidae- (right whales and bowhead whales)
1. 18m and 67000 kg 2. huge head and tongue 3. 350 long baleen plates per side 4. flippers short and rounded 5. dorsal fin usually absent 6. highly arched skull
Order Carnivora Sub Order Feliformia Family Hyaenidae- (Hyenas)
1. Africa, Turkey, Middle East, parts of India. 2. derive from viverrid ancestors. 3. large bodied, longer forelimbs than hind. -80kg. 4. robust skull and jaws. 5. well developed carnassials. 6. feet with 4 toes and blunt non retractile claw. 7. scavengers and predators. 8. spotted hyenas form large packs -highly social -nocturnal 9. striped hyenas omnivorous 10. aardwolf feeds on termites -reduced dentition, simple cheekteeth. -delicate skull, inflated auditory bullae.
Order Carnivora Characteristics
1. Appear in Paleocene due to plentiful availability of herbivorous mammals with flesh (energy rich food) 2. predaceous with acute sense of smell. 3. expanded braincase. 4. 3/3 incisors (except sea otter 3/2). 5. large and conical canines 6. carnassials (4th upper pre molar, 1st lower molar) 7. tight joint of dentary/squamosal articulation. 8. simple stomach 9. third molar lost. 10. prominent sagittal crest (secondarily reduced)
Order Proboscidea Characteristics
1. Diverse in late Eocene 2. expand out of Africa 3. reach North Am. 4. enlarged skull and reduced neck 5. elongate proboscis (long muscular trunk) 6. incisor become tusk like 7. cross lophs on cheek teeth 8. sequential replacement of cheek teeth. 9. columnar limbs/ graviportal locomotion -splayed toes cushioned by dense heel pad.
Cetacean Evolution
1. Eocene cetaceans from coastal tethys sea -53-45 MYA 2. Archaeoceti (fossil whales) believed to descend from ancestral artiodactyls 3. transitional forms from terrestrial to aquatic 4. hippos considered to be sister group to ancestral cetaceans 5. early mysticetes (baleen whales) appear in early oligocene -lacked baleen had teeth -large eyes-hunt fish -later forms had teeth and baleen -limited bulk filter feeding possible -middle miocene mysticetes lost teeth -elongate rostrum to support more baleen -bulk filter feeding 6. odontocete (toothed whales) probably evolved from a basilosaurid ancestor 7. highly telescoped skulls
Ways to Increase Stride Rate in Perissodactyl
1. Increase the number of moveable joints -more joints moving in same direction->faster 2. only distal-most digits contact the ground 3. muscles positioned close to body 4. tendons positioned distally
Order Carnivora Sub Order Caniformia Family Ursidae- (Bears)
1. N. Am, Eurasia, malay pen., parts of S. Am., NW africa, china. 2. large body. 3. more omnivorous (except polar bears eat seals) -Panda eat mostly bamboo 4. long rostrum 5. post carnassial teeth robust, adapted to crush. 6. powerful limbs, plantigrade feet. 7. non-retractile claws. 8. short tail. 9. Norther species may hibernate -heart rate and metabolism slows. -live off accumulated fat reserves -body temp drop. -arouse easily
Order Cetacea Suborder Odontoceti Family Monodontidae- (Narwhal, Beluga)
1. Narwhal (long, straight , forward directed tusk in male) 2. beluga (white whale) 3. arctic oceans, bering and okhtsk seas, hudson bay, and st lawrence river 4. stocky bodie 5. bulbous heads 6. broad, rounded flippers 7. dorsal fin absent 8. 6m and 2000kg 9. gregarious
Example evolution lineage (Odontoceti)
1. Pakicetus (53MYA) 2. Ambulocetus (50MYA) 3. Protocetus (48MYA) 4. Delphinus (modern)
Order perissodactyla Family Rhinocerotidae- (rhinoceros)
1. Parts of Africa and SE Asia 2. large, heavy bodied, short legged -graviportal limbs -2800 kg 3. 3 or 4 toes on front foot , 3 on back 4. enlarged and thickened nasal bones 5. Horn of dermal mass of agglutinated keratinized fibers (fused hairs) 6. solitary to social 7. territorial->scent marking (dung piles) 8. sumatro rhino smalled -coarse hairs -solitary-tropical forest -vocal 9. midicinal use of of horns -face extinction
Feeding modes for Mysticeti Whales
1. Surface skimming-right whales 2. Lunge Feeding- rorquals 3. Sediment straining- gray whales
Perissodactyl Evolution
1. Tapirs evovled in N Am. 2. Rhino evolved in eurasia and N. Am -Paracceratherium-largest known land mammal 3. horses evolved in N Am. -horse evolution complex.
Types of biosonar
1. active sonar -hearing echoes of sound pulses (typical echolocation) 2. passive sonar -hearing sounds without producing sounds 3. ambient noise imaging -ability to see underwater with sound
Order Hyracoidea Family Procaviidae- (hyraxes)
1. africa and middle east 2. fossils from morocco 3. diverse in africa 4. diversity declined due to competition with ungulates 5. rabbit sized 6. deep mandible 7. incisor ever growing 8. diastema 9. four toes on forefeet, three toes on hind feet 10. feet mesaxonic 11. digits on pes bear flattened nails (except clawed second digit) 12. post orbital bar 13. 1 pair tusk like upper incisors, 2 pairs of lower incisor with diastema. 14. lopohodont molars. 15. herbivorous 16. nimble climbers 17. variety of habitats (forests, scrub, rock, lava beds) 18. diurnal polygynous family group 19. share outcrops and nurseries 20. behavioral thermoregulation (basking)
Order Artiodactyla Suborder Ruminantia Family Bovidae- (antelope, bison, sheep, goat, cattle)
1. africa, asia, parts of europe and north america 2. derived from traguloid ancestor in old world 3. first appear in oligocene of asia 4. reach new world in pleistocene -across bering strait land bridge 5. primary grazers 6. hypsodont cheek teeth 7. canines reduced or absent 8. preorbital vacuities on skull in some 9. lateral digits reduced or absent 10. ulna reduced and fused with radius 11. horns in males -horns never branced -horns never shed -females may bear horns -keratinized sheath covers bony core -used for ritualized sparring and defense
Order Cetacea Suborder Odontoceti Family Ziphiidae- (beaked whale)
1. all oceans 2. 4-13m and 11,500kg 3. snout usually long and narrow, drawn into a beak 4. bodies slender 5. 1-2 pair of teeth in lower jaw of males only 6. stomach 4-14 chambers 7. deep divers 8. most species social 9. teeth primarily during intraspecific social interactions, of little use for feeding 10. eat squid and deep sea fish 11. pair of anteriorly converging throat grooves 12. small flippers fit into depressions on side 13. most only have one functional tooth.
Order Cetacea Suborder Odontoceti Family Delphinidae- (dolphins and orcas)
1. all oceans and some large rivers 2. 1.5-9.5m and 50-7000kg 3. fatty deposit melon sits above and behind snout 4. teeth vary from 0/2 to 65/58 5. rapid swimmers, regular leaps 6. highly gregarious typically -forms schools -highly vocal -cooperative behaviors in some species -remarkable intelligence 7. conical teeth 8. noticeable beak (typically present) 9. dorsal fin usually present -large, falcate -placed near middle of back
Amazon River dolphin (inia geoffrensis)
1. amazon river basin 2. conical front teeth, molariform posterior teeth 3. extremely elongated rostrum and mandible 4. no dorsal fin, ridges instead 5. adults pink in color
Order Cetacea Suborder Odontoceti Family Iniidae- (amazon, la plata, chinese river dolphins)
1. amazon, la plata, chinese rivers 2. 3 monotypic genera -Amazon river (boto)- inia geoffrensis -La plata river (franciscana)- pontoporia blainvillei -chinese river (baiji)- lipotes vexillifer, likely extinct
Order Artiodactyla Family Camelidae- (Camels)
1. appear first middle eocene of North America 2. distinctive divergence of metapodials ( y shape) 3. secondarily evolved a digitigrade foot posture (only fully digitigrade ungulate) 4. 60-650kg 5. long limbs and neck 6. lower incisors retained 7. broad diastema
Suborder Odontoceti Characteristics
1. asymmetric skull 2. external nares (blowhole) single 3. fatty melon present 4. echolocate using comlex nasal passages 5. piston-like tongue used to capture prey 6. some stun pray acoustically 7. teeth present 8. polydont, homodont, monophyodont.
Sub Order Caniformia Characteristics
1. auditory bullae composed of single chambered, no bony septum. 2. nonretractile claws. 3. well developed bacalum.
Sub Order Feliformia Characteristics
1. auditory bullae two chambered, joined by bony septum. 2. shorter rostrum, fewer teeth, carnassials more sectorial than caniforms.
Suborder Mysticeti Characteristics
1. baleen whales- filter feeders 2. period of rapid diversification between late oligocene and late miocene 3. worldwide distribution -all oceans 4. population decimated by whaling 5. symmetric skull 6. lack bony mandibular symphesis 7. external nares (blowhole) paired 8. adults lack teeth, have baleen
Ordinal Cetacean characters
1. body fusiform 2. nearly hairless 3. thick layer of subcutaneous blubber 4. teats enclosed within slits next to urogenital opening 5. testes remain abdominal 6. vertebrae with high neural spines (large dorsal epaxial muscles, and smaller ventral hypaxial muscles) 7. cervical vertebrae compressed 8. clavicle absent 9. forelimbs (flippers) paddle-shaped 10. digits long and with additional phalanges 11. hind limbs vestigial (not visible externally) 12. pelvic bones reduced 13. flukes horizontal 14. skull highly modified -posterior migration of nares -nasals and parietals telescoped 15. tympanic bones not braced against skull -partly insulated from the rest of the cranium by surrounding fat bodies.
Antlers (deer)
1. branched and composed of solid bone. -during growth, covered with highly vascular soft skin called velvet. -only males usually have antlers (both sex of caribou) 2. shed annually 3. growth controlled by hormones.
Order Carnivora Sub Order Pinnipedia Family Otariidae- (Eared seals and sea lions)
1. coastal pacific, south atlantic, indian ocean, southern australia and NZ. 2. better to move on land than phocid seals 3. small ear pinna. 4. nails on three middle digits. 5. sexual dimorphism (favor male) 6. covered with fur 7. 60-1000kg 8. gregarious and highly vocal on land 9. seasonal breeding rookeries.
La Plata River dolphin (pontoporia blainvillei)
1. coastal waters of eastern south america 2. monogamous (only monogamous cetacean) 3. females larger than males 4. extremely long beaks 5. low, triangular dorsal fin 6. sometimes assigned to family pontoporiidae
Order Carnivora Sub Order Pinnipedia Family Phocidae- (earless or true seals)
1. coastlines above 30 degress N and below 50 degrees S lattitude and caspian sea and lake baikal 2. more highly specialized for aquatic life -no external ear -hind flippers useless on land -short and well furred foreflippers 3. spotted, banded, or mottled pelage. 4. heavy layer of blubber. 5. cheek teeth more homodont 6. fusiform body shape, reduce drag 7. 80-3600kg. 8. many monogamous 9. some gregarious and polygynous -elephant seals -dominance hierarchy 10. feed on fish, cephalopods, molllusks -leopard seal eats penguins -crab eater seal is filter feeder.
Order Sirenia Characteristics
1. completely aquatic herbivores. 2. early sirenians likely capable of terrestrial locomotion 3. large (1500kg) 4. nearly hairless, thick skin 5. dorsal valvular nostrils 6. deep dentary 7. massive middle ear bones 8. orientation of dense, heavy bones and lungs provide ballast. 9. inhabit coastal seas, large rivers and lakes 10. slow moving grazers 11. slow metabolism, little body fat -restricted to warmer waters 12. complex sounds 13. long lived low reproductive rate 14. five toed manus enclosed in flipper 15. reduced pelvis, and absent hind limbs 16. horizontal fluke tail 17. sequentially replaced cheek teeth.
transition to filter feedin
1. corresponds to opening of circum Antarctic currents -explosion in marine plankton productivity.
Hearing in Cetaceans
1. ear functions as hydrophone 2. middle and inner ear isolated from skull bones 3. bullae are insulated from skull by sinuses -sinuses contain oil-mucus-air emulsion 4. pan bone -thin region on posterior dentary -acts as acoustic window -sound passes through pan bone to fat body then to bullae
Order Carnivora Sub Order Feliformia Family Eupleridae- (Carnivores endemic to madagascar)
1. endemic to Madagascar. 2. largest agile climber with retractile claws. -feed on small lemurs. 3. nocturnal and terrestrial. 4. rare Malagasy Falanouc reduced dentition. -feed on invertibrates.
Evolutionary Adaptations for Antilocapridae
1. enlarged airways 2. greater lung surface area 3. greater capillary density 4. higher concentration of hemoglobin
Perissodactyl Cursorial Specialization
1. expanding grassland favored running\ -escape predators -long migrations to new food 2. integrated locomotor and respiratory functions -synchronize breathing with stride cycles 3. slim, elongate legs 4. running speed determined by stride length and rate 5. ankle join -astragulus rests on distal tarsal bones -tarsals modified by loss or fusion of elements -weight transferred to central digits 6. nuchal ligament supports weight of head 7. springing ligament in feet.
radial sesamoid bone
1. false thumb. 2. evolved for arboreal grasping ( Ailuridae)
Order Carnivora Superfamily Musteloidea Family Mephitidae- (skunk, sting badger)
1. formerly mustelidae 2. most of western hemisphere (skunks) 3. SE Asia (stink badgers) skunk: -small -conspicuous color (spots or stripes) -adapted for digging (muscular legs, long claws) -nocturnal, solitary, omnivorous -snal glands spray noxious odor.
Cetacean Characteristics
1. fully adapted to aquatic life 2. feed at the middle or top of marine food web 3. remarkable swimming and diving ability 4. some have ability to echolocate 5. considerable intelligence 6. complex social behavior
Order Cetacea Suborder Odontoceti Family Plantanistidae- (Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputtra river dolphins)
1. ganges, indus, brahmaputra rivers of southern asia 2. long, narrow jaw 3. numerous narrow pointed teeth 4. 2-3 meters and 90 kg 5. eyes are reduced (nearly blind) -echolocation important in murky waters 6. swim on sides 7. broad, paddle like flippers 8. long, forceps like beak 9. enlarged maxillary crests overhand the rostrum 10. bizarre skull-expansion of pterygoid sinus into the supraorbital process
Suborder Ruminantia Characteristics
1. generally committed to herbivorous diet. 2. highly cursorial locomotion 3. Chew their cud 4. stomachs with three or four chambers 5. have selenodont molars 6. horns or antlers present in some.
Sediment Straining
1. gray whales 2. plow head through mud at bottom 3. scoop or suck up sediments 4. filter out marine organisms from bottom
Feeding Specialization in Perissodactyl
1. herbivorous 2. molariform cheek teeth with large complex occlusal surfaces for efficient grinding. 3. plant material hard to digest -defensive secondary compounds -cellulose in wall, cant digest 4. alimentary canal necessary to digest cellulose by means other than enzymatic action 5. microbial fermentation necessary -slow process -requires fermentation chamber 6. use hindgut fermentation -caecum->expanded colon
Order Perissodactyla Family Equidae- (horse)
1. highly cursorial 2. africa, middle east, parts of asia 3. long and deep rostrum 4. hypsodont cheek teeth 5. third digit functional 6. most highly social -herds or clans -polygynous mating -social hierarchy->led by dominant stallion -harems formed -bachelor herds -complex behavior and vocal communication -fission-fussion social system 7. Equus evolved in N. Am 8. integral part of human culture -provide transportation -draft animals and mounts for military -companions
Order Carnivora Sub Order Feliformia Family Felidae- (Cats)
1. highly efficient predators. 2. worldwide except Antartica, Australia, NZ, Madagascar, some oceanic islands. 3. short blunt rostrum. 4. reduced number of teeth. -anterior most upper premolar strongly reduced. -well developed carnassials: secodont 5. digitigrade foot posture. 6. sharp recurved retractile claws. (except cheetah) 7. spotted or striped pelage. 8. 1-275 Kg. 9. excellent sense of smell, sight, and hearing. 10. many nocturnal (tapetum lucidum present in eye) 11. agile climbers. 12. Cheetahs sprint 90kph, short distance. 13. most solitary (african lions-social) 14. catch prey with stealthy stalking and quick burst of speed.
Horns (sheep, cattle)
1. hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis with a core of bone. -found in both sexes -grow continuously -are not shed.
Order Sirenia Family Dugongidae- (Dugong)
1. incisor present 2. notched tail 3. 7 cervical vertebrae 4. cheek teeth large, columnar, covered with cementum 5. 2-3 cheek teeth in each jaw quadrant.
Cetartiodactyla
1. includes the cetaceans, sister group of hippopotamidae. 2. new phylogeny of artiodactyla
Ways to Increase Stride Length in Perissodactyl
1. increase length of limbs -metacarpals/metatarsals elongate -digits elongate 2. loss or reduction of clavicle 3. flexion and extension of spinal column -add 10kph to cheetah
Order Cetacea Suborder Odontoceti Family Physeteridae- (sperm whales)
1. kogiids sometimes in their own family 2. physeter catodon reaches 19m and 70 tons 3. kogia (pygmy sperm whale) is 4m 4. huge blunt head (1/3 total length) 5. rostrum contains oil sacs, spermaceti organ and junk 6. oil important in former whaling industry 7. large, deep supracranial basin houses the spermaceti organ and junk 8. highly asymmetric skull
Order Proboscidea Family Elephantidae- (elephant)
1. largest living land mammals (6000 kg) 2. long muscular trunk 3. large ears 4. digitigrade posture with dense heel pad 5. unusually short, high skull contains large air cells 6. feed on trees, shrubs, grasses, and aquatic plants 7. highly social -matriarchal kinship groups -matriarch plus related females and young -communicating using infrasound over long distance -audible, tactile, visual comm. at short range. 8. adult male form bachelor herds or solitary 9. musth- period of heightened aggression and sexual activity in males -inc. levels of testosterone -secretion from temporal gland
Order Artiodactyla Suborder Ruminantia Family Tragulidae- (chevrotains or mouse deer)
1. least derived ruminants 2. 2.3-4.6 kg 3. tropical africa and southeast asia 4. skull lack antlers 5. upper canines are tusk like 6. ossified plate over sacral vertbebrae 7. secretive, nocturnal, mostly solitary.
Chinese river dolphin (lipotes vexillifer)
1. likely extinct 2. sometimes assigned to family lipotidae 3. long, narrow upturned beak 4. low triangular dorsal fin 5. broad, rounded flippers 6. very small eyes
Order Artiodactyla Family Hippopotamidae- (hippopotamus, and pygmy hippo)
1. middle miocene of africa 2. closely related to cetaceans -molecular and morphological evidence 3. huge head, short limbs, massive bodies 4. Hippo up to 3200 kg 5. pygmy hippo 275 kg 6. amphibious lifestyle 7. skin glands secrete oily, red substance -hipposudoric acid and norhipposudoric acid -natural sunscreeen -antibiotic properties 8. orbits and nostrils on dorsal skull 9. enlarged tusk like incisors and canines 10. bunodont molars. 11. gregarious 12. spend much of day in water, forage on land at night 13. produce variety of sounds 14. profoundly alter environment -overgrazzing near waterways -create deep channels and paths Pygmy Hippo -west african species -solitary and prefers forested areas near water -seeks refuge in dense vegetation when disturbed
Sub Order Pinnipedia Characteristics
1. monophyletic group. 2. evolve from bear like ancestor in Northern Hem. 3. highly adapted to marine lifestyle 4. large -favorable ratio of S.A to volume. 5. insulate body with bluber (fur in some) 6. Small or absent pinnae 7. external genitalia and mammary nipples withdrawn beneath body surface. 8. rudimentary tail 9. flipper like forelimbs. 10. distal limbs protrude from body 11. torpedo shaped body 12. partially telescoped skull 13. large orbits 14. fully webbed manus, and pes 15. highly advanced diving and swimming. 16. molariform homodont teeth
Artiodactyls Characters
1. multi-chambered stomachs (forgut fermentation) -ruman -reticulum -omassum -abomassum 2. foot structure paraxonic -plane of symmetry through digits 3 and 4. 3. cannon bone (fused 3rd and 4th metapodials) 4. limbs have springing ligaments 5. astragalus with double trochlea arrangement -restricts lateral movement 6. limbs long a and slim 7. terminal digits encased in hooves 8. postorbital bar or process present 9. horns with bone core present. 10. paraphyletic 11. hooves encase digits. 12. selenodont or bunodont dentition.
Order Carnivora Superfamily Musteloidea Family Mustelidae- (weasels, badgers, otters, wolverines)
1. nearly cosmopolitan, except madagascar, australia, oceanic islands. 2. small, long bodies carnivores with short limbs and pushed in face. 3. long braincase and short rostrum 4. carnassials blade like in many species. 5. well developed anal scent glands 6. long tail 7. aggressive hunters 8. otters semiaquatic or almost completely aquatic 9. induced ovulation common -typically requires prolonged copulation. 10. delayed implantation of embryo common -delayed 10 months (badgers) -blastocyst implantation takes place in response to environmental cues.
Order Carnivora Sub Order Caniformia Family Canidae- ( dogs, wolves, fox, jackels, coyote, etc)
1. nearly worldwide. 2. broadly adapted carnivores 3. Large nasal chamber (excellent smell) 4. robust canines, carnassials present. 5. molars retain crushing surfaces -more flexible diet 6. limbs generally long 7. digitigrade feet 8. blunt, non-retractile claws. 9. Omnivores (21 sp.) -small or moderate usually nonsocial 10. carnivores (12 sp.) -cursorial, may or may not be social. 11. insectivores (2 sp.) -small, and social.
Order Carnivora Superfamily Musteloidea Family Procyonidae- (racoon, ringtail, relatives)
1. new world 2. omnivorous and agile climbers 3. plantigrade feet, non-retractile or semi retractile claws. 4. dexterous forefeet some species 5. long tail (prehensile in kinkajous)
Order Artiodactyla Family Tayassuidae- ( preccaries, javelinas)
1. new world peccaries or javelinas 2. chacoan peccary rediscovered in 1975\ 3. weigh up to 30 kg 4. robust zygomatic arches 5. canines do not curve upward 6. interlocking upper and lower canines 7. tropical forests to deserts 8. highly social 9. omnivorous 10. rapid, agile runners.
Order Perissodactyla Family Tapiridae- (Tapir)
1. new world tropics and mlayan pen. 2. stocky build 3. short, flexible proboscis 4. short and stout limbs 5. 4 toes on front feet, 3 on back 6. brachydont cheek teeth. 7. nasal bones of skull retracted-above orbits
Order Artiodactyla Suborder Ruminantia Family Cervidae- (deer, elk , caribou, moose)
1. new world, europe, asia, northwest africa 2. early miocene in eurasia 3. all male have antlers -antlers grow and shed annually -female caribou also have antlers 4. some cervids have short antlers and enlarged canines 5. antlers grow from frontal pedicels 6. antler growth under hormonal control -triggered by change in day lenght -antlers begin growth in april or may -initially covered with velvet, fur covered skin 7. mostly browsers 8. 7-800kg 9. some gregarious, others solitary 10. annual migrations in some species
Order Sirenia Family Trichechidae- (manatee)
1. no functional incisors 2. rounded, spoon shaped tail 3. only 6 cervical vertebrae 4. cheek teeth covered with enamel 5. indefinite number of cheek teeth.
Order Carnivora Superfamily Musteloidea Family Ailuridae- (Red Panda)
1. not related to giant panda 2. evolved from simocyon like ancestor 3. enlarged radial sesamoid evolved for arboreal grasping (false thumb) 4. northern myanmar, parts of china 5. 3-6kg. 6. arboreal, crepescular 7. eat bamboo, berries, flowers, other plant material 8. mostly solitary 9. endangered.
Order Perissodactyla Characteristics
1. odd-toed ungulates 2. monophyletic group 3. mesaxonic condition -axis of symmetry of foot 3rd, or middle digit. 4. elongate rostrum with molariform teeth. 5. simple stomach, large caecum expanded colon (hind gut fermentation) 6. diversity and spread to europe and N. Am 7. decline due to climate change and competition with artiodactyls 8. thick skull, stocky body 9. digits bear hooves 10. lopohodont teeth -hypsodont for grazing -brachydont for browsers 11. no clavicle 12. cursorial specilaization.
Order Carnivora Sub Order Feliformia Family Herpestidae- (Mongoose)
1. old world (intro to Hawaii) 2. small, long bodied carnivores. 3. 270g-5kg. 4. well developed anal scent glands. 5. some highly structured social behavior.
Order Artiodactyla Family Suidae- (swine)
1. old world distribution 2. appear late eocene of asia 3. thick bodied, with relatively short limbs 4. weigh up to 275 kg 5. long skull, orbits posterior 6. large, tusk-like canines -evergrowing, curved upward. 7. typically omnivorous 8. some have bunodont molars. 9. lack cannon bone.
Order Carnivora Sub Order Feliformia Family Viverridae- (Civets and Genets)
1. old world tropical and southern temperate regions. 2. small-medium size, short legs. 3. long rostrum. 4. large premolars. 5. long and bushy tail. 6. well developed anal glands. 7. agile climbers, semiaquatic, terrestrial. 8. most carnivorous and nocturnal.
Production of noise in Cetaceans
1. pair of muscular phonic lips with slit between lips 2. air passes through slit 3. when lips snap shut it causes vibrations in the PLDB 4. tissue-borne vibrations reflect off skull and are propagated forward through melon
Echolocation in Cetaceans
1. probably used by all odontoceti 2. narrowband continuous tones (whistles) -intraspecific communication 3. broadband clicks (audible to humans) -echolocation 4. melon serves to focus sound pulse into beam -forms an acoustic lens that shapes the beam 5. sperm whales have larger more conified PLDB complexes -PLDB anterior to spermaceti organ and junk -junk may be homologous to melon in dolphins. 6. sperm whales may detect prey at up to 16km away 7. rapid burst of clicks (creaks) may be homologous to terminal buzz in bats 8. intense blasts of sounds (bangs) may disorient or stun prey
Order Hyracoidea Characteristics
1. rabbit sized with short tails. 2. 3 toe hind feet, 4 toe fore feet 3. digits bear flattened, hoof like nails, 2nd digit clawed 4. mesaxonic feet 5. post orbital bar 6. small bullae 7. single tusk like upper incisor 8. lophodont molars 9. diastema 10. ever growing incisors.
Disadvantage of gastric fermentation
1. rate of passage of food is slow.
advantages to gastric fermentation
1. release protein, carbs, lipids early 2. remastication, complete breakdown of cell walls 3. microbes incidentally digested, bonus protein 4. large volume of food can be gathered for later digestion
Surface skimming
1. right whales 2. grazing near surface 3. swim though swarms of plankton/fish 4. using long baleen plates.
Lunge Feeding
1. rorquals 2. huge mouth and head 3. relatively short baleen 4. furrows on throat allow vast expansion of throat during feeding 5. throat pouch contracted, water and food pass through baleen plates 6. mandible braced by frontomandibular stay apparatus. -Rorquals may also use bubble nets: 1. swim below school of prey 2. circle prey while emitting constant stream of bubbles 3. swim rapidly up through middle of bubble net 4. engulf prey at surface.
Order Carnivora Sub Order Pinnipedia Family Odobenidae- (Walrus)
1. single species 2. coastal arctic water of atlantic and pacific 3. large 1270kg. 4. nearly hairless 5. lack ear pinna 6. hind fllippers brought under body -allows some movement on land 7. both sexes tusk like upper canines -lack enamel 8. feed on mollusks 9. greagarious and polygnous --reach 1000 indiv. -vocal in and out of water.
Order Artiodactyla Suborder Ruminantia Family Antilocapridae- (pronghorn)
1. single species 2. north american fossil only 3. both sexes with horns -external sheath of horn shed annually -fossil species with more complex horns 4. hypsodont 5. orbits far posterior on skull 6. among fastest cursorial mammals -up to 85kph. -good long distance -65kph over 10km -endurance runners
Order Cetacea Suborder Mysticeti Family Eschrichtiidae- (gray whale)
1. single species 2. parts of north pacific 3. 15m and 31500 kg 4. small head, short baleen plates 5. migrate annually up to 22000 km -cold arctic waters to equatorial breeding lagoons
Order Cetaces Suborder Mysticeti Family Cetotheriidae- (pygmy right whale)
1. single species 2. southern hemisphere 3. 5-6m 4. slender body 5. very little known about ecology and behavior.
Order Carnivora Sub Order Feliformia Family Nandiniidae- (African Palm Civet)
1. single species (monotypic) 2. basal, genetically distinct from other feliforms. 3. primitive auditory bullae, no septum. 4. Sub-Saharan Africa south to Zimbabwe. 5. 2-5 Kg 6. short, woolly fur. 7. omnivorous, primarily fruit and plants.
Order Cetacea Suborder Odontoceti Family Phocoenidae- (porpoises)
1. small 2. short jaws and no beak 3. dorsal fin may be present -low and triangular 4. forms schools 5. prominent swelling (boss) on premaxilla anterior to nasal opening 6. premaxillae do not extend posteriorly behind the anterior half of nares 7. spatulate (spade shaped) dentition
Physeter (sperm whale)
1. social, groups of up to 1000 individuals 2. schools usually contain one or more large males 3. younger males from bachelor schools 4. use powerful echolocation signals at great depth 5. feed on large squid and fish 6. dive 138 minutes and 3000m
Order Artiodactyla Suborder Ruminantia Family Moschidae- (musk deer)
1. southern asia from afghanistan to north vietnam 2. coarse fur, musk glands on abdomen 3. hind limbs longer than forelimbs 4. lack antlers, have saber like canines 5. extremely agile.
Suborder Odontoceti Phylogeny
1. sperm whales considered basal lineage 2. rive dolphins not a monophyletic group -amazon, laplata, and yangtze river dolphins one group -ganges and indus river dolphins other group 3. river dolphins isolated in shallow seas as sea levels dropped in miocene
Order Artiodactyla Suborder Ruminantia Family Giraffidae- (giraffe)
1. sub saharan africa 2. short horns covered with fur on parietals -ossified cartilage forms ossicones -horns never shed -horns on both sexes 3. elongate neck and limbs in giraffes -not in okapi
location of echolocation in Cetaceans
1. upper nasal passages ventral to blowhole 2. bilateral phonic lip/ dorsal bursae (PLDB) complex
Order Cetacea Suborder Mysticeti Family Balaenopteridae- (rorquals)
1. vary widely in size -11m and 4000 kg -31m and 160000 kg 2. baleen plates short and broad 3. longitudinal furrow (pleats) on throat 4. may migrate long distances 5. upper jaw has flat profile 6. dorsal fin present, posterior to mid-point of back
Cetaceans Physiological Adaptations (deep diving)
Deep Diving 1. many ribs lack connection to sternum, lungs collapse at depth. 2. lungs dorsal to diaphram 3. volume to non-vascular air spaces is large 4. trachea short and large in diameter 5. bronchioles braced by cartilage rings 6. lungs highly elastic 7. myoelastic sphincters in bronchioles of some odontocetes.
Cetaceans Physiological Adaptations (breathing)
Must Breathe air 1. alternate between periods of eupnea and apnea 2. rapid rates of gas exchange in lungs 3. twice the number of red blood cells 4. 2-9 times as much myoglobin 5. blood bypasses certain muscles during diving -blood flow to brain maintained -blood shunted from extremities 6. tolerate high levels of lactic acid
Cetaceans Physiological Adaptations (swimming)
Swimming 1. sub-dermal springs in tailstock store and release elastic energy 2. drag reduced on body surfaces -compliant spongy layer in outer skin dampens pressure and turbulence. 3. large body mass increased speed -also more favorable for thermoregulation
