EHAP Chapter 21 & 22

German Romantic poet Friedrich Novalis quote

"Anyone seeking God will find him anywhere"

What did Hungarian liberals under Louis Kossuth want?

"commonwealth" status; they were willing to keep the Habsburg monarch but wanted their own legislature

Realpolitik

"politics of reality." Politics based on practical concerns rather than theory or ethics

What was Darwin's book on natural selection?

*On the Origins of Species* by Means of Natural Selection

What did Tristan write?

*Worker's Union*, which supported the application of Fourier's ideas to reconstruct family & work

9 Communist Manifesto ideas

1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes 2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax 3. Abolition of all right of inheritance... 5. Centralization of credit in the hands of the State, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly 6. Centralization of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State 7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State.... 8. Equal liability of all to labor. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture 9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of the distinction between town and country, by a more equable distribution of the population over the country 10. Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children's factory labor in its present form....

Why did Napoleon III withdraw?

1. Austrian army had not yet been defeated so; the struggle might be longer and more costly than he had anticipated 2. the Prussians were mobilizing in support of Austria

Examples of organized religion

1. British evangelicals set up Sunday schools to improve the morals of working children 2. in Germany, evangelical Protestants established nurseries for orphans and homeless children, women's societies to care for the sick and poor, and prison societies that prepared women to work in prisons

Cavour's agreement w/Napoleon III

1. Piedmont would be extended into the kingdom of Upper Italy by adding Lombardy, Venetia, Parma, Modena, and part of the Papal States to its territory 2. France would receive the Piedmontese provinces of Nice and Savoy 3. kingdom of Central Italy would be created for Napoleon III's cousin, Prince Napoleon, who would be married to the younger daughter of King Victor Emmanuel

Liberal beliefs

1. Protection of civil liberties/basic rights of all people 2. Religious toleration 3. Separation of church & state 4. Right of peaceful opposition to the gov't in and out of parliament 5. Making of laws by a representative assembly (legislature) elected by qualified voters

Problems with serfdom:

1. Reduced to antiquated methods of production based on serf labor, Russian landowners were economically pressed and unable to compete with foreign agriculture 2. The serfs, who formed the backbone of the Russian infantry, were uneducated and consequently increasingly unable to deal with the more complex machines and weapons of war 3. peasant dissatisfaction still led to local peasant revolts that disrupted the countryside

2 characteristics of Romantic art:

1. all artistic expression to them was a reflection of the artist's inner feelings 2. a painting should mirror the artist's vision of the world and be the instrument of his own imagination

the first public health movement

1. based on the principle of preventive rather than curative medicine 2. focused on providing clean water, adequate sewage disposal, and less crowded housing conditions 3. bacterial discoveries led to greater emphasis on preventive measures (pasteurization of milk, improved purification of water supplies, immunization against disease, and control of waterborne diseases) 4. resulted in the gov'ts hiring medical doctors not just to treat people but to deal with issues of public health

What should the gov't do according to economic liberalism?

1. defend the country 2. provide police 3. construct & maintain public works too expensive for individuals to do

Why were successful revolutions a disaster later?

1. divisions between the revolutionaries later 2. minorities fought each other

What happened during the era of mass democracy?

1. electorate was expanded by dropping traditional property qualifications 2. suffrage had been extended to almost all adult white males 3. traditional liberal belief in the improvement of human beings given concrete expression 4. developed detention schools for juvenile delinquents and new penal institutions (b/c of liberal belief that the right kind of environment would rehabilitate those in need of it)

What did the French provide Marx?

1. enough documentation for his assertion that a revolution could totally restructure society 2. several examples of socialism

What did the Reform Act of 1832 do?

1. gave explicit recognition to the changes wrought in British life by the Industrial Revolution 2. Disenfranchised 56 rotten boroughs 3. Enfranchised 42 new towns & cities & reapportioned others (gave some voice in gov't)

What was the first Liberal administration of William Gladstone was responsible for?

1. legislation and gov't orders opened civil service positions to competitive exams rather than patronage, 2. introduced the secret ballot for voting 3. abolished the practice of purchasing military commissions 4. Education Act of 1870 attempted to make elementary schools available for all children

What happened under the leadership of Alexander von Bach?

1. local privileges were subordinated to a unified system of administration, law, and taxation implemented by German-speaking officials 2. Hungary was subjected to the rule of military officers 3. the Catholic Church was declared the state church and given control of education

Reasons for Britain's continuing economic growth/stability

1. middle-class prosperity from improved working conditions 2. real wages for workers increased

What is the general body of conservative beliefs?

1. obedience to political authority 2. organized religion crucial to social order, hated revolutionary upheavals 3. unwilling to accept either the liberal demands for civil liberties & representative gov't or the nationalistic aspirations of the French rev era 4. community over individual rights 5. society must be organized & ordered 6. tradition was the best guide to order

What were jobs of police?

1. prevent crime 2. imposing order on working-class urban inhabitants

How did Continental countries expand its industries?

1. railroads, not textiles, which increased coal & iron industries 2. elimination of barriers to international trade

Why were Darwin's ideas controversial?

1. some thought Darwin's theory made human beings ordinary products of nature rather than unique beings 2. others disturbed by the implications of life as a struggle for survival

Probs between France & new Germany

1. strong German state to its east posed threat to French security 2. after a series of setbacks, Napoleon III needed a diplomatic triumph to offset his serious domestic problems

literary Realists

1. wanted to deal with ordinary characters from real life rather than Romantic heroes in unusual settings 2. avoided flowery and sentimental language by using careful observation and accurate description (no poetry, wanted prose and novel) 3. combined their interest in everyday life with a searching examination of social questions

Where did the revival of Protestantism begin?

18th cent. with enthusiastic emotional experiences of Methodism in Britain and Pietism in Germany

Realism

19th cent. school of painting that emphasized the everyday life of ordinary people, depicted with photographic accuracy

What did Austria get as compensation for its loss of the Austrian Netherlands?

2 northern Italian provinces: Lombardy, & Venetia

What did Prussia receive as compensation for the Polish lands it lost?

2/5 of Saxony, the Napoleonic German kingdom of Westphalia, & east bank of the Rhine

What was the new, nominally independent Polish kingdom?

3/4 size of duchy of Warsaw, created with Romanov dynasty of Russia as its hereditary monarchs

1 in every ? people represented Parliament?

30

How many congresses were held between 1818-1822?

4

Quadruple Alliance

4 major enemies of Napoleon: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, & Russia that stayed united to defeat France and ensure peace after the war

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1893

4 year graded curriculum, clinical training for advanced students & use of laboratories for teaching purposes provided a new model for medical training that finally became standard practice in the twentieth century

What was the outcome of the Decembrist Revolt?

5 leaders of the revolt were hanged in the last tsarist public execution in Russia

What was the result of the elections of the National Assembly?

500 seats went to moderate republicans and 300 to avowed monarchists, while the radicals gained only 100

Who led the Party of Movement?

Adolphe Thiers

Schutzmannschaft

After revs of 1848 in Germany, a state-financed police force; modeled after the London police, was established for the city of Berlin; began as a civilian body, had became organized like military and was used for political purposes - seen in force's weaponry

Russian tsar of 19th cent.

Alexander I

Who was Tsar Nicholas I's successor?

Alexander II, who sued for peace after the British Light Brigade

What happened to Russia after the defeat of Napoleon?

Alexander became a reactionary, & his gov't reverted to strict/arbitrary censorship

Who was the new emperor of Mexico?

Archduke Maximilian of Austria

Where did the British used to ship criminals?

Australia (colonists objected)

Who controlled the Germanic Confederation?

Austria

Who was the dominant power on the Italian peninsula?

Austria

Which states did German nationalists focus on b/c they were the only states powerful enough?

Austria & Prussia

What did Bismarck realize Prussia would have to do to keep expanding its power by dominating the northern, largely Protestant part of the Germanic Confederation?

Austria would have to be excluded from German affairs or, less likely, be willing to accept Prussian domination of Germany

Who ignored the British response?

Austria, Prussia, & Russia at the 3rd congress at Laibach

Who claimed Poland?

Austria, Prussia, (both allowed to keep some territory) and Russia

What was the leader of the Congress of Vienna?

Austrian foreign minister: Prince Klemens von Metternich

What were King Frederick William III's 2 ministers?

Baron Heinrich von Stein & Prince Karl von Hardenberg

Zoé Gatti de Gamond

Belgian follower of Fourier who created her own phalanstery which was supposed to provide men & women with the same educational & job opportunities

Who was the Tory leader in Parliament?

Benjamin Disraeli

Where did Czechs begin to demand their own gov't?

Bohemia

Battle at Ayachucho:

Bolívar crushed last significant Spanish army

What monarchy was restored to the throne of France?

Bourbons; Louis XVIII first

Where did Charles X flee to?

Britain

Who dominated the Latin American economy?

Britain

British Light Brigade

Britain and France decided to attack Russia's Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea; after a long siege and at a terrible cost in manpower for both sides, the main Russian fortress of Sevastopol fell

Where did Louis-Philippe flee to?

Britain b/c he was unable to form another ministry & was abdicated

Who refused to agree to the principle?

Britain because it "had never been the intention of the Quadruple Alliance to interfere in internal affairs of other states except in France"

What happened at the reaffirmation of Quadruple Alliance?

Britain, Russia, Prussia, & Austria renewed their commitment against any attempted restoration of Bonapartist power & agreed to meet periodically in conferences to discuss their common interests & examine measures to meet them

2 examples of institutes

Britain: The London Mechanics' Institute Germany: the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in the Field of Natural Sciences, Technical Science, and Political Economy

What defeated a large Ottoman armada in Greece?

British & French fleet

Treaty of Paris effect on Canada

Canada (New France) passed into the hands of the British

Effect of Parliament's creation of Canadian nation (the Domination of Canada) & its constitution

Canada had a parliamentary system and ruled itself, although foreign affairs still remained under the control of the British gov't

Who provoked the Austrians into invading Piedmont?

Cavour

Who was the prime minister of the new king of Piedmont?

Cavour

Bicameral legislature in France

Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) & Chamber of Deputies (chosen by electorate restricted to slightly fewer than 100,000 wealthy people)

Who was the king of Piedmont?

Charles Albert

the greatest of the Victorian novelists

Charles Dickens, whose realistic novels focusing on the lower and middle classes in Britain's early industrial age became very successful; descriptions of the urban poor and the brutalization of human life were vividly realistic

Who suggested the idea of phalansteries?

Charles Fourier

Who was the new President?

Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte; later became Emperor Napoleon

Who issued the July Ordinances?

Charles X

What did Lord Byron write?

Childe Harold's Pilgrimage

What did the ideas of the comte de Saint-Simón combine?

Christian values, scientific thought, & socialist utopianism

What did Romantics reject?

Classicism - beauty was not a timeless thing; its expression depended on one's culture and one's age

What did European powers' fear of rev & war lead them to develop?

Concert of Europe to maintain new status quo they created

What was the Tory govt's response to falling agricultural prices?

Corn Law of 1815

coined term realism

Courbet

What territories did Russia get from the Ottoman empire?

Crimea & Bessarabia

What provinces did Russia get a protectorate for?

Danubian provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia

The Descent of Man

Darwin applied his theory of natural selection to humans: argued for the animal origins of human beings

natural selection

Darwin's idea that organisms that are most adaptable to their environment survive and pass on the variations that enabled them to survive, while less adaptable organisms become extinct; "survival of the fittest."

organic evolution

Darwin's principle that all plants and animals have evolved over a long period of time from earlier and simpler forms of life

Who attempted to establish an imperial parliament in Austria?

Emperor Francis Joseph

Who was the most well-known supporter of liberalism?

English philosopher John Stuart Mill

What did Thomas Malthus write?

Essay on the Principles of Population

Who was the most famous French Romantic artist?

Eugéne Delacroix

T/F: Liberals were democrats

False

T/F: Napoleon was experienced in foreign affairs

False

T/F: Prussia wanted to unite with Germany

False

T/F: Rebellion by Charles Albert was successful

False

T/F: Tories wanted to change the existing political/electoral system

False

T/F: revolts in Italy & Poland were successful

False

T/F: zemstovs expanded into the national parliament

False

T/F: phalansteries were successful

False, Fourier never got to try his idea

T/F: Austria joined Russia

False; Austria remained neutral - Russia had to fight alone

T/F: Poland and its kingdom were independent

False; Poland was independent, but its kingdom & kingdom's foreign policy were under Russian control

T/F: Wright's community was successful

False; but she cont'd to work for women's rights

T/F: Austrian armies defeated Kossuth's forces

False; had to have intervention of Nicholas I to crush the rev

T/F: Turner idealized nature & reproduce it with realistic accuracy

False; he conveyed its moods by using a skilled interplay of light and color to suggest natural effects

T/F: Frederick William IV called the assembly "emperor of the Germans"

False; he ordered the Prussian delegates home

T/F: Charles X kept his committment

False; he violated it which caused a protest by deputies...Charles X dissolved the legislature & called for new elections

T/F: attempt of the German liberals at Frankfurt to create a German state was successful

False; it failed

T/F: Prussian legislature accepted the new military budget submitted to parliament

False; it was rejected

T/F: Tristan was supported

False; she was ignored

T/F: Hungarians got independence from Austrians

False; their minorities fought against each other

T/F: large new industrial cities (Birmingham & Manchester) had representatives

False; they didn't have any

T/F: Protestant Dutch Republic was happy with the merging of Catholic Belgium

False; they rose up against the Dutch & convinced the major European problems to accept their independence

Federalists pro-? Republicans pro-?

Federalists pro-British; Republicans pro-French

How was the US gov't divided?

Federalists vs. Republicans

separate medical schools for women

Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, the 1st in the US and the London School of Medicine for Women

Who was the first Bourbon restored in Spain?

Ferdinand VII

Who was the famous female utopian socialist?

Flora Tristan

What proves Louis Napoleon was patient?

For 3 years, he persevered in winning the support of the French people, and when the National Assembly rejected his wish to revise the constitution and be allowed to stand for reelection, Louis used troops to seize control of the gov't

Where did fighting start between North & South?

Fort Sumter near Charleston, South Carolina

What was the only place moderate liberals from the propertied classes succeeded in extending suffrage to the working classes who had helped achieve the revolutions?

France

Who lost the Franco-Prussian War?

France

Who else declared war on Russia?

France & Britain

Where had the principle of legitimacy already been done?

France & Spain with the restoration of the Bourbons; many Italian states where rulers had been returned to their thrones

What did the Party of Resistance believe?

France had finally reached the "perfect form" of gov't & needed no further institutional changes

Why was France mad if Leopold took the throne?

France would be encircled by members of the Hohenzollern dynasty

How were the French people punished for their enthusiastic response to Napoleon's return (after he returned for 100 days from Elba exile)?

France's borders were pushed back to those of 1790, the nation was forced to pay an indemnity and accept an army of occupation for 5 yrs

What held the 2 states together?

Francis Joseph was emperor of Austria and king of Hungary and a common army, foreign policy, and system of finances

Who led the Party of Resistance?

François Guizot

What were Marx's ideas were partly a synthesis of?

French and German thought

Suez Canal

French diplomat, Ferdinand de Lesseps, was the guiding force behind the construction; provided a link between the Mediterranean and Red Seas

One of the most popular expressions of this Romantic revival of Catholicism occurred in the work of...

Frenchman François-René de Chateaubriand

Who was the most influential spokesman for a counterrevolutionary & authoritarian conservatism?

Frenchman Joseph de Maistre

What was the Burschenschaften inspired by?

Friederich Ludwig Jahn, who had organized gymnastic societies during the Napoleonic wars to promote the regeneration of German youth

What did the final push of Union troops under General Ulysses S. Grant force?

General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army to surrender

Chateaubriand wrote:

Genius of Christianity, the "Bible of Romanticism"

Simón Bolívar nickname

George Washington of Latin America

What group especially converted to the Catholic faith?

German Romantics

Robert Koch

German physician, worked on *anthrax and tuberculosis*; developed new methods of culturing bacteria and staining microscope slides for examination; work led to the discovery of tuberculosis bacteria (artificially reproduced these bacteria in animals, removed them, and re-infected healthy guinea pigs, successfully demonstrating that a specific bacterium was the causative agent of the disease)

What did the Congress of Vienna create to replace the Napoleonic Confederation of Rhine?

Germanic Confederation

What did Jahn encourage?

Germans to pursue their Germanic heritage & urged his followers to disrupt the lectures of professors whose views were not nationalistic

What were the 11 peoples of the Austrian empire?

Germans, Czechs, Mayars (Hungarians), Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Serbians, & Italians

Where did Berlioz achieve fame?

Germany, Russia, and Britain (the originality of his work kept him from receiving much recognition in his native France)

Who was in charge of the risorgimento?

Giuseppe Mazzini, a dedicated Italian nationalist who founded an organization known as Young Italy

most famous artist of the Realist school

Gustave Courbet

What else did Prussia annex (in addition to Schleswig and Holstein)?

Hanover and Hesse-Cassel because they had openly sided with Austria

Who was Beethoven influenced by?

Haydn and Mozart

Why was Metternich disturbed by revolts in Italy?

He saw them as a threat to Austria's domination of the peninsula

Burschenschaften motto

Honor, Liberty, Fatherland

Who best exemplifies the achievements of the New German School?

Hungarian-born composer Franz Liszt

What was Turner's style similar to?

Impressionism

Examples of Romantic historical focus

In Germany, the Grimm brothers collected and published local fairy tales, as did Hans Christian Andersen in Denmark; Victor Hugo "Les Miserables" & "The Hunchback of Notre Dame"

Why was there an outbreak of revolution in Spain?

It was directed against Ferdinand VII, the Bourbon king who had been restored to the throne in 1814

historical novels of Walter Scott

Ivanhoe, in which Scott tried to evoke the clash between Saxon and Norman knights in medieval England, became most popular works

What did revolutions in Prussia cause leaders to do?

King Frederick William IV agreed to abolish censorship, establish a new constitution, and work for a united Germany

Where were the Austrians defeated?

Königgrätz

Which composer was a bridge between Classicism and Romanticism?

Ludwig van Beethoven

What happened when the French troops left?

Maximilian became an emperor without an army; surrendered to liberal Mexican forces and was executed

Who proposed a principle of intervention at Troppau?

Metternich

What did demonstrations in Buda, Prague, and Vienna lead to?

Metternich's dismissal, and the archsymbol of the conservative order fled abroad

Who was Alexander I's liberal adviser?

Michael Speransky

Louis Napoleon aka

Napoleon III

Who was the Policeman of Europe?

Nicholas I because of his willingness to use Russian troops to crush revolutions

What was Mill's most famous work?

On Liberty

What essay did Mill write?

On the Subjection of Women

Effects of Peterloo Massacre

Parliament restricted large public meetings & the dissemination of pamphlets among the poor

Alexander's Emancipation edict:

Peasants could now own property, marry as they chose, and bring suits in the law courts; the gov't provided land for the peasants by purchasing it from the landowners, but the landowners often chose to keep the best lands

Free states 1824:

Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, & Brazil (ind. of Portugal)

Where was the focus for Italian unification?

Piedmont

What was the result of Napoleon's peace with Austria?

Piedmont received only Lombardy; Venetia remained under Austrian control; Cavour was furious

What were the major defensive barriers Southeast of France against possible French expansion?

Piedmont was enlarged

What were the 9 states the Congress of Vienna created in Italy?

Piedmont, Two Sicilies (Naples & Sicily), the Papal States, small duchies ruled by relatives of the Austrian emperor, Lombardy, & Venetia

Why did Poland's nationalist uprising to end Russian control fail?

Polish insurgents failed to get the hoped-for support from France & Britain; Russians crushed the revolt & created an oppressive military dictatorship over Poland

French forces helped who gain control of Rome?

Pope Pius IX

Monroe Doctrine

President James Monroe was distrustful of Britain and guaranteed the independence of new Latin American nations; also warned against any further European intervention

What was the Habsburg's empire's main agent?

Prince Klemens von Metternich

Who had the throne of Spain after Queen Isabella II was deposed?

Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a distant relative of the Hohenzollern king of Prussia

What did David Ricardo write?

Principles of Political Economy

What did Percy Bysshe Shelley write?

Prometheus Unbound, a portrait of the revolt of human beings against the laws and customs that oppress them

Now who did people think would help Germany unite?

Prussia

Who did Germans who wanted liberal principles & German unity look to?

Prussia

Why did Bismarck have no trouble gaining Russia's agreement to remain neutral in the event of an Austro-Prussian war?

Prussia had been the only great power to support Russia's repression of a Polish revolt

Major goal achieved by Bismarck & William I:

Prussia now dominated all of northern Germany, and Austria had been excluded from any significant role in German affairs

After the Danes were defeated, who got which duchies?

Prussia took Schleswig while Austria took Holstein

Who had the longest reign in English history?

Queen Victoria

What did the addition of France to the Concert of Europe lead to?

Quintuple Alliance

Who published a newspaper dedicated to the emancipation of women?

Reine Guindorf

Who was Werther?

Romantic figure who sought freedom in order to fulfill himself; misunderstood and rejected by society, he continued to believe in his own worth through his inner feelings, but his deep love for a girl who did not love him finally led him to commit suicide

What led Romantics to revive Christianity?

Romantics' attraction to the Middle Ages and their emphasis on emotion

What was the new capital of the united Italian state?

Rome

What advantages did Russia have to overtake the Ottomans?

Russia's proximity to the Ottoman Empire and the religious bonds between the Russians and the Greek Orthodox Christians in Ottoman-dominated southeastern Europe

Who declared war on the Ottoman Empire?

Russia, and invaded its European provinces of Moldavia & Wallachia

Alexander Herzen

Russian exile living in London, whose slogan "Land and Freedom" epitomized his belief that the Russian peasant must be the chief instrument for social reform

populism

Russian students and intellectuals whose goal was to create a new society through the revolutionary acts of the peasants

How did war start between Russia & the Ottomans?

Russians demanded the right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine, a privilege that had already been extended to the French; the Ottomans refused, the Russians occupied Moldavia and Wallachia; negotiation failed

Battle of Chacabuco:

San Martín troops in Chile surprised Spaniards, who were routed

Where did Prussia capture an entire French army and Napoleon III himself?

Sedan, France

In what Italian states were there revolts against Austria?

Sicily, Lombardy, and Venetia

What territories did Garibaldi get after winning many battles?

Sicily, Naples, & Two Sicilies

Sons of Creoles

Simón Bolivar of Venezuela and José de San Martín of Argentina

Who was the leader of the Tories?

Sir Robert Peel

Hungarian minorities include

Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs

San Martín background

Spain & military career, returned to Argentina after learning about liberation movement

Who was Latin America in the hands of?

Spanish & Portuguese

What was another part of US nationalism?

Supreme Court while John Marshall was chief justice

Frenchman Auguste Comte wrote

System of Positive Philosophy - attempted to apply the methods of science systematically to the study of society

What did Engels write (by himself)?

The Conditions of the Working Class in England (criticized industrial life)

What was Bismarck's 1st war?

The Danish War

What did Mazzini write?

The Duties of Man

Millet's most famous work

The Gleaners; showed the symbiotic relationship between humans and nature

What did Frenchman Louis Blanc write?

The Organization of Work

Wagner's most ambitious work

The Ring of the Nibelung, a series of 4 music dramas dealing with the mythical gods of the ancient German epic

famous Friedrich work

The Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog

What were the 2 political factions in Parliament?

Tories & Whigs

T/F: Bismarck pursued negotiations with Austria, while laying the foundations for the isolation of Austria

True

T/F: Bismarck was open about his strong dislike of anyone who opposed him

True

T/F: Catholicism had lost its attraction for many of the educated elite as even the European nobility experimented with the ideas of the Enlightenment

True

T/F: Hungary was granted its wish for its own legislature, a separate national army, and control over its foreign policy and budget

True

T/F: Louis-Philippe dressed like a member of the middle class in business suits & hats

True

T/F: Mill supported giving women more rights

True

T/F: Romantics had an interest in the past

True

T/F: in domestic affairs, the Hungarians had become an independent nation

True

T/F: liberalism & nationalism are strong allies

True

T/F: the Frankfurt Assembly was controversial b/c it claimed itself as Germany's gov't

True

T/F: the French people agreed to accept a new constitution that might have inaugurated a parliamentary regime

True

T/F: the Russian tsar was a divine-right monarch

True

T/F: the principle of intervention could be used to prevent and support the revolution

True

T/F: the southern German states agreed to enter the North German Confederation

True

T/F: Financial qualifications were reduced

True, but wasn't really effective

How was Paris reconstructed?

Under the direction of Baron Haussmann, the medieval Paris of narrow streets and old city walls was destroyed and replaced by a modern Paris of broad boulevards, spacious buildings, circular plazas, public squares, an underground sewage system, a new public water supply, and gaslights

Upper Canada vs. Lower Canada

Upper Canada (now Ontario) was mostly English speaking; Lower Canada (now Quebec) was dominated by French Canadians

Why was the unification of Italy not yet complete?

Venetia in the north was still held by Austria and Rome was under papal control, supported by French troops; to attack either meant war with a major power

What countries did Simón Bolívar liberate?

Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, & Peru

Where did Venetia declare a republic?

Venice

Who was the new king of Piedmont?

Victor Emmanuel II

Where was the musical capital of Europe?

Vienna

Capitals of Austria & Hungary

Vienna for Austria and Buda—soon to be united with Pest, across the river—for Hungary

Which model did French and British construct prisons on?

Walnut Street model with separate cells that isolated prisoners from one another

the Eastern Question:

Who would be the chief beneficiaries of the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire?

Who was the Whig (Liberal) leader in Parliament?

William Gladstone

What happened in the Hall of Mirrors in Louis XIV's palace at Versailles?

William I, with Bismarck standing at the foot of the throne, was proclaimed kaiser/emperor of the Second German Empire (the 1st was the HRE)

nationalism

a "nation" that has common institutions, traditions, language, & customs and becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty

Who was Robert Owen?

a British cotton manufacturer

How did Metternich's policy of intervention rescue Ferdinand (he surrendered after the revolts)?

a French army moved into Spain and forced the revolutionary gov't to flee Madrid; the king was restored again

Zollverein

a German customs union formed by Prussia; eliminated tolls on rivers and roads among member states, stimulating trade and adding to the prosperity of its members

joint-stock investment banks

a bank created by selling shares of stock to investors; potentially have access to much more capital than private banks owned by 1+ individuals

What did utopians believe would happen by eliminating private property/capitalism & creating new social systems?

a better environment for humanity could be achieved

Pasteur background

a chemist who approached medical problems in a scientific fashion; director of scientific studies at the École Normale in Paris

What were the peace arrangements of 1895 the beginnning of?

a conservative reaction determined to contain the liberal & nationalist forces unleashed by the French Rev

What was the immediate response to the defeat of Napoleon?

a desire to contain revolution and revolutionary forces by restoring much of the old order

Gothic literature

a form of literature used by Romantics to emphasize the bizarre and unusual, especially evident in horror stories

What was nature to Friedrich?

a manifestation of divine life

Leopold of Saxe-Colburg

a minor German prince designated to be the new king (Belgian national congress created constitutional monarchy for the new state)

risorgimento ("resurgence")

a movement in Italy in the 19th century - goal: create united Italian republic

What was the Austrian empire?

a multinational state under the Habsburg emperor

Wagner's Gesamtkunstwerk

a musical composition for the theater in which music, acting, dance, poetry, and scenic design are synthesized into a harmonious whole; transformed opera into "music drama"

How did Greece gain independence?

a nationalist revolt

In making these territorial rearrangements, what did diplomats at Vienna believe they were forming?

a new balance of power that would prevent any 1 country from dominating Europe (it worked for almost a century) ex: to balance Russian gains, Prussia & Austria had been strengthened

mir

a peasant village commune in Russia collectively responsible for the land payments to the gov't; basically owned the land the peasants were purchasing; were reluctant to allow peasants to leave their land

What happened in Sicily?

a revolt had broken out against the Bourbon king of the Two Sicilies

Who was the Romantic hero?

a solitary genius who was ready to defy the world and sacrifice his life for a great cause; brought sentiment & individualism together

What began as a war to save the Union became...

a war against slavery

What was Charles Albert a leader of (besides Piedmont)?

a war of liberation from Austrian domination - invaded Lombardy (failed)

Cristina Belgioioso

a wealthy aristocrat who worked to create Italian unification; was pursued by Austrian authorities, fled to Paris and started a newspaper supporting the Italian cause

What did liberals believe should guaranteed these rights?

a written document, like the American Bill of Rights or the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Elizabeth Blackwell

achieved the first major breakthrough for women in medicine, was admitted to the Geneva College of Medicine in NY by mistake, but perseverance and intelligence won her the respect of male students, received her M.D. degree & established a clinic in NYC

What seemed to be the only lasting result of the revolution of 1848?

act of emancipation that freed the serfs and eliminated all compulsory labor services

What did the Ottoman Empire get from the Treaty of Adrianople?

agreed to allow Russia, France, & Britain to decide the fate of Greece (later made it independent & new royal dynasty was created)

What did nationalists believe would happen once each people got their own state?

all nations could be linked together into a broader community of all humanity

Which states joined Zollverein?

all the German ones except Austria

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

allowed slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to be determined by popular sovereignty, created a firestorm in the North and led to the creation of a new Republican Party

How many banquets were held in France?

almost 70 with a grand culminating one planned for Paris

What did the British fear from Russia

an aggressive Russia would try to profit from the obvious weakness of the Ottoman gov't by seizing Ottoman territory or the long-coveted Dardanelles; would make Russia the major power in eastern Europe and would enable the Russians to challenge British naval control of the eastern Mediterranean

program music

an attempt to use the moods and sound effects of instrumental music to depict the actions and emotions inherent in a story, an event, or even a personal experience

What did the Industrial Rev lead to in Britain?

an expanding group of industrial leaders who objected to the corrupt British electoral system, which excluded them from political power

The Reform Act of 1867

an important step toward the democratization of Britain, lowered the monetary requirements for voting (taxes paid or income earned), enfranchising many male urban workers; large number of voters led to huge Liberal victory

individualism

an interest in the unique traits of each person

What was Ricardo's "iron law of wages"?

argued that an increase in population means more workers; more workers causes wages to fall below subsistence level; result is misery & starvation; workers decline, wages rise, etc.....

3rd congress

authorized the sending of Austrian troops to Naples - forces crushed the revolt, restored Ferdinand I to the throne, & moved north to suppress rebels in Piedmont

What happened to Austria after the failed revolutions?

autocratic gov't was restored; emperor and propertied classes remained in control, and nationalities were still subject to the Austrian gov't

Chateaubriand's Catholicism

based on Romantic sentiment, Catholicism echoed the harmony of all things, its cathedrals brought one into the very presence of God

Where did the French defeat the Austrians?

battles at Magenta and Solferino

Why did poetry rank above all other literary forms to the Romantics?

because they believed it was the direct expression of one's soul

What gave Bismarck opportunities to acquire a wide knowledge of European affairs and to learn how to assess the character of rulers?

began to build a base of diplomatic experience as the Prussian delegate to the parliament of the Germanic Confederation

Which liberal belief meant disaster for the multinational Austrian empire?

belief that each national group had the right to its own system of government

pantheism

belief that the Universe (or nature as the totality of everything) is identical with divinity, or that everything composes an all-encompassing, immanent god

Who did the Reform Act of 1832 benefit?

benefited the upper middle class; the lower middle class, artisans, & industrial workers still had not vote

What was the split in the new provisional gov't?

between moderate republicans, who had the support of most of France, & radical republicans, whose main support came from the Parisian working class

British police called

bobbies (after Robert Peel)

Beethoven's background

born in Bonn, came from a family of musicians who worked for the electors of Cologne, became an assistant organist at the court at 13 & went to Vienna; studied under Haydn

Marx background

born into middle-class family in Trier in western Germany; descended from long line of rabbis, although his father, a lawyer, had become a Protestant to keep his job; enrolled at the University of Bonn then sent to University of Berlin, where he learned the ideas of the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel; got a Ph.D. in philosophy; planned to teach at a university, but didn't get one because he was atheist, became editor of a liberal bourgeois newspaper which was shut down for its radical views; moved to Paris & met Engels

Bismarck background

born into the Junker class and remained loyal to it throughout his life, a university student, earned a law degree, embarked on a career in the Prussian civil service but soon tired of bureaucratic, administrative routine and retired to manage his country estates; then reentered the public

What did Wright do?

bought slaves in order to set up a model community at Nashoba, Tennessee

What was the military purpose of Paris's reconstruction?

broad streets made it more difficult for would-be insurrectionists to throw up barricades and easier for troops to move rapidly through the city to put down revolts

How were the Republicans united?

by antislavery principles and were especially driven by the fear that the "slave power" of the South would attempt to spread the slave system throughout the country

How did the Supreme Court contribute further to establishing the supremacy of the national gov't?

by curbing the actions of state courts and legislatures

After restoring universal male suffrage, how did Louis Napoleon asked the French people to restructure the gov't?

by electing him president for 10 years; then returned to the people to ask for the restoration of the empire (*2nd empire*)

How did Romantics bring the unusual into their own lives?

by pursuing extraordinary states of experience in dreams, nightmares, frenzies, and suicidal depression or by experimenting with drugs to produce altered states of consciousness

What did revolutionary forces do in Vienna?

carefully guided by the educated and propertied classes, took control of the capital and insisted that a constituent assembly be summoned to draw up a liberal constitution

Why were liberalist/nationalist movements that emerged in German states/Austrian Empire initially weak?

central Europe was under the control of aristocratic landowning classes & autocratic, centralized monarchies

Who controlled the united Italy?

centralized gov't under Piedmont and King Victor Emmanuel II of the house of Savoy

Liszt

child prodigy; as been called the greatest pianist of all time and has been credited with introducing the concept of the modern piano recital; mostly piano pieces, also did sacred music

What moving piece was composed by Beethoven when he was completely deaf?

chorale finale of his Ninth Symphony

Russian Dmitri Mendeleyev

classified all the material elements then known on the basis of their atomic weights and provided the systematic foundation for the periodic law

the new clinical medicine

clinical observation, included an active physical examination of patients, was combined with the knowledge gained from detailed autopsies

What did the Karlsbad Decrees do?

closed the Burschenschaften, provided for censorship of the press, and placed the universities under close supervision & control

What were France & Britain interested in?

commercial opportunities and naval bases in the eastern Mediterranean

Richard Wagner (Liszt'z son-in-law)

composer, propagandist and writer in support of his unique conception of dramatic music; realized the German desire for a truly national opera

What did Pasteur do as director of scientific studies at the École Normale in Paris?

conducted experiments that proved microorganisms of various kinds were responsible for the process of fermentation, launching the science of *bacteriology*

John Constable

contemporary English Romantic painter

House of Commons

controlled by the landed gentry, was restricted & unequal, esp. in the changing distribution of the British population due to the Industrial Rev

17th century Ottoman Empire territories

controlled southeastern Europe, but in 1699 it had lost Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia to the expanding Austrian Empire

What were Blanc's workshops like?

cooperative factories run by the workers, provided unskilled jobs for unemployed workers, very costly to gov't

What was the new provisional gov't?

created by a group of moderate & radical republicans (included Blanc)

Frankenstein symbolized

danger of science when it tries to conquer nature

Vera Zasulich

daughter of a poor nobleman, worked as a clerk before joining Land and Freedom, an underground populist organization advocating radical reform; shot and wounded the governor-general of Saint Petersburg, acquitted by a sympathetic jury

Giuseppe Garibaldi

dedicated Italian patriot who had supported Mazzini and the republican cause of Young Italy, raised an army of a thousand Red Shirts

Who did the Romantics have nothing to do with (even though they identified nature with God)?

deist God of the Enlightenment, the remote creator of the world-machine

What gov't did Garibaldi favor?

democratic republicanism

What was Britain's (1st) police force like?

depended on a system of unpaid constables recruited by local authorities; often incapable of keeping order, preventing crimes, or apprehending criminals; were also dangerous jobs

Creole elites

descendants of Europeans who became permanent inhabitants of Latin America

most important characteristics of Realism

desire to depict the everyday life of ordinary people, an attempt at photographic realism; and an interest in the natural environment

Pasteur's vaccinations

developed a preventive vaccination against rabies; led others to diphtheria, typhoid fever, cholera, and plague, creating a modern immunological science

How did Burke view change?

didn't reject it, but advised against the violent overthrow of a gov't by revolution; so, sudden change was unacceptable, but it didn't mean there should never be gradual improvements

What did Marx disagree with Hegel about?

disagreed with Hegel's belief that history is determined by ideas manifesting themselves in historical forces; Marx thought the course of history is determined by material forces

Englishman Michael Faraday

discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction and put together a primitive generator that laid the foundation for the use of electricity

60% of deaths from Crimean War came from

disease (esp. cholera)

Prussia's voting system

divided into 3 classes determined by the amount of taxes they paid, allowing the biggest taxpayers to gain the most seats; had also allowed control of the lower house by rising middle classes, whose numbers were growing as a result of continuing industrialization

What did Creole elites and merchants hate?

domination of their trade by Spain and Portugal

What was King William I's military plan?

double the size of the army and institute 3 years of compulsory military service for all young men b/c the army had to change if Prussia was to remain a great power

What fueled the desire for self-gov't?

dramatic increase in immigration to Canada from Great Britain

Lord Byron

dramatized himself as the melancholy Romantic hero that he had described in his work; participated in the movement for Greek independence and died in Greece fighting the Ottomans

Louis Philippe

duke of Orléans, cousin of Charles X, became the constitutional king of France

new constitution of the North German Confederation

each German state kept its own local gov't, but the king of Prussia was head of the confederation, and the chancellor (Bismarck) was responsible directly to the king; army and foreign policy remained in the hands of the king and his chancellor

What did nationalists want from gov't?

each nationality should have its own gov't

Cortes

elected parliamentary assembly functioning because Ferdinand had agreed to observe the liberal constitution

What did those who believed in rational order in the world think about Darwin's ideas?

eliminated purpose and design from the universe

What did Romantic writers emphasize?

emotion, sentiment, and inner feelings in their works

What happened from unemployment?

emptying the treasury and frightening the moderates, who responded by closing the workshops

How did Napoleon help change the lives of the Creoles?

ended Spain & Portugal monarchies, authority of the Spaniards & Portuguese in their colonial empires weakened, revolts enabled Latin America to become independent

Treaty of Adrianople

ended the Russian-Turkish war; Russia receive a protectorate over Moldavia & Wallachia

What was Germany's Protestant awakening like?

enthusiastic evangelical preachers found that their messages of hellfire and their methods of emotional conversion evoked a ready response among people alienated by the highly educated establishment clergy of the state churches

What was the new era Andrew Jackson brought?

era of mass democracy

Victorian Age

era of uneasy stability as the aristocratic and upper-middle-class representatives who dominated Parliament blurred party lines by their internal strife and shifting positions

Prussia's constitution

established a bicameral legislature with the lower house elected by universal male suffrage

What did the new constitution do?

established a republic (the Second Republic) with a unicameral (one-house) legislature of 750 elected by universal male suffrage for 4 years and a president, also elected by universal male suffrage, for 4 years

Percy Bysshe Shelley

expelled from school for advocating atheism, set out to reform the world; drowned in a storm in the Mediterranean

Frenchman Hector Berlioz background

father, a doctor in Grenoble, intended that his son should also study medicine; Berlioz rebelled

Why did Cavour try to stop Garibaldi's march to Rome?

feared that it would bring war with France as the defender of papal interests

Why did Britain resist the creation of a professional police force?

fearful of the powers exercised by military or secret police in authoritarian Continental states

Imports by Latin America

finished consumer goods especially textiles

Why did Napoleon III feel Russia had insulted France?

first at the Congress of Vienna and now by their insistence on replacing the French as the protectors of Christians living in the Ottoman Empire

What did Mill argue for in On Liberty?

for an absolute freedom that needed to be protected from gov't censorship & the tyranny of the majority

What was believed would happen from solitary confinement?

forced prisoners to examine their consciences, led to greater remorse, and increased the possibility that they would change their evil ways

What did Russia have to do because of the Treaty of Paris?

forced to give up Bessarabia at the mouth of the Danube and accept the neutrality of the Black Sea; the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were placed under the protection of all 5 great powers

International Working Men's Association ("First International")

formed in 1864 by British and French trade unionists, umbrella organization for working-class interests; Marx was the dominant personality on the organization's General Council; internal dissension within the ranks damaged the organization, and it failed in 1872; would be revived in 1889, but the fate of socialism by that time was in the hands of national socialist parties

Frenchman Louis Pasteur

formulated the germ theory of disease, which had enormous practical applications in the development of modern scientific medical practices

trade unions

fought for improved working conditions and reasonable wages, represented only a small part of the industrial working class, largely ineffective

What were Napoleon's foreign policy goals?

free France from the restrictions of the peace settlements of 1814-1815 and to make France the chief arbiter of Europe

What was the Continental countries transition in iron industries?

from charcoal iron smelting to coke-blast smelting

What did the revolt turn Nicholas I into?

from conservative into a reactionary determined to avoid another rebellion

Legislative Corps

gave an appearance of representative government since its members were elected by universal male suffrage for 6-year terms; but they could neither initiate legislation nor affect the budget

in Britain, Parliament finally capitulated to pressure and passed a bill...

giving women the right to take qualifying examinations

How did gov'ts try to unite Germany?

gov'ts allowed elections by universal male suffrage for deputies to an all-German parliament to meet in *Frankfurt, the seat of the Germanic Confederation* to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a new united Germany

What did Alexander I & Speransky refuse to do?

grant a constitution or free the serfs in the face of opposition from the nobility

What did Charles X do?

granted an indemnity to aristocrats whose lands had been confiscated during the Revolution; pursued a religious policy that encouraged the Catholic Church to reestablish control over the French educational system

What happened from an industrial/agricultural depression in 1846?

great hardship to the French lower middle class, workers, & peasants; 1/3 of workers in Paris unemployed

civilian police forces

groups of well-trained law enforcement officers who were to preserve property and lives, maintain domestic order, investigate crime, and arrest offenders

What allowed Cavour to build a large army?

growth in the Piedmontese economy and increase in government revenues

economic liberalism aka classical economics

had laissez-faire, the belief that the state should not interrupt the free play of natural economic forces, esp. supply/demand

How did textile production transform in Britain?

hand looms to power looms for cotton & wool

What did Prussia's voting system want?

have a real parliamentary system, but the king's executive power remained too strong; royal ministers answered for their actions only to the king, not the parliament

What did Bismarck do instead of listening to the Germanic Confederation & sending troops to Denmark?

he didn't care to subject Prussian policy to the Austrian-dominated German parliament, so he persuaded the Austrians to join Prussia in declaring war on Denmark

What did Bismarck do when he got a telegram from the king informing him of the French request?

he edited it to make it appear even more insulting to the French, knowing that the French would be angry and declare war

Why did Napoleon III agree to the nationalists?

he got Nice & Savoy in return

What did Bismarck do after his 2nd military plan was rejected again?

he went ahead, collected the taxes, and reorganized the army anyway, blaming the liberals for causing the breakdown of constitutional gov't

After 1815, conservatism was supported by who?

hereditary monarchs, gov't bureaucracies, landowning aristocracies, & revived churches (Protestant & Catholic)

What did terrible working/living conditions & the periodic economic crises create?

high levels of unemployment that led to worker unrest & sporadic outbursts of violence

Who was the legal heir to the throne after Alexander's death?

his brother Constantine

Since Constantine didn't want the throne, who succeeded?

his brother Nicholas

Who was King Frederick William IV succeeded by?

his brother, King William I

Who took the throne after Ferdinand I abdicated?

his nephew, Francis Joseph I

Who was Alexander II's successor?

his son, Alexander III, who turned against reform and returned to the traditional methods of repression

What did Napoleon III teach his contemporaries?

how authoritarian governments could use liberal and nationalistic forces to bolster their own power

What did Owen believe?

humans could reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment

What did the Germans (Hegel) provide Marx?

idea of dialectic: everything evolves, and all change in history is the result of conflicts between antagonistic elements

What did Prussia's parliament have?

important legislative and taxation powers on which it could build

What was were the July Ordinances?

imposed rigid censorship on the press, dissolved the legislative assembly, & reduced the electorate in preparation for new elections

Corn Law of 1815

imposed very high tarriffs on foreign grain

What was capital punishment replaced by?

imprisonment

Where was truth supposed to be found according to materialism?

in the concrete material existence of human beings and not, as the Romantics imagined, in revelations gained by feeling or intuitive flashe

What were usually the driving forces behind legislation that favored economic liberalism?

industrialists & manufacturers in Parliament

Florence Nightingale

insistence on strict sanitary conditions saved many lives and helped make nursing a profession of trained, middle-class women

What did the king & his 2 ministers do?

instituted political and institutional reforms in response to Prussia's defeat at the hands of Napoleon

How were barriers eliminated to open up for international trade?

international waterways were opened up by the elimination of restrictive tolls (ex: Danube River, the Rhine)

What did Cavour do to try to stop Garibaldi's march to Rome?

invaded the Papal States & Naples; Garibaldi avoided it

What did the German Confederation serve as even though it was powerless?

it was Metternich's instrument to repress revolutionary movements within the German states

Why did the British gov't finally capitulate to Canadian demands?

it was fearful of American designs on Canada during the American Civil war and eager to reduce the costs of maintaining the colonies

What did Romantics believe about industrialization?

it would cause people to become alienated from their inner selves and the natural world around them

Why did liberals support ministerial responsibility?

it would give the legislative branch a check on the power of the executive because the king's ministers would answer to the legislature rather than to the king

What allowed Prussia to defeat the Austrians?

its military reforms: Prussian breech-loading needle gun had a much faster rate of fire than the Austrian muzzleloader, and a superior network of railroads enabled the Prussians to mass troops quickly

What were the forces that broke the Austrian empire apart?

its nationalist groups, esp. the Hungarians with their increasing desire for autonomy

What was Britain successful at doing even though they failed intervention at Spain & Italy?

keeping the Continental powers from interfering with the revolutions in Latin America

Effects of the Corn Law

landowners benefitted, but price of bread rose, making conditions for working classes harder

What did utopian socialists lay the groundwork for?

later attacks on capitalism that would be effective

Sons of Creoles became?

leaders of independence movement, attended European universities, took with them Enlightenment ideals

Federalists

led by Alexander Hamilton, wanted financial program that would establish a strong central gov't

Republicans

led by Thomas Jefferson & James Madison; feared centralization and its consequences for popular liberties

Effect of revival of medieval Gothic architecture

left European country-sides adorned with pseudo-medieval castles and cities bedecked with grandiose cathedrals, city halls, parliamentary buildings, and even railway stations

2nd congress at Troppau

less pleasant, called to deal with the outbreak of revs in Spain & Italy

US Constitution -isms

liberalism & nationalism

What was socialism overshadowed by?

liberalism & nationalism

Who opposed Louis XVIII's moderation?

liberals who wanted to extend the revolutionary reforms & by *ultraroyalists* who criticized the king's willingness to compromise & keep many things of the Napoleonic era

German painter Caspar David Friedrich

lifelong preoccupation with God and nature; painted landscapes with an interest that transcended the mere presentation of natural details (of mountains in mist, gnarled trees in moonlight, and the ruins of monasteries surrounded by withered trees)

zemstvos

local assemblies that provided a moderate degree of self-gov't: representatives elected from the noble landowners, townspeople, and peasants, but property-based system of voting gave advantage to the nobles

What was Austria's repercussions?

lost no territory except Venetia to Italy but was excluded from German affairs

Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation

made most of the nation's slaves "forever free"

What did Marshall do?

made the Supreme Court into an important national institution by asserting the right of the Court to overrule an act of Congress if the Court found it to be in violation of the Constitution

What were the major defensive barriers East of France against possible French expansion?

main blockade - Prussia strengthened by giving it control of the territory along the east bank of the Rhine

What did the conferees try to create because they were afraid France might upset European peace?

major defensive barriers against possible French expansion

What did the Poor Law try to do?

making paupers so wretched they would choose to work; let people unable to support themselves crowded together in workhouses where living & working conditions were miserable so people would be encouraged to find work

Who worked on the Corn Laws?

manufacturers Richard Cobden & John Bright (also formed Anti-Corn Law League)

What did revolutions in Germany cause leaders to do?

many German rulers promised constitutions, a free press, jury trials, and other liberal reforms

women's obstacles when they tried to practice as doctors

many were denied licenses, and hospitals often closed their doors to them

Comte's system of "positive knowledge" based on a hierarchy of all the sciences

math the foundation on which the physical sciences, earth sciences, and biological sciences were built; top was sociology, the science of human society, included anthropology, history, and social psychology; discovery of the general laws of society would have to be based on the collection and analysis of data on humans and their social environment

Principle of Intervention:

meant the great powers of Europe had a right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions to restore legit monarchs to their thrones

Who controlled the Tories & Whigs?

members of the landed classes; but the Whigs also got support from the new industrial middle class

What was part of collective living?

men & women were to share responsibilities for child care & housecleaning

What did Romantics rebel against?

middle-class conventions

Who supported liberalism?

middle-class men, esp. industrial middle-class men who wanted an extension of voting rights so that they could share power with the landowning classes

Decembrist Revolt

military leaders of the Northern Union rebelled against the succession of Nicholas

What did the Party of Movement want?

ministerial responsibility, the pursuit of an active foreign policy, & limited expansion of the franchise

1st congress in 1818 at Aix-la-Chapelle

most congenial, 4 great powers agreed to withdraw their army of occupation from France and to add France to the Concert of Europe

What was the most Romantic of the arts?

music b/c it enabled the composer to probe deeply into human emotions

New German School

musicians who emphasized emotional content rather than abstract form and championed new methods of using music to express literary or pictorial ideas

themes Wagner used

myth and epic tales from the past

What was a major restraint according to Malthus?

nature (b/c of diseases, wars, famine, etc.)

What was nature to William Wordsworth?

nature contained a mysterious force that the poet could perceive and learn from; served as a mirror into which humans could look to learn about themselves; was alive and sacred

Austro-Prussian War

new Italian state became an ally of Prussia & Prussia's victory left the Italians with Venetia

What were the major defensive barriers North of France against possible French expansion?

new kingdom of the Netherlands with the former Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) under a new ruler king William I of the house of Orange

Count Otto von Bismarck

new prime minister, too conservative, determined the course of modern German history, dominated both German and European politics, consummate politician and opportunist

new medical schools

no entrance requirements and degrees were granted after several months of lectures

What did Wordsworth think the scientists' dry, mathematical approach left?

no room for the imagination or for the human soul

Reichsrat

nominated upper house and an elected lower house of representatives; alienated the ethnic minorities, esp. the Hungarians again

What happened after Werther?

numerous novels and plays appeared whose plots revolved around young maidens tragically carried off at an early age (23 most common) by disease (usually tuberculosis, at that time a protracted disease that was usually fatal) to the sorrow and despair of their male lovers

What did the artistic process depend on according to Friedrich?

one's inner vision

Who did liberals believe could realize liberty?

only by peoples who ruled themselves

How did the Ausgleich not satisfy the other nationalities that made up the multinational Austro-Hungarian Empire?

only enabled the German-speaking Austrians and Hungarian Magyars to dominate the minorities, esp. the Slavic peoples (Poles, Croats, Czechs, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Little Russians), in their respective states

Who did liberals believe should be able to vote/hold office?

only men who meet certain property qualifications

When did Bismarck wage war?

only when all other diplomatic alternatives had been exhausted and when he was reasonably sure that all the military and diplomatic advantages were on his side

What did Wagner believe was the best form of artistic expression?

opera

How was the political process/Legislative Corps liberalized?

opposition candidates were allowed greater freedom to campaign, and the Legislative Corps was permitted more say in affairs of state, including debate over the budget

What did the new provisional gov't do?

ordered that a constituent assembly be convened to draw up a new constitution; the members of the assembly were to be elected by universal manhood suffrage; established national workshops under the influence of Blanc

Third Symphony (Eroica) by Beethoven

originally intended for Napoleon; broke through to the elements of Romanticism in his use of uncontrolled rhythms to create dramatic struggle and uplifted resolution

What did Bismarck ask the Prussia parliament to do after the war?

pass a bill of indemnity, retroactively legalizing the taxes he had collected illegally; most of the liberals voted in favor of the bill because they had been won over by Bismarck's successful use of military power

France's punishment for the war

pay an indemnity of 5 billion francs (about $1 billion) and give up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to the new German state

Frenchman Gustave Flaubert

perfected the Realist novel, wrote Madame Bovary

Cavour

persuasive liberal-minded nobleman, made a fortune in agriculture, banking, railroads, and shipping; moderate who favored constitutional gov't

What did landowners use to control seats in the House of Commons?

pocket & rotten boroughs

What was early socialism?

political theorists/intellectuals wanted to introduce equality into social conditions & believed human cooperation was superior to the competition that characterized early industrial capitalism

Jean-François Millet

preoccupied with scenes from rural life, especially peasants laboring in the fields, although his Realism still contained an element of Romantic sentimentality

Simón Bolívar positions

president of Venezuela, part of the federation of Colombia/Ecuador

Henry John Temple, Lord Palmerston

prime minister for most of the Victorian Age, had no strong party loyalty and found it easy to make political compromises, not a reformer & opposed expanding the franchise

What principles from the Enlightenment/new political ideals were especially attractive?

principles of equality of all people in law, free trade, and a free press

Walnut Street Prison in Philadelphia

prisoners kept separated in individual cells

Auburn Prison in New York

prisoners separated at night but worked together in the same workshop during the day

Petite Roquette in France and Pentonville in Britain

prisoners wore leather masks while they exercised and sat in separate stalls when in chapel

What were utopian socialists against?

private property & the competitive spirit of early industrial capitalism

pasteurization

process for heating a product to destroy the organisms causing spoilage

Berlioz was one of the founders of?

program music

What did Marx believe that the emergence of a classless society would lead to?

progress in science, technology, and industry and to greater wealth for all

Englishman Joseph Malford William Turner

prolific artist who produced more than 20,000 paintings, drawings, and watercolors; concern with nature found in many landscapes and seascapes, sunrises and sunsets

How did Bismarck make an alliance with the new Italian state?

promised it Venetia in the event of Austrian defeat

Effect after Louis XVIII accepted Napoleon's Civil Code

property rights of those who had purchased confiscated lands during the Revolution were preserved

How did British opposition fail?

proposed joint action with the US against European interference guaranteed in Latin America but the plan was acted on without Britain

What did Bismarck prove with his victory over Austria and the creation of the North German Confederation?

proved Napoleon III's dictum that nationalism and authoritarian gov't could be combined

zemstovs' limited powers

provide public services (education, famine relief, and road and bridge maintenance), could levy taxes to pay for these services, but efforts were often disrupted by bureaucrats, who feared any self-gov't

How did Napoleon III reduce tensions and improve the social welfare of the nation?

provided hospitals and free medicine for the workers and advocated better housing for the working class

What did Cavour do after becoming prime minister?

pursued a policy of economic expansion, encouraging the building of roads, canals, and railroads and fostering business enterprise by expanding credit and stimulating investment in new industries

Who opposed Louis-Philippe's gov't?

radical republicans, socialists, & upper middle class under Adolphe Thiers advocated for dismissal of Guizot

Communist League

radical working-class movement, Marx and Engels joined a tiny group of primarily German socialist revolutionaries

How did Napoleon liberalize his regime?

reached out to the working class by legalizing trade unions and granting them the right to strike

Courbet

realistic portrayal of everyday life; subjects were factory workers, peasants, and the wives of saloon keepers; painted The Stonebreakers

July Revolution

rebellion about the July Ordinances when barricades went up in Paris as a provisional gov't led by a group of moderate, propertied liberals was hastily formed and appealed to Louis-Philippe

Vienna settlement in 1815

recognized the existence of 38 sovereign states in what had been the HRE (Austria & Prussia 2 great powers)

Wagner's leitmotiv

recurring musical theme in which the human voice combined with the line of the orchestra instead of rising above it

What did the negotiation of trade treaties do?

reduced/eliminated protective tariffs in western Europe

symphonic poem

referred to Liszt's orchestral works, which did not strictly obey traditional forms and were generally based on a literary or pictorial idea

What did music have to do for Beethoven?

reflect his deepest inner feelings

What did Alexander I & Speransky do?

relaxed censorship, freed political prisoners, & reformed the educational system

What did the southern Germanic states, mostly Catholic, have to do?

remained independent but were coerced into signing military agreements with Prussia

What brought a new appreciation for the Catholic faith as a force for order in society?

restoration of the nobility, reinforced by the Romantic movement

What did the Habsburgs do after crushing the revs of the empire?

restored centralized, autocratic gov't to the empire

What did the Quadruple Alliance do?

restored the Bourbon monarchy to France to Louis XVIII and agreed to meet at a congress in Vienna to arrange a final peace settlement

Franco-Prussian War

resulted in the withdrawal of French troops from Rome

Effect of broken promises by Ferdinand VII

revolt by army officers, upper-middle-class merchants, & liberal intellectuals

What was Russia like at the start of the 19th century?

rural, agricultural, & autocratic

What did Blanc say in The Organization of Work?

said social problems could be solved by gov't assistance

4th post war conference at Verona

same 3 powers authorized France to invade Spain to crush the revolt against Ferdinand VII. French forces restored the Bourbon monarch

thermodynamics

science of the relationship between heat and mechanical energy (esp. of steam engine)

Charles Darwin background

scientific amateur, born into an upper-middle-class family, studied theology at Cambridge University with side interest in geology and biology; accepted an appointment as a naturalist to study animals and plants on an official Royal Navy scientific expedition aboard the H.M.S. Beagle

What did advances in industrial technology start a renewed interest in?

scientific research

What were Metternich's spies doing?

searching for evidence of liberal/nationalist plots

Caribonari ("charcoal burners")

secret societies motivated by nationalistic dreams

Eugéne Delacroix

self-taught; fascinated by the exotic and had a passion for color

When solitary confinement became expensive/impossible, where did the French put their prisoners?

sent them to French Guiana to handle the overload

What did rebels in Lower Canada demand?

separation from Britain, creation of a republic, universal male suffrage, and freedom of the press

What was the most burdensome problem in tsarist Russia?

serfdom

French police called

serjents, dressed in blue uniforms to make them easily recognizable, lightly armed with a white cane during the day and a saber at night, underscoring the fact that they were a civilian, not a military, body

traditional surgeons

set broken bones, treated wounds, and amputated limbs, usually as a result of injuries in war; infection was a big prob

Examples of Gothic literature

short stories of horror by the American Edgar Allan Poe & in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley

Delacroix's The Death of Sardanapalus

significant for its use of light and its patches of interrelated color, this portrayal of the world of the last Assyrian king was criticized at the time for its garishness; rejoiced in combining theatricality and movement with a daring use of color

phalanstery

small self-contained model communities with about 1,620 ppl who would live/work together for their benefit; also created work assignments

What did Mill say the differences between women and men were from?

social practices, not from nature

Burke's conservatism:

society was a contract, the state was a partnership, & no generation has the duty to preserve & transmit it to the next

What did the peasants' lack of interest in these revolutionary ideas lead to?

some of the populists to resort to violent means to overthrow tsarist autocracy

Engels background

son of a wealthy German cotton manufacturer, had worked in Britain at one of his father's factories in Manchester where he learned about "wage slavery" of the British working classes

Slavery caused Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party to?

split along North-South lines

What happened to the Central American states after they became independent in 1823?

split into 5 republics: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, & Nicaragua

Peterloo Massacre

squadron of cavalry attacked a crowd of 60,000 demonstrators at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester; 11 people died

What did Continental countries use for their textile, mining, & metallurgical industries?

steam engine

Madame Bovary

straightforward description of barren and sordid small-town life in France; Flaubert's contempt for bourgeois society was evident in his portrayal of middle-class hypocrisy and smugness

Elizabeth Garret and Sophia Jex-Blake

struggled for years before they were finally admitted to the practice of medicine

Burschenschaften

student societies that wanted to create a free, united Germany; started by university professors & students of liberal & national movements

What ended the Federalists who opposed war?

successful conclusion of the War of 1812 against Britain

Maistre's conservatism:

supported the restoration of hereditary monarchy, which was a divinely sanctioned institution; only the absolute monarchy could guarantee "order in society" & avoid the chaos generated by movements like the French Rev

General Alfred Windischgrätz

suppressed the Czech rebels in Prague, a victory for conservatives

What did Guizot cooperate with Louis-Philippe in?

suppressing ministerial responsibility and pursuing a policy favoring the interests of the wealthier manufacturers & tradespeople

What did the Whigs realize?

that concessions to reform were superior to revolution; the demands of the wealthy industrial middle class could no longer be ignored

What did Bismarck prove by using nationalism to win support from liberals and prevent governmental reform?

that liberalism and nationalism, the two major forces of change in the early 19th century, could be separated

What did Malthus argue?

that population, when unchecked, increases at a geometric rate while the food supply correspondingly increases at a much slower arithmetic rate

What was the "real problem" some people thought the poor laws didn't address?

that poverty was a result of the moral degeneracy of the lower classes ("dangerous classes" b/c of the threat thought posed to middle-class society)

Ausgleich/Compromise of 1867

the "Compromise" of 1867 that created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Austria and Hungary each had its own capital, constitution, and legislative assembly but were united under 1 monarch

What was allegiance to the Habsburg dynasty Hungary's only tie to?

the Austrian Empire

Where did Austria want more land from?

the Balkans (probs meant conflict with Russia)

professional medical organizations

the British Medical Association in 1832, the American Medical Association in 1847, and the German Doctors' Society in 1872, attempted to elevate professional standards but achieved little until the end of the cent.

Parliament's 2 bodies from new constitution:

the Bundesrat, or federal council, composed of delegates nominated by the states, and a lower house, the Reichstag, elected by universal male suffrage

What did the Party of Resistance control after 1840?

the Chamber of Deputies

What were the Tories now called?

the Conservatives

Why did the Danish war start?

the Danish gov't tried to incorporate the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein into Denmark; German nationalists were outraged since both duchies had large German populations and were regarded as German states

What did the Congress of Vienna add to the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) to create a stronger, larger state?

the Dutch Republic

leaders in Realist painting

the French

What did the 38 sovereign states form?

the German Confederation

What people were the most economically advanced & played a leading role in governing Austria?

the Germans

What were the Whigs now called?

the Liberals

What were the German states north of the Main River were organized into?

the North German Confederation, controlled by Prussia

Who authorized Serbia's autonomy?

the Ottoman empire

What group was inspired by Zasulich & assassinated Alexander II?

the People's Will

British writer Thomas Carlyle

the Romantic hero did not destroy himself in ineffective protests against society but transformed society instead; in his historical works, Carlyle stressed that historical events were largely determined by the deeds of such heroes

What empire collapsed?

the Second French Empire

Which banking system, which depended largely on investments in railway shares, collapsed?

the Spanish banking system

What group was brought to power in Britain after new parliamentary elections in 1830?

the Whigs

What did the king/ministers' reforms include?

the abolition of serfdom, municipal self-government through town councils, the expansion of primary & secondary schools, & universal military conscription to form a national army

What was usually the driving force for legislation that stopped some of the worst abuses in the industrial system?

the aristocratic landowning class (b/c it instituted gov't regulation of working conditions in the factories & mines)

What was Britain governed by in 1815?

the aristocratic landowning classes that dominated both houses of Parliament

As chief of state, what did Napoleon III control?

the armed forces, police, and civil service; only he could introduce legislation and declare war

materialism

the belief that everything mental, spiritual, or ideal was simply a result of physical forces (led to secularization)

What did Russia's defeat in the Crimean War reveal?

the blatant deficiencies behind the facade of absolute power and made it clear even to staunch conservatives that Russia was falling hopelessly behind the western European powers

What was Louis-Philippe called?

the bourgeois monarch because political support for his rule came from the upper middle class

What did Nicholas I strengthen?

the bureaucracy & the secret police

Who succeeded Louis XVIII?

the count of Artois who became Charles X

What did the Northern Union want?

the creation of a constitutional monarchy & the abolition of serfdom

What did the king/ministers' reforms not include?

the creation of a legislative assembly or representative gov't

What did Blanc support?

the creation of workshops that would manufacture goods for public sale

What did the Burschenschaften do at an assembly at Wartburg Castle?

the crowd burned books written by conservative authors

Wagner was called

the culmination of the Romantic era and the beginning of the avant-garde

What allowed Windischgrätz to attack Vienna & crush radical rebels there?

the death of the minister for war at the hands of a Viennese mob

What was Disraeli motivated by?

the desire to win over the newly enfranchised groups to the Conservative Party

What was the Austrian empire held together by?

the dynasty, the imperial civil service, the imperial army, and the Catholic Church

What was the cotton economy and social structure of the South based on?

the exploitation of enslaved black Africans and their descendants

Berlioz's most famous work

the first complete program symphony, known as the Symphonie Fantastique

"the history of all hitherto existing society is...

the history of class struggles"

What did liberalism come from?

the ideas of the Enlightenment, American, & French Revolutions

What had the gov't of the state reflected and defended the interests of?

the industrial middle class and its allies

What would happen if the Corn Laws were abolished?

the industrial middle classes would be helped, who as economic liberals, favored free trade

proletariat

the industrial working class; in Marxism, the class that will ultimately overthrow the bourgeoisie

What offered plenty of war opportunities with Austria?

the joint administration of the 2 duchies

ministerial responsibility

the ministers of the king were responsible to the legislature

What had become the strongest power on the Continent?

the new German state

Which Italian states were taken over by nationalists & joined Piedmont?

the northern ones: Parma, Modena, Tuscany, and part of the Papal States

What did Herzen believe?

the peasant village commune could serve as an independent, self-governing body that would form the basis of a new Russia

What did the opposers use instead of stage political rallies?

the political banquet to call for reforms

Louis-Maurice Debelleyme

the prefect of Paris, suggested policing

What did Saint-Simón's ideal cooperative society recognize?

the principle of equality between men & women and may working-class women including *Suzanne Voilquin*, *Claire Démar*, & *Reine Guindorf*

What did Marx believe would happen after the proletariat overthrew the bourgeoise?

the proletariat would form a dictatorship to reorganize the means of production, forming a classless society; the state & class struggles would be gone

Who ruled Piedmont?

the royal house of Savoy

What was the only path to objective truth and objective reality?

the scientific method, based on observation, experiment, and logical analysis

Who joined Prussia against France?

the southern German states

Why were the peasants not completely free?

the state compensated the landowners for the land given to the peasants, but the peasants were expected to repay the state in longterm installments

What did a South Carolina convention vote to repeal?

the state's ratification of the U.S. Constitution (6 more states did it too leading to *the Confederate States of America*)

Who would pay for these workshops?

the state, but workers would own/operate them

What is the Crimean War best remembered for?

the suicidal charge of the British Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaklava

What was the Poor Law of 1834 based on?

the theory that giving aid to the poor/unemployed only encouraged laziness & increased the number of paupers

the Junker class

the traditional, landowning aristocracy of Prussia

What was an important model for Romantics?

the tragic figure in The Sorrows of the Young Werther, a novel by the great German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe who later rejected Romanticism in favor of Classicism

What was Bismarck seen as?

the ultimate realist, the foremost 19th-cent practitioner of Realpolitik

What did the breakdown of the Concert of Europe open the way for?

the unifications of Italy & Germany

What did Continental powers favor?

the use of troops to restore Spanish control in Latin America

Who did the Greeks revolt against?

their Ottoman Turkish masters (allowed the Greeks to keep language/Greek Orthodox faith)

Why was there an outbreak of revolution in Italy?

there was a restoration of another Bourbon: Ferdinand I, as king of Naples & Sicily sparked a rebellion which spread to Piedmont

Effect of unchecked population according to Malthus?

there would be overpopulation & starvation for the human race

Why did Wordsworth & other Romantic poets critique the mechanistic materialism of 18th cent. science?

they believed it had reduced nature to a cold object of study

Why were Middle-class liberals in the parliament afraid of compulsory military service?

they believed the gov't would use it to inculcate obedience to the monarchy and strengthen the influence of the conservative-military clique in Prussia

Why were joint-stock investment banks important to Continental industrial development?

they mobilized enormous capital resources for investment; were very important in the promotion of railway construction, although railroads were not always a safe investment

What did France do when it wasn't content with its diplomatic victory of getting Leopold to not take the throne?

they pushed William I to make a formal apology to France and promise never to allow Leopold to be a candidate again

Why did France & Britain declare war on Russia?

they were afraid of an upset in the balance of power (feared the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the growth of Russian influence there)

Who were the political police aka the Third Section of the tsar's chancellery?

they were given sweeping powers over much of Russian life; they deported suspicious/dangerous person, kept close surveillance of foreigners in Russia, & reported regularly to the tsar on public opinion

Why did liberals pull back when radicals called for universal male suffrage?

they were worried about their property & security, so they rallied to the old ruling classes for the sake of order and out of fear of social rev by the working classes

What was believed to happen if individuals were allowed economic liberty?

they would have the max. good for the max. number & benefit the general welfare of society

Joseph Lister

thought bacteria might enter a wound and cause infection; use of carbolic acid, a newly discovered disinfectant, proved remarkably effective in eliminating infections during surgery

What was the Catholic Church's organized religion?

through a revival of its religious orders; dedicated priests and nuns used spiritual instruction and recreation to turn young male/female workers away from the moral vices

Where did Metternich send Austrian troops?

to crush revolts in 3 Italian states

Principle of legitimacy

to establish peace & stability in Europe, it is necessary to restore the legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions

What did supporters of Kleindeutsch ("Small German") solution want?

to exclude Austria and make the Prussian king the emperor of the new German state

Why was the Anti-Corn Law League in 1838 formed?

to help workers by lowering bread prices

What did supporters of Grossdeutsch ("Big German") solution want?

to include the German province of Austria

What was the purpose of institutes?

to instruct the working classes in the applied sciences in order to make them more productive members of society

Where did Methodist missionaries from England and Scotland carry their messages of sin and redemption?

to liberal Protestant churches in France and Switzerland, winning converts to their strongly evangelical message

What did the ultras want?

to return to a monarchical system dominated by a privileged landed aristocracy & to restore the Catholic Church to its former position of influence

What did Napoleon believe in using the resources of gov't for?

to stimulate the national economy and took many steps to encourage industrial growth: 1. subsidies were used to foster the construction of railroads, harbors, roads, and canals 2. major French railway lines were completed during Napoleon's reign 3. industrial expansion was evident in the tripling of iron production

purpose of official Royal Navy scientific expedition aboard the H.M.S. Beagle

to survey and study the landmasses of South America and the South Pacific; Darwin's specific job was to study the structure of various forms of plant and animal life, was able to observe animals on islands virtually untouched by external influence and compare them with animals on the mainland

What did the bourgeois monarchy represent?

to the upper middle class: the stopping place for political progress to the lesser bourgeoisie & Parisian working class: disappointment b/c they were excluded from political power

Why was Das Kapital not finished?

too busy with organizing the working-class movement

How did Ferdinand VII break his promises?

tore up the constitution, dissolved the Cortes, & persecuted its members

anesthesia before vs. after

traditionally used alcohol & opiates; then sulfuric ether & chloroform were successful

What did Owen do at New Lanark in Scotland?

transformed a squalid factory town into a growing community

What did Tristan do?

traveled through France preaching the need for the liberation of women

What did the Prussian leadership of German unification mean?

triumph of authoritarian, militaristic values over liberal, constitutional sentiments in the development of the new German state

Who wrote The Communist Manifesto?

two Germans, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

How did the development of industrialization (esp. in Vienna and the provinces of Bohemia and Galicia) bring economic and social change to the empire?

urban proletariat, labor unrest, and a new industrial middle class

What did Marxists called early socialists?

utopian socialists

Romantic poets

viewed as seers who could reveal the invisible world to others; incredible sense of drama made some of them the most colorful figures of their era, living intense but short lives

Mexican Adventure

wanted to dominate Mexican markets for French goods, the emperor sent French troops to Mexico to join British and Spanish forces in protecting their interests in the midst of the upheaval caused by a struggle between liberal and conservative Mexican factions; British and Spanish withdrew their troops after order had been restored, French forces remained

What was the death of Napoleon III's regime?

war with Prussia in 1870

Romantic art expressed

warmth, emotion, and movement

Who was one of Owen's disciples?

wealthy woman Frances Wright

Who made up the Frankfurt Assembly?

well-educated, articulate, middle-class delegates, many of them professors, lawyers, and bureaucrats

What did Napoleon III & Bismarck believe about peasants & artisans?

were conservative at heart and could be used to overcome the advantages of the liberals

Exports (raw materials/foodstuffs) of Latin America to industrializing nations of Europe

wheat, tobacco, wool, sugar, coffee, hides

How did conservatism start in 1790?

when Edmund Burke wrote his "Reflections on the Revolution in France" in reaction to the French rev, especially the radical republican and democratic ideas

When did repeal of the Corn Laws happen?

when Peel convinced some of his associates to support free trade principles & abandon the Corn Laws

Why were the Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 created by the diet of the Germanic Confederation?

when a deranged student assassinated a reactionary playwright

How was the problem solved?

when the Austrians withdrew, leaving the field to the supporters of the Kleindeutsch solution

How did Mill say women could achieve as much as men?

with equal education

How did Bismarck get neutrality from Napoleon III?

with vague promises of territory in the Rhineland

Who liked the ideas of Saint-Simón?

women who participated in the growing political activism of women that had been set in motion during the French Rev

Das Kapital (Capital)

work on the political economy Marx wrote when he went to London after the failed revs of 1848

What did Francis Joseph I do?

worked to restore the imperial gov't in Hungary

What happened from closing workshops?

workers refused to accept; 4 days of fighting by gov't forces crushed the working-class revolt; 1000s killed, 4000 prisoners deported to the French colony of Algeria in North Africa

William Thackeray

wrote Britain's prototypical Realist novel, Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero; deliberately flouted the Romantic conventions

Who was part of the Northern Union?

young aristocrats who had served in the Napoleonic wars & became aware of the world outside Russia and intellectuals alienated by the censorship & lack of academic freedom in Russian universities