ELA 10 Topic review study
Read the set of instructions below and answer the question that follows. "How to Fold a Standard Business Letter" No. 10 Envelope (Approximately 9 1/2 x 4 1/8 inches) Use this size of envelope for standard business letters. Check the inside address on the letter with the address on the envelope to be sure they correspond. Be sure that the letter is properly signed. Place the letter faceup on the desk. With the edges even at the sides, crease the fold. Fold the top downward so that the top edge of the letterhead is within half an inch of the bottom fold. With the edges even at the sides, crease the fold. Insert the letter into the envelope with the last crease toward the bottom of the envelope. These steps are not complete. Which step needs to be added to make this procedure clearer, and where should it be inserted? "Using a ruler, measure the letter and mark off thirds," should be inserted before step 1. "Fold slightly less than one-third of the letter toward the top edge of the sheet," should be inserted after step 6. "Using a ruler, measure the letter and mark off thirds," should be inserted after step 5. "Fold slightly less than one-third of the letter toward the top edge of the sheet," should be inserted in step 5 before the instruction to crease the fold.
"Fold slightly less than one-third of the letter toward the top edge of the sheet," should be inserted in step 5 before the instruction to crease the fold.
What does the acronym "HATS" mean and how can it help you design a more effective document?
"HATS" stands for headings, access, typography, and space. This can help you create a more effective document because it serves as a reminder to leave enough space around text and visuals to allow the reader to be able to find important elements.
Read the excerpt below from the Federal Trade Commission's pamphlet on warranties and answer the question that follows. Does the warranty cover "consequential damages"? Many warranties do not cover damages caused by the product, or your time and expense in getting the damage repaired. For example, if your freezer breaks and the food spoils, the company will not pay for the lost food. Source: "Warranties." Federal Trade Commission. 24 Apr. 2009. Web. 28 July 2011. What context-clue technique can you use to determine the meaning of "consequential damages"?
"consequential damages" are damages caused by the product to the product. The last sentence even gives an example of this.
What are three considerations and adjustments to be made in order to create an effective procedural text?
1. Consider your audience's age range 2. Consider the purpose of the document 3. Think of the context the document will be used in and adjust its length accordingly
Explain what makes a sentence complete.
A complete sentence has a subject, predicate, and independent clause.
Explain what a fused sentence is and four techniques that may be used to correct the error.
A fused sentence is when two independent clauses have been incorrectly combined. Separate the independent clauses and make them two separate sentences. - Use a semicolon - Merge the two independent clauses by using a comma followed by a conjunction. - Use subordination.
How would a roadside manual on how to change a tire be different from the information on how to change a tire included in the owner's manual?
A roadside manual differs from an owner's manual on how to change a tire because they have different purposes and information. A roadside manual is made to provide information on how to change a tire while on the side of a road, this would be quick and concise and may just be a numbered list. Where as an owner's manual would tell you all about what tires to get for your car and it would have every single detail needed.
Read the excerpt below from the Public Health Service document and answer the question that follows. Losing Weight Safely The Department of Health and Human Services has taken a six page article and replaced it with a single, fold-out brochure, conveying the same information. Here is an excerpt [from the document before they applied the logic of PLAIN language]. Before The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends a half hour or more of moderate physical activity on most days, preferably every day. The activity can include brisk walking, calisthenics, home care, gardening, moderate sports exercise, and dancing Source: "Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, Brochure." PlainLanguage.gov. Plain Language Action and Information Network, n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2011. Keeping in mind the ideas of PLAIN, what is the most effective revision of this document? It's best if everyone would do some kind of exercise for at least 30 minutes on most, if not all, days. Exercising at least 30 minutes every day by riding a bicycle, walking, doing calisthenics, gardening, or other activity is recommended. The US Department of Health has found that daily exercise of some kind for at least 30 minutes a day will result in a healthier public. Do at least 30 minutes of exercise, like brisk walking, most days of the week.
Do at least 30 minutes of exercise, like brisk walking, most days of the week.
Read the sentence below and complete the instruction that follows. I saw the red, white, and blue 1969 Corvette at the national car auction that aired on the news. Revise the sentence so that the underlined phrase modifies the word Corvette.
I saw the red, white, and blue 1969 Corvette, that aired on the news, at the national car auction.
Read the excerpt below from the article "Aprons" from The Ladies' Work-Table Book and answer the question that follows. We now proceed to lay down what we hope will be found clear though concise rules, for the preparation of various articles of dress and attire. Aprons.—These are made of a variety of materials, and are applied to various uses. The aprons used for common purposes, are made of white, blue, brown, checked, and sometimes of black linen; nankeen, stuff, and print, are also employed. The width is generally one breadth of the material, and the length is regulated by the height of the wearer. Dress aprons are, of course, made of[39] finer materials—cambric, muslin, silk, satin, lace, clear and other kinds of muslin, &c., and are generally two breadths in width, one of which is cut in two, so as to throw a seam on each side, and leave an entire breadth for the middle. Aprons of all kinds are straight, and either plaited or gathered on to the band or stock at the top. Those with only one breadth, are hemmed at the bottom with a broad hem; those with two breadths, must be hemmed at the sides likewise. The band should be from half a nail to a nail broad; its length is to be determined by the waist of the wearer. It should be fastened at the back, with hooks and eyelet holes. To some aprons, pockets are attached, which are either sewed on in front, or at the back, and a slit made in the apron to correspond with them. The slit, or opening of the pocket is to be hemmed neatly, or braided, as may be most desirable. In some kinds of aprons, bibs are introduced, which are useful to cover the upper part of the dress. Their size must be determined by the taste of the person who is to wear them. Source: "Plain Needlework: Instructions in the Preparation of Body Linen." The Ladies' Work-Table Book. New York: J. Winchester, 1844. Project Gutenberg Web. 1 Aug. 2009. These instructions appear in a book written in 1844. What could be done to make these instructions easier to follow? I. including visuals II. numbering the steps III. using common language
I, II, and III
What is the most important reason to consider typography when creating a procedural text? It provides white space around the text. It makes the document look nice. It adds variety to the document. It helps the reader find important information.
It helps the reader find important information.
Read the instructions below from "How to Make an Apron" and answer the question that follows. To make a plain apron, first measure and write down the measurements below. If you're making an apron that will be tied, extend this length by at least 1 ½ times the measurement. Decide how wide you'd like the waistband to be, adding 1 inch for the seam. Decide how far down you want the apron to fall and measure that, adding at least 2 inches for seams and the hem. Measure the width you'd like the apron to be from one side to the other, adding 1 inch for hems. Cut your selected fabric in the dimensions you've written down. Which step is missing from this procedure? Measure your waist and add 2 inches. Sew the apron by hand using a long running stitch. Measure the fabric before you cut so that there are no wrinkles or flaws that may need to be cut away. Invite a few guests over and wear the apron proudly as you cook a gourmet meal for them.
Measure your waist and add 2 inches.
Read the text below and answer the question that follows. My first car was a 1980 Chevy Camaro it was the envy of all my friends. Which revision corrects the sentence error above? My first car was a 1980 Chevy Camaro; and it was the envy of all my friends. My first car was a 1980 Chevy Camaro, it was the envy of all my friends. My first car was a 1980 Chevy Camaro and, it was the envy of all my friends. My first car was a 1980 Chevy Camaro, and it was the envy of all my friends.
My first car was a 1980 Chevy Camaro, and it was the envy of all my friends
Read the text below and answer the question that follows. My friends don't understand why I love my truck it is a 1947 Studebaker in pristine condition. Which revision corrects the sentence error above? My friends don't understand why I love my truck; it is a 1947 Studebaker in pristine condition. My friends don't understand why I love my truck; but it is a 1947 Studebaker in pristine condition. My friends don't understand why I love my truck and, it is a 1947 Studebaker in pristine condition. My friends don't understand why I love my truck, it is a 1947 Studebaker in pristine condition.
My friends don't understand why I love my truck; it is a 1947 Studebaker in pristine condition.
Read the sentence below and complete the instruction that follows. My sister Gina bought a 1957 Chevy at the car auction that was old and rusty. Rewrite the sentence to correct the misplaced modifier.
My sister Gina bought a 1957 Chevy, that was old and rusty, at the car auction.
What is the aim of PLAIN? Discuss its recommendations for creating documents and how application of those values will affect public documents.
PLAIN's goal is to encourage the use of ordinary language in government documents. This would make government documents easier for the average person to read.
Source: Bloom, Sol. "The Constitution of the United States: Questions and Answers." The Story of the Constitution. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1937. National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 1 Aug. 2011. What is the structure of this document? fill-in-the-blank form sequenced instructions essay style Q&A style
Q&A style
Read and evaluate the procedural text on how to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich (PBJ) and answer the question that follows. Before you begin making your delicious PBJ, you need to make some decisions and assemble your supplies. Your first decision is the bread. Do you want white, wheat, multigrain, cinnamon raison (delicious!)? It's your choice! For a classic PBJ, use white bread. You'll need two pieces for each sandwich. Your next decision is choosing the flavor of the jam or jelly. For a classic PBJ, you'll want to go with grape or strawberry jelly. Other flavors can also be delicious, and jam spreads much easier than jelly. Your final decision is to choose either smooth or chunky peanut butter. This is strictly a matter of personal taste. Both are delicious! Now that you've made those difficult decisions and really worked up an appetite, gather the tools you'll need to complete your task: a butter knife, a plate, a glass of milk, and the selected ingredients. First, you should pick up one of your two slices of bread, leaving the other on the plate. Next, take whichever peanut butter you have selected and use your knife to slather about 1 tablespoon on one side of the piece of bread (butter or margarine is optional but, if used, should be applied before the peanut butter). Clean the knife. Next, on the other slice of bread, use the clean knife to smear a generous amount (about 1 tablespoon) of your favorite jam or jelly. I use grape jam because I love the flavor and it's easy to spread. Jelly is a bit more challenging because it tends to clump up and can sometimes cause the bread to tear. Next, you should put the two slices together with the peanut butter and jam (or jelly) facing each other. Lay the sandwich on a plate. Next, you need to cut the sandwich diagonally into two triangles. Finally, go to the refrigerator, pour yourself a glass of milk, and eat! For a delicious variation, toast the bread before applying the peanut butter and jelly. Yummy! What should this author do to improve this set of instructions? Remove repetitious and unnecessary words. Review the task analysis for missing steps. Eliminate the numbering and put it into a paragraph. Nothing should be done to this set of instructions.
Remove repetitious and unnecessary words.
What is a task analysis? Why should you develop one before writing a procedural text?
Task analysis refers to the process of identifying the steps in a process and breaking large steps into smaller ones. After that you need to put the tasks and subtasks in the order they need to be completed. Finally, try it out for yourself to confirm it is achievable.
Source: "Official General Election Ballot." Official General Election Ballot Bay County. Bay County, Florida, 5 Nov. 2002. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. What design flaw on this ballot could potentially cause confusion for voters? The ballot appears fine as it is, without any potential for confusion. The alignment of the Yes/No arrows is confusing in some portions. It is not clear who is running for congressional or state offices. It is not clear where and how the ballot should be marked.
The alignment of the Yes/No arrows is confusing in some portions.
Image courtesy of the US Census Bureau This excerpt is from the Application for Search of Census Records. What has the designer of this document done to help individuals fill out the form correctly? The designer used visuals to assist the reader in completing the document. The designer used color to help the user understand what to do. The designer used typographical features to call attention to areas to leave blank. The designer required that it only be completed by an expert in the Census Bureau.
The designer used typographical features to call attention to areas to leave blank.
Read the sample instructions below and answer the question that follows. "How to Prevent Onions from Making You Cry" 1. Chill the onions in the refrigerator for 30 minutes before peeling or chopping them. Sulfuric vapors move slower in the cold: think about how garbage smells worse during hot weather. 2. Leave the onion root intact until the last possible minute to prevent irritants from escaping into the air. The root contains the largest concentration of sulfuric compounds in an onion. 3. Chop or cut the onion with a sharp knife. Fast, clean slicing puts less pressure on the onion tissue and minimizes the release of sulfuric compounds. A sharp knife also allows you to expedite your slicing and reduces your exposure to the onion fumes. 4. Open a window or light a scented candle close to your chopping station. The hot flame of a candle attracts tear-causing vapor and reduces the amount of vapor circulating in the air. Imagine that these instructions are intended to be included as a sidebar to a recipe using onions. What can be done to make these instructions more concise?
The instructions would be more concise if the descriptive details were removed. While they are interesting they don't make the sidebar easy to understand, especially in a cookbook.
Explain the difference between a misplaced modifier and a squinting modifier.
The squinting modifier affects two elements when the misplaced modifier only affects one.
How might an instruction manual designed for troubleshooting differ from an instruction booklet designed for improving performance in a skill? The troubleshooting manual will have more pictures than the booklet; the booklet will be text heavy. The troubleshooting manual will be shorter and more concise; the booklet will be more descriptive and complex. The troubleshooting manual will have more steps described in extensive detail; the booklet will use more pictures. The troubleshooting manual will use more bolding of words; the instruction manual will read like a nonfiction text.
The troubleshooting manual will be shorter and more concise; the booklet will be more descriptive and complex.
Source: "Recent Kilauea Status Reports, Updates, and Information Releases." Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. US Geological Survey, 1 Aug. 2011. Web. 1 Aug. 2011. How does the design of this document assist the reader in finding desired information? The use of headings in boldface type leads the reader to specific information. Graphic details like shaded areas and boxes provide assistance. The use of numbers and bullets helps the reader find information quickly. The design is not effective in leading readers to information efficiently.
The use of headings in boldface type leads the reader to specific information.
Image courtesy of the US Census Bureau This section is taken from the lower portion of the instructions page. Discuss the design and typographical features that are intended to help the reader locate important information in this document.
There is a box around the information referring to a deceased person in section (d). This information is very important to read, especially if the request involves a deceased individual. The design also has a boldface type in the headings of each numbered section. This assists the reader in separating different kinds of information and locating the most relevant section. The contact information is centered at the bottom of the page and is all in capital letters so it is easy to find.
Why should a consumer be careful in reading legal and government documents before signing them? It's required by law. They are binding legal agreements. It's good reading practice. You don't need to bother.
They are binding legal agreements.
How can typographical features help you find important information in a document?
Typographical features can help you find important information in a document because they can point out the information that you might need. Sometimes shading or boxes will be around information to indicate a new topic.
What adjustments should be made to a text originally created for high school students, but now intended for 4th graders? No changes will be needed. Use simpler language and sentence structures. Eliminate visuals and graphics. Add more vivid descriptions.
Use simpler language and sentence structures.
Read the excerpt below from the US passport application and answer the question that follows. The new passport book does not require special handling or treatment, but like previous versions should be protected from extreme bending and from immersion in water. The electronic chip must be read using specially formatted readers, which protects the data on the chip from unauthorized reading. Source: United States. Dept. of State. U.S. Passport Renewal Application for Eligible Individuals. Washington, DC: Bureau of Consular Affairs, 2010. Print. How can you use context clues to determine the meaning of "immersion" in this passage?
You can use context clues to determine what "immersion" means in the passage by looking at the words around it. The sentence says "immersion in water", and earlier it mentions a passport, so we can assume that the concern is that the passport would get wet. It also says that there is an electronic chip and electronics can be ruined by water so that is probably why they don't want it to get wet.
Source: "Before You Begin: Local History and Genealogy Reading Room." Local History and Genealogy Reading Room. Library of Congress, 8 Mar. 2011. Web. 1 Aug. 2011. What is required in order to be allowed access to reading rooms in the Library of Congress? evidence of US citizenship a purchased library card for either permanent or temporary use a current, valid picture identification membership to the US Congress
a current, valid picture identification
Read the set of instructions below and answer the question that follows. "How to Make a Paper Airplane" Supplies: ruler, crayons, notebook, or printer paper, colored pencils or colored pens Instructions: 1. Find a rectangular piece of paper. A sheet of computer printing paper or notebook paper is a good size and weight. 2. Lay the paper on a table with one of the long edges closest to you. 3. Fold the paper in half lengthwise. When the two edges match up, use your thumbs to make a sharp crease along the fold. 4. Take the upper left corner of the top layer of paper and fold it diagonally down toward the first crease you made. When the edges match up, use your thumbs to make a sharp crease along the new fold, which should create a small triangular flap. 5. Turn the paper over. 6. Take the upper right corner of the top layer of paper and fold it diagonally toward you, until the edge lines up with the first crease you made. When the edges match, make a sharp crease along the new fold. (This is a mirror of what you did in step 4.) 7. Take the newly formed diagonal edge on the right side of the paper, and fold it straight down toward the first crease you made. When the edges match, make another sharp crease. 8. Turn the paper over and again fold the diagonal edge toward the first crease you made; make another sharp crease. The paper should now look like a triangle with a 90-degree angle. 9. Form the wings by flipping the airplane over and repeating steps 7 and 8. 10. Hold the paper in one hand along the first crease you made. Let the wings of the plane flare out. 11. At a point 4 or 5 inches from the nose of the plane, make a half-inch rip in the bottom part of the plane; make another rip half an inch behind it. Fold up this tab. 12. Hold the airplane near the tab and toss the plane with an overhand, horizontal forward motion. What could be done to make these instructions clearer and easier to follow? adding images illustrating the various folds being more detailed in the descriptions reordering the instructions so that step 5 comes before step 4 making use of underlining and bolding important parts of the text
adding images illustrating the various folds
Source: "Plain Language: Before-and-After Comparisons." PlainLanguage.gov. Plain Language Action and Information Network, n.d. Web. 1 Aug. 2011. Which principle of PLAIN should be applied to this document to make it easier to read? use of passive voice use of commands attractive and effective design features precise medical vocabulary
attractive and effective design features
Which organizational type is most appropriate for a procedural text? order of importance from most to least order of importance from least to most chronological order spatial order
chronological order
Many car enthusiasts travel the world in search of the classic car, I love old cars but can't afford to support such a hobby. Which error does the sentence above make? comma splice fused sentence sentence fragment independent clause
comma splice
Two independent clauses joined together with a comma is called a __________. fused sentence sentence fragment squinting modifier comma splice
comma splice
A word or phrase that modifies a word not included in the sentence is a(n) __________. misplaced modifier dangling modifier squinting modifier adjective
dangling modifier
Image courtesy of the US Census Bureau How would you describe the structure of this document? fill-in-the-blank form sequenced instructions essay style magazine layout
fill-in-the-blank form
Read the text below and answer the question that follows. The 1957 Chevy Nomad is one of the finest vehicles ever made my mother drives one that is in perfect condition. Which sentence error does the text above make? comma splice fused sentence sentence fragment independent clause
fused sentence
Image courtesty of the US Census Bureau This excerpt is from the Application for Search of Census Records. Where can a person who wants to perform more than one search find out how much it will cost? in section 3 in sections 4 and 5 in the box at the top of the page in the introductory section of the application
in sections 4 and 5
Read the text below and answer the question that follows. If I save enough money. Which element is necessary to complete the sentence above? subject predicate prepositional phrase independent clause
independent clause
Procedural texts include which kinds of texts? nonfiction stories instruction manuals fiction about machinery descriptions of places
instruction manuals
A squinting modifier __________. is placed too far away from the element it attempts to modify always modifies a noun requires both a subject and a predicate is placed between two elements and could modify either
is placed between two elements and could modify either
A misplaced modifier __________. is placed between two elements and could modify either always modifies a noun is placed too far away from the element it attempts to modify requires both a subject and a predicate
is placed too far away from the element it attempts to modify
Read the instructions below and answer the question that follows. "How to Prevent Onions from Making You Cry" You should chill onions in the refrigerator for 30 minutes before peeling or chopping them. Sulfuric vapors move slower in the cold—think about how garbage smells worse during hot weather. Think about leaving the onion root intact until the last possible moment to prevent irritants from escaping into the air. The root contains the largest concentration of sulfuric compounds in an onion. Now you can chop or cut the onion with a sharp knife. Fast, clean slicing puts less pressure on the onion tissue and minimizes the release of sulfuric compounds. A sharp knife also allows you to expedite your slicing and reduce your exposure to the onion fumes. If light a scented candle close to your chopping station, the hot flame will attract tear-causing vapor and will reduce the amount of vapor circulating in the air. Which revision should be made to these instructions to make them more effective? changing nothing adding a supply list before the instructions adding bolded and italicized words for clarity making each statement a command by beginning each sentence with an action verb
making each statement a command by beginning each sentence with an action verb
Read the sentence below and answer the question that follows. According to my mother, teenagers should not be driving cars into high school parking lots that are considered classics. Which error does the sentence above make? dangling modifier fused sentence misplaced modifier squinting modifier
misplaced modifier
Read the sentence below and answer the question that follows. We rented a convertible Mustang on our summer vacation with an incredible sound system. Which error does the sentence above make? dangling modifier squinting modifier fused sentence misplaced modifier
misplaced modifier
Read the excerpt below and answer the question that follows. The record must be copied exactly as it appears on the census form. The U.S. Census Bureau CANNOT make changes even though it realizes that enumerators may have been misinformed or made mistakes in writing down the data they collected. Source: United States. Dept. of Commerce. Application for Search of Census Records. Jeffersonville: US Census Bureau, n.d. Print. This excerpt is from the application for census information. Using your knowledge of context clues, which phrase defines the word "enumerators" as it is used in this sentence? a census list people who gather census information information gathered by the Census Bureau the part of a fraction above the line
people who gather census information
Read the text below and answer the question that follows. Although I don't have my driver's license. Which error does the sentence above make? sentence fragment fused sentence comma splice independent clause
sentence fragment
Read the sentence below and answer the question that follows. Driving old cars often can be expensive. Which error does the sentence above make? misplaced modifier dangling modifier squinting modifier fragment
squinting modifier
Read the text below and answer the question that follows. Drives like no other car. Which element is necessary to complete the sentence above? predicate subordinate clause independent clause subject
subject
Read the text below and answer the question that follows. If it weren't for my determination to finish the job, would be driving to school in a rusty old pick-up truck. Which element is missing from the sentence fragment? subordinate clause predicate modifier subject
subject
In addition to making sure your writing is clear, which consideration is also important in creating a procedural text? the purpose of the text the cost of the item the inclusion of supplements the inclusion of a complex diagram
the purpose of the text
Read the excerpt below and answer the question that follows. Compensation earned by nonresidents while physically performing work or services in Arizona for temporary periods is subject to Arizona income tax. Source: Arizona. Dept. of Revenue. Arizona Form A-4: Employee's Arizona Withholding Percentage Election. Phoenix: State of Arizona, 2010. Print. This excerpt is from the Arizona Form A-4: Employee's Arizona Withholding Percentage Election. What kind of context clue can you use to understand the word "compensation"? the antonym "working" the synonym "working" the explanation, "subject to Arizona income tax" the sense of the passage, "earned . . . while physically performing work"
the sense of the passage, "earned . . . while physically performing work"
What does the term "typographical features" mean? the use of boldface type, italics, underlining, and alignment the use of multiple colors, fonts, and other visual elements the addition of white space around important sections the use of graphics, such as boxes around selected information
the use of boldface type, italics, underlining, and alignment
What is the purpose of a task analysis? to find out how difficult a task is to break the task down into smaller steps to create a challenging set of instructions to analyze how well someone can follow directions
to break the task down into smaller steps
Why must the audience be considered when creating a procedural text? to help determine word choice to assist in choosing a font to determine what will be underlined to provide balance and contrast
to help determine word choice
Image courtesy of the US Internal Revenue Service This excerpt is from 2010 1040EZ Instructions (1040EZ is used for filing taxes in the US). What is the purpose of this section? to balance the layout of the document to draw the reader in and add interest to add visual interest to the document to help the reader fill out the form
to help the reader fill out the form
What is the major goal of PLAIN? to raise awareness of political jargon and doubletalk to eliminate legal language in government documents to provide an alternative to government documents to make government documents easy for the public to understand
to make government documents easy for the public to understand
Which of the following is a design element that should be considered when creating a procedural text? task analysis usability test use of color sequencing
use color
