EMT AAOS Section 7: Trauma Test

The face is composed of:

-Eyes, ears, nose, mouth, cheeks, & jowls -Six bones (nasal, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomas, & the mandible)

What is the function of the skin?

-It protects the body, keeping pathogens out & water in -Assisting in body temperature regulation -The nerves report sensations to the brain -Largest Organ

8. A fractured femur can result in the loss of ______ or more of blood into the soft tissues of the thigh. A. 250 mL B. 500 mL C. 1 L D. 2 L

1 L

25. An infant with a total blood volume of 800 mL would start showing signs of shock when as little as ______ of blood is lost. A. 50 mL B. 100 mL C. 150 mL D. 200 mL

100 mL

26. Significant vital sign changes will occur if the typical adult acutely loses more than ______ of his or her total blood volume. A. 5% B. 10% C. 15% D. 20%

20%

Spinal column has how many vertebrae?

33 bones make the vertebrae

The ideal procedure for moving a Patient from the ground to the backboard is the?

4 Person log roll

3. What is the approximate blood volume of a 75-kg adult? A. 5.25 L B. 5.50 L C. 6.25 L D. 6.50 L

5.25 L

The five sections of the spinal column, in descending order, are the:

7-cervical, 12-thoracic, 5-lumbar, 5-sacral, and 4-coccygeal.

Following blunt trauma to the face, a 21-year-old male complains of a severe headache and decreased ability to move his eyes. This patient's clinical presentation is MOST consistent with:

A blowout fracture

A subluxation occurs when:

A joint is incompletely dislocated

7. Which of the following statements regarding the clotting of blood is correct? A. Venous and capillary blood typically does not clot spontaneously. B. Bleeding begins to clot when the end of a damaged vessel dilates. C. Direct contact with the environment prevents blood from clotting. D. A person taking aspirin will experience slower blood clotting.

A person taking aspirin will experience slower blood clotting.

Compression injuries to the abdomen that occur during a motor vehicle crash are typically the result of:

A poorly placed lap belt

The EMT must assume that any unwitnessed water-related incident is accompanied by:

A possible spinal injury

Compared to adults, infants and children are at higher risk for hypothermia for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT:

A relatively small surface area

A flail chest occurs when:

A segment of the chest wall is detached from the thoracic cage

When transporting a patient with a facial injury, it is MOST important to be as descriptive as possible with the hospital regarding the patient's injuries because:

A specialist may need to be called.

Signs of late heatstroke include:

A weak, rapid pulse

Which of the following organs or structures does NOT reside within the mediastinum? A. lungs B. trachea C. vena cavae D. esophagus

A. Lungs

Five types of open injuries:

A.....Abrasions L.....Lacerations E.....Eviscerations A.....Avulsions P.....Penetrating wounds

The MOST prominent symptom of decompression sickness is:

Abdominal or joint pain

Pneumothorax is defined as:

Accumulation of air in the pleural space

An open pneumothorax occurs when:

Air enters the pleural space from outside the body

The MOST significant complication associated with facial injuries is:

Airway compromise

You are dispatched to a convenience store, where the clerk sustained a laceration to the side of his neck during a robbery attempt. During your assessment, you note bright red blood spurting from the laceration. You should:

Apply direct pressure above and below the wound

Crushing Syndrome

Area of the body trapped for longer than 4+ hours; Arterial blood flow is compromised. Can lead to renal failure and death.

When documenting a call involving a female patient who was sexually assaulted, the EMT should:

Avoid speculation and document only factual data

Compartment Syndrome

Blood Vessels compressed cutting off blood flow to the tissues.

Patients with generalized hypothermia are at an increased risk of a local cold injury because:

Blood is shunted away from the extremities to the body's core

Hematoma

Blood that has collected within damaged tissue in body cavity. Large Blood Vessel damaged/bleeds rapidly. From fracture.

A football player was struck by another player in the right flank area just below the posterior rib cage. He complains of severe pain and point tenderness to the area. Your assessment reveals that there is a small amount of blood in his underwear. You should be most suspicious for:

Blunt injury to the kidney

The musculoskeletal system refers to the:

Bones and voluntary muscles of the body

The diving reflex may allow a person to survive extended periods of submersion in cold water secondary to:

Bradycardia and the slowing of a metabolic rate

A fracture is MOST accurately defined as a:

Break in the continuity of the bone

Patients with rib fractures will commonly:

Breathe rapidly and shallowly

Ecchymosis

Buildup of blood produced blue or black discoloration.

The phrenic nerves control the diaphragm and exit the spinal cord at:

C3, C4, and C5.

What are the 3 parts of the brain:

Cerebrum-Voluntary Motor Functions & conscious thought Cerebellum-Coordinates balance and body movements Brain Stem-Controls all the functions necessary for life, cardiac and respiratory and nerve function transmissions.

Geriatric patients are at a higher risk for heatstroke because:

Circulation to the skin is reduced

The MOST commonly fractured bone in the body is the:

Clavicle

Three types of soft-tissue injuries:

Closed injuries Open injuries Burns

Signs and symptoms of a tension pneumothorax include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Collapsed jugular veins

When assessing a patient with a possible fracture of the leg, the EMT should:

Compare it to the uninjured leg

Which of the following statements regarding compartment syndrome is correct?

Compartment Syndrome typically develops within 6 to 12 hours after an injury

The inner surface of the eyelids and the exposed surface of the eye itself are covered by a delicate membrane called the:

Conjunctiva

A 54-year-old male accidentally shot himself in the leg while cleaning his gun. Your assessment reveals a small entrance wound to the medial aspect of his right leg. The exit wound is on the opposite side of the leg and is actively bleeding. The patient complains of numbness and tingling in his right foot. You should:

Control the bleeding and cover the wound with a sterile dressing

The transfer of heat to circulating air, such as when cool air moves across the body's surface, is called:

Convection

Hemoptysis is defined as:

Coughing up blood

A distraction injury to the cervical spine would most likely occur following A. a driving accident B. Blunt neck trauma C. hyperextension of the neck D. hanging-type mechanisms

D. hanging-type mechanisms

Drowning is MOST accurately defined as:

Death from suffocation after submersion in water

A common hazard associated with improper application of splints is:

Delay in transport of a patient with a life-threatening injury

The MOST significant hazard associated with splinting is:

Delaying transport of a critically injured patient

Burn severity depends on:

Depth of burn Extent of burn Critical areas involved ...face, upper airway, hands, feet, genitalia. Preexisting medical conditions Patients younger than 5 or older than 55

Difficulty breathing and a sunken appearance of the anterior abdominal wall is MOST indicative of a ruptured:

Diaphragm

Which of the following musculoskeletal injuries would MOST likely result in deformity?

Displaced fracture

A supracondylar or intercondylar fracture is also known as a fracture of the:

Distal humerus

Meninges have three layers; what are they?

Dura Mater - tough; fibrous outer layer Arachnoid & Pia Mater - Inner layer; thin contain blood vessels that nourish the brain

Which of the following areas of the body has the thinnest skin? a) scalp b) ears c) soles of the feet d) back

Ears

Following a stab wound to the left anterior chest, a 25-year-old male presents with a decreased level of consciousness and signs of shock. Which of the following additional assessment findings should increase your index of suspicion for a cardiac tamponade?

Engorged jugular veins

Which of the following statements regarding electrical burns is correct?

Entrance wounds are small relative to the amount of internal tissue damage.

An __________ fracture occurs in the growth section of a child's bone and may lead to bone growth abnormalities.

Epiphyseal

Assessing a person's neurovascular status following a musculoskeletal injury includes all of the following, EXCEPT:

Evaluating proximal pulses

Geriatric patients, newborns, and infants are especially prone to hyperthermia because they:

Exhibit poor thermal regulation

Which of the following statements regarding penetrating injuries is correct?

External bleeding may be minimal but internal injuries can be extensive.

Traction splints are used primarily to immobilize and secure fractures of the:

Femur

The eyeball itself is referred to as the:

Globe

Crushing Injuries

Great amount of force applied to the body. Cuts off circulation

Contraction or tensing of the abdominal muscles in an effort to ease pain is called:

Guarding

Common signs and symptoms of a chest injury include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Hematemesis

Common signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Hot, dry skin

In which of the following situations should the EMT splint an injured limb in the position of deformity?

If resistance is encountered or the patient experiences severe pain

What is a short board or vest used for?

Immobilize the head, neck, torso and spine when a PT is found in a sitting position; from a vehicle; clinically stable

When splinting an injury of the wrist, the hand should be placed:

In a functional position

Shivering is a mechanism in which the body generates heat by:

Increasing metabolic rate

Vertebrae are connected by ligaments and separated by cushions called:

Intervertebral Disks

During your assessment of a patient who experienced blunt trauma to the abdomen, you notice bruising around the umbilicus. This is a sign of:

Intra-abdominal bleeding

what does a crackly feeling to the skin above the chest indicate?

It's called crepitus or subcutaneous emphysema -it indicates air escaping from a lacerated lung

Following blunt abdominal trauma, a 30-year-old male complains of referred pain to the left shoulder. This finding is called the:

Kehr sign

You arrive at the scene of a major motor vehicle crash. The patient, a 50-year-old female, was removed from her vehicle prior to your arrival. Bystanders who removed her state that she was not wearing a seatbelt. The patient is unconscious, tachycardic, and diaphoretic. Your assessment reveals bilaterally clear and equal breath sounds, a midline trachea, and collapsed jugular veins. You should be MOST suspicious that this patient has experienced a:

Laceration of the aorta

Bones are connected to other bones by bands of tough fibrous tissues called:

Ligaments

What are the 4 types of skull fractures?

Linear- No physical sign of deformity Compressed-High Energy direct trauma-Blunt object; baseball bat. Frontal/Partial areas of skull are very thin Basilar-High Energy direct trauma - falls, MVA; csf drainage from the ears possible Open-severe forces w/multiple body systems; Brain tissue may be exposed

All of the following are hollow abdominal organs, EXCEPT for the:

Liver

Bruising to the upper right quadrant of the abdomen following blunt trauma is MOST suggestive of injury to the:

Liver

Which of the following organs or structures does NOT reside within the mediastinum?

Lungs

Which of the following statements regarding shoulder dislocations is MOST correct?

Most shoulder dislocations occur anteriorly

A frostbitten foot can be identified by the presence of:

Mottling and blisters

Of the following musculoskeletal injuries, which is considered to be the LEAST severe?

Nondisplaced pelvic fracture

Easy way to measure 1% of patients body?

Palm is 1%

A fracture caused by minimal force that is associated with diseases such as cancer and osteoporosis is called a __________ fracture.

Pathologic

29. Which of the following statements regarding hemophilia is correct? A. Hemophilia is defined as a total lack of platelets. B. Patients with hemophilia may bleed spontaneously. C. Hemophiliacs take aspirin to enhance blood clotting. D. Approximately 25% of the population has hemophilia.

Patients with hemophilia may bleed spontaneously.

Which of the following musculoskeletal injuries would pose the greatest threat to a patient's life?

Pelvic fracture with hypotension

Which of the following fractures has the greatest potential for internal blood loss and shock?

Pelvis

When a hollow organ is punctured during a penetrating injury to the abdomen:

Peritonitis may not develop for several hours

The ________ nerves control the diaphragm.

Phrenic

Irritation or damage to the pleural surfaces that causes sharp chest pain during inhalation is called

Pleurisy

The MOST reliable indicator of an underlying fracture is:

Point tenderness

Crepitus and false motion are:

Positive indicators of a fracture

The primary purpose for splinting a musculoskeletal injury is to:

Prevent further injury

A "hip" fracture is actually a fracture of:

Proximal Femur

The PASG is absolutely contraindicated in patients who have:

Pulmonary edema

Treatment for closed soft-tissue injuries using the RICES mnemonic.

R.....Rest I.....Ice C.....Compression E.....Elevation S.....Splinting

Early bruising following abdominal trauma often manifests as:

Red areas of skin

Applying ice to and elevating an injured extremity are performed in order to:

Reduce pain and swelling

The optic nerve endings are located within the:

Retina

Which of the following statements regarding severe burns is correct?

Severe burns are typically a combination of all degrees of burn.

The presence of tachycardia following a significant abdominal injury:

Should be assumed to be a sign of shock

Which of the following joints allows no motions?

Skull Sutures

Significant trauma to the face should increase the EMT's index of suspicion for a(n):

Spinal Cord Injury

21. Following blunt trauma to the abdomen, a 21-year-old female complains of left upper quadrant abdominal pain with referred pain to the left shoulder. Your assessment reveals that her abdomen is distended and tender to palpation. On the basis of these findings, you should be MOST suspicious of injury to the: A. liver. B. spleen. C. pancreas. D. gallbladder.

Spleen

31-year-old male fell and landed on his left elbow. Your assessment reveals that the elbow is grossly deformed, his forearm is cool and pale, and the distal pulse on the side of the injury is barely palpable. His vital signs are stable and he denies any other injuries. Your transport time to the closest appropriate hospital is approximately 15 minutes. You should:

Splint the elbow in the position found and transport

During your assessment of a patient with blunt chest trauma, you note paradoxical movement of the left chest wall. As your partner is administering oxygen to the patient, you should:

Stabilize the chest wall with a bulky dressing

Burns associated with lightning strikes are typically:

Superficial

The two MOST efficient ways for the body to eliminate excess heat are:

Sweating and dilation of skin blood vessels

Deformity caused by a fracture would MOST likely be masked by:

Swelling

Skeletal muscle is attached to the bone by tough, ropelike fibrous structures called:

Tendons

Which of the following statements regarding abdominal trauma is correct?

The absence of abdominal pain does not rule out intra-abdominal bleeding

Which of the following statements regarding the rule of nines is correct?

The anterior trunk of an adult is equal to 18% of the BSA.

Which of the following MOST accurately describes Hyperthermia?

The body is exposed to more heat than it can lose

Heatstroke occurs when:

The body's heat-eliminating mechanisms are overwhelmed

Which of the following statements regarding the dermis is correct? a) The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat glands, and nerve endings. b) The dermis lies above the germinal layer and provides protection. c) The dermis produces a substance that provides color to the skin. d) The cells of the dermis are worn away and are constantly replaced.

The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat glands, and nerve endings.

An air embolism associated with diving occurs when:

The diver holds his or her breath during a rapid ascent

You are assessing a 30-year-old woman with multiple large bruises to her chest and abdomen that she experienced during an assault. She is conscious but restless, and her skin is cool and pale. You should be MOST concerned with:

The fact that her clinical signs could indicate that she is bleeding internally.

What is the dermis?

The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels.

What is the epidermis?

The outer layer of skin that acts as a watertight protective covering.

An open fracture is MOST accurately defined as a fracture in which:

The overlying skin is no longer intact

The mastoid process is located approximately where?

The prominent bony mass at the base of the skull about 1" posterior to the external opening of the ear.

Which of the following statements regarding abdominal eviscerations is correct?

The protruding organs should be kept warm and moist

Types of Burns:

Thermal heat Frictional heat Chemicals Electricity Nuclear radiation

Which areas have thick/thin skin?

Thick - Scalp, Back, and Soles of the feet Thin - Eyelids

Most of the serious injuries associated with scuba diving are caused by:

Too rapid of an ASCENT

Immediate death from blunt chest trauma following a motor vehicle crash is MOST often the result of:

Traumatic aortic rupture

The body's natural protective mechanisms against heat loss are:

Vasoconstriction and shivering

Rough handling of a hypothermic patient with a pulse may cause:

Ventricular Fibrilation

A 19-year-old male is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless after being struck in the center of the chest with a softball. Based on the mechanism of injury, what MOST likely occurred?

Ventricular fibrillation when the impact occurred during a critical portion of the cardiac cycle

S/S of Skull fractures-

Visible bone fragments, bits of brain tissue, altered mental status, depressions or deformity, battle's signs, Unequal or nonreactive pupils, Raccoon eyes, bleeding from ear or nose, increased blood pressure, decreased pulse rate, temperature increase, impaired hearing, ringing ears, posturing(decorticate, decerebrate), Paralysis, seizures.

In order for electricity to flow through the body and cause damage:

a complete circuit must exist between the electrical source and the ground.

A patient who is complaining of seeing flashing lights, specks, or "floaters" in his or her field of vision has MOST likely experienced:

a detached retina.

If direct pressure with a sterile dressing fails to immediately stop severe bleeding from an extremity, you should apply: A. additional sterile dressings. B. a splint and elevate the extremity. C. a tourniquet proximal to the injury. D. digital pressure to a proximal artery.

a tourniquet proximal to the injury.

In addition to severe bleeding, the MOST life-threatening complication associated with an open neck injury is: a. An air embolism b. A spinal fracture c. An ischemic stroke d. Nerve fiber damage

a. An air embolism

Facial injuries should be identified and treated as soon as possible because: a. Of the risk for airway problems b. Bleeding must be controlled early c. The spine may be injured as well d. Swelling may mask hidden injuries

a. Of the risk for airway problems

Blood stasis, changes in the vessel wall, and certain medications affect the: a) systolic blood pressure exclusively. b) white blood cell's ability to fight infection. c) ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen. d) ability of the blood to effectively clot.

ability of the blood to effectively clot.

During your assessment of a 22-year-old male who was assaulted, you note widespread contusions and abrasions to his face, chest, and abdomen. His pulse is rapid and weak, and his skin is cool and clammy. You should:

administer oxygen and prepare for rapid transport.

13. Which of the following splinting devices would be MOST appropriate to use for a patient who has an open fracture of the forearm with external bleeding? A. air splint B. vacuum splint C. sling and swathe D. cardboard splint

air splint

In addition to severe bleeding, the MOST life-threatening complication associated with an open neck injury is:

an air embolism.

Which of the following is a severe burn in a 2-year-old child?

any full-thickness burn, regardless of its location on the body

A 17-year-old male was shot in the right anterior chest during an altercation with a gang member. As your partner is applying 100% oxygen, you perform a rapid secondary assessment and find an open chest wound with a small amount of blood bubbling from it. You should:

apply an occlusive dressing to the wound and continue your assessment

A 52-year-old unrestrained female struck the steering wheel with her face when her truck collided with another vehicle. She has obvious swelling to her face and several dislodged teeth. A visual exam of her mouth reveals minimal bleeding. She is conscious and alert with a blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg, a pulse of 110 beats/min, and respiration's of 22 breaths/min with adequate tidal volume. You should:

apply supplemental oxygen, immobilize her spine, attempt to locate the dislodged teeth, suction as needed, and transport.

A 52-year-old unrestrained female struck the steering wheel with her face when her truck collided with another vehicle. She has obvious swelling to her face and several dislodged teeth. A visual exam of her mouth reveals minimal bleeding. She is conscious and alert with a blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg, a pulse of 110 beats/min, and respirations of 22 breaths/min with adequate tidal volume. You should:

apply supplemental oxygen, immobilize her spine, attempt to locate the dislodged teeth, suction as needed, and transport.

20. Most cases of external bleeding from an extremity can be controlled by: A. elevating the injured extremity. B. packing the wound with gauze. C. compressing a pressure point. D. applying local direct pressure.

applying local direct pressure

The smaller vessels that carry blood away from the heart and connect the arteries to the capillaries are called the: a) venules. b) arterioles. c) vena cavae. d) capillary arteries.

arterioles.

18. A young male was shot in the abdomen by an unknown type of gun. He is semiconscious, has shallow breathing, and is bleeding externally from the wound. As you control the external bleeding, your partner should: A. obtain baseline vital signs. B. apply a nonrebreathing mask. C. perform a secondary assessment. D. assist the patient's ventilations.

assist the patient's ventilations.

A young female experienced a laceration to her left eyeball from flying glass when her boyfriend broke a soda bottle against a wall. There is moderate bleeding and the patient states that she cannot see out of the injured eye. You should:

avoid applying pressure to the globe when you are covering the eye.

An injury that separates various layers of soft tissue, resulting in complete detachment or a flap of skin, is called a(n):

avulsion.

An injury that separates various layers of soft tissue, resulting in complete detachment or a flap of skin, is called a(n): a. Incision b. Avulsion c. Laceration d. Amputation

b. Avulsion

A closed soft-tissue injury characterized by swelling and ecchymosis is called a(n): a. Abrasion b. Contusion c. Hematoma d. Crush injury

b. Contusion

The term "hyphema" is defined as:

blood in the anterior chamber of the eye.

4. An organ or tissue may be better able to resist damage from hypoperfusion if the: A. body's demand for oxygen is markedly increased. B. body's temperature is considerably less than 98.6°F (37.0°C). C. systolic arterial blood pressure is at least 60 mm Hg. D. heart rate is maintained at more than 100 beats/min.

body's temperature is considerably less than 98.6°F (37.0°C).

What are the parts of the central nervous system?

brain- Controls the body; center of consciousness the spinal cord-Carries messages between the brain and the body

Bleeding from soft-tissue injuries to the face is MOST effectively controlled with: a. Pressure dressings and chemical ice packs b. Digital pressure to an adjacent pulse point c. Direct pressure using dry, sterile dressings d. Ice packs and elevation of the patient's head

c. Direct pressure using dry, sterile dressings

A 50-year-old male was splashed in the eyes with radiator fluid when he was working on his car. During your assessment, he tells you that he wears soft contact lenses. You should:

carefully remove the contact lenses and then irrigate his eyes with saline.

9. Perfusion is MOST accurately defined as the: A. effective transfer of oxygen from the venules across the systemic capillary membrane walls. B. ability of the systemic arteries to constrict as needed to maintain an adequate blood pressure. C. effective removal of carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste products from the body's cells. D. circulation of blood within an organ in adequate amounts to meet the body's metabolic needs.

circulation of blood within an organ in adequate amounts to meet the body's metabolic needs.

A 30-year-old male experienced a crushing injury when his arm was trapped between the back of a truck and a loading dock. Upon your arrival, the man's arm has been freed. Your assessment reveals that his arm is obviously deformed and swollen and is cold and pale. Further assessment reveals an absent radial pulse. You should be MOST concerned that this patient has: a.) internal hemorrhage b.) compartment syndrome c.) a severe closed fracture d.) damage to the radial nerve

compartment syndrome

22. A 39-year-old male accidentally cut his wrist while sharpening his hunting knife. He is conscious and alert with adequate breathing, but is bleeding significantly from the wound. You should: A. ensure the patient has a patent airway. B. control the bleeding with direct pressure. C. apply oxygen with a nonrebreathing mask. D. apply a tourniquet proximal to the wound.

control the bleeding with direct pressure

Common signs of a skull fracture include all of the following, EXCEPT: a) mastoid process bruising b) ecchymosis around the eyes c) noted deformity to the skull d) superficial scalp lacerations

d) superficial scalp lacerations

A patient who is complaining of seeing flashing lights, specks, or "floaters" in his/her field of vision has MOST likely experienced: a. Conjunctivitis b. Acute hyphema c. A blowout fracture d. A detached retina

d. A detached retina

The inner surface of the eyelids and the exposed surface of the eye itself are covered by a delicate membrane called the: a. Sclera b. Cornea c. Retina d. Conjunctiva

d. Conjunctiva

The hallmark sign of compartment syndrome is: a. A lack of pain despite the severity of the injury b. Extreme redness to the injury site c. A bounding pulse distal to the injury d. Pain out of proportion to the injury

d. Pain out of proportion to the injury

A partial-thickness burn involves the outer layer of skin and a portion of the: a.) epidermis b.) fatty layer c.) muscle fascia d.) dermal layer

dermal layer

In nontrauma patients, an early indicator of internal bleeding is: a) dizziness upon standing. b) a rapid, thready pulse. c) a decreasing blood pressure. d) rapid, shallow breathing.

dizziness upon standing.

What layer of the skin forms a watertight, protective seal for the body? a) epidermis b) dermis c) subcutaneous layer d) muscular layer

epidermis

10. In which of the following situations would external bleeding be the MOST difficult to control? A. femoral artery laceration and a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg B. jugular vein laceration and a systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg C. carotid artery laceration and a systolic blood pressure of 60 mm Hg D. antecubital vein laceration and a blood pressure of 138/92 mm Hg

femoral artery laceration and a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg

23. As red blood cells begin to clump together to form a clot, __________ reinforces the clumped red blood cells. A. fibrin B. plasma C. fibrinogen D. plasminogen

fibrinogen

17. A 39-year-old male sustained a large laceration to his leg during an accident with a chainsaw and is experiencing signs and symptoms of shock. You should: A. apply direct pressure to the wound. B. place the patient on 100% oxygen. C. follow appropriate standard precautions. D. perform a rapid head-to-toe assessment.

follow appropriate standard precautions.

A 67-year-old male presents with weakness, dizziness, and melena that began approximately 2 days ago. He denies a history of trauma. His blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg and his pulse is 120 beats/min and thready. You should be MOST suspicious that this patient is experiencing: a) acute appendicitis. b) intrathoracic hemorrhaging. c) an aortic aneurysm. d) gastrointestinal bleeding.

gastrointestinal bleeding.

15. Gastrointestinal bleeding should be suspected if a patient presents with: A. dyspnea. B. hematuria. C. hemoptysis. D. hematemesis.

hematemesis.

16. When using a stick and square knot as a tourniquet to control severe bleeding from an amputated arm, the EMT should: A. cover the tourniquet with a sterile dressing. B. stop twisting the stick when the bleeding stops. C. twist the stick until the radial pulse disappears. D. remove the tourniquet if the bleeding has stopped.

hematemesis.

The ability of a person's cardiovascular system to compensate for blood loss is MOST related to: a) how fast his or her heart beats. b) how rapidly he or she bleeds. c) his or her baseline blood pressure. d) the part of the body injured.

how rapidly he or she bleeds.

Regardless of the type of burn injury, it is important for you to:

i. Stop the burning process. ii. Apply dressing to prevent contamination. iii. Treat the patient for shock.

2 problems that pt's can have from an electrical burn:

i. There may be a large amount of deep tissue injury. ii. The patient may go into cardiac or respiratory arrest from the electric shock.

27. Bleeding from the nose following head trauma: A. is a sign of a skull fracture and should not be stopped. B. should be controlled by packing the nostril with gauze. C. should be assumed to be caused by a fractured septum. D. is usually due to hypertension caused by the head injury.

is a sign of a skull fracture and should not be stopped.

The cricoid cartilage:

is the only complete circular cartilage of the trachea.

24. Early signs and symptoms of intra-abdominal bleeding include: A. bruising only. B. pain and distention. C. widespread ecchymosis. D. significant hypotension.

pain and distention.

Which of the following is a severe burn in a 65-year-old patient?

partial-thickness burn to 20% of the BSA

When a person is exposed to a cold environment:

peripheral vessels constrict and divert blood away from the skin.

12. A 43-year-old man is experiencing a severe nosebleed. His blood pressure is 190/110 mm Hg and his heart rate is 90 beats/min and bounding. Appropriate treatment for this patient includes: A. having the patient pinch his own nostrils and then lie supine. B. pinching the patient's nostrils and having him lean forward. C. placing a rolled 4″ × 4″ dressing between his lower lip and gum. D. packing both nostrils with gauze pads until the bleeding stops.

pinching the patient's nostrils and having him lean forward.

2. A 22-year-old male was kicked in the abdomen multiple times during an attack by a gang. He is conscious but restless and his pulse is rapid. Your assessment reveals a large area of bruising to the right upper quadrant of his abdomen. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes: A. preparing for immediate transport. B. applying oxygen via nasal cannula. C. performing a focused physical exam. D. a detailed assessment of his abdomen.

preparing for immediate transport.

A utility worker was trimming branches and was electrocuted when he accidentally cut a high-power line. He fell approximately 20′ and is lying unconscious on the ground; the power line is lying across his chest. You should

rapidly assess the patient after ensuring that the power line is not live.

When assessing a patient with a closed soft-tissue injury, it is MOST important to:

remain alert for more severe underlying injuries.

During transport of a 40-year-old female with acute abdominal pain, you note that she has stopped talking to you and has become extremely diaphoretic. You should: a) assess the quality of her pulse. b) repeat the primary assessment. c) perform a secondary assessment. d) begin assisting her ventilations.

repeat the primary assessment.

30. The systemic veins function by: A. returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart. B. delivering oxygen-poor blood to the capillaries. C. returning oxygen-rich blood back to the left atrium. D. delivering deoxygenated blood to the capillaries.

returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

The white portion of the eye is called the:

sclera.

Hypoperfusion is another name for: a) hypoxemia. b) cyanosis. c) shock. d) cellular death.

shock.

6. Which of the following organs can tolerate inadequate perfusion for up to 2 hours? A. brain B. heart C. kidneys D. skeletal muscle

skeletal muscle

Frequent reassessments of the patient with face or neck injuries are MOST important because:

such injuries can affect the respiratory system.

A 30-year-old female was robbed and assaulted by a gang as she was leaving a nightclub. She has massive facial trauma and slow, gurgling respirations. As your partner manually stabilizes her head, you should:

suction her oropharynx for 15 seconds.

1st Degree 2nd Degree 3rd Degree

superficial only; epidermis; sunburn partial thickness burn; epidermis and portion of dermis; blisters are present; intense pain Full thickness burn - Burned skin that is dry, leathery, and often either white or charred. all skin layers and maybe subcutaneous layers, muscle, bone, internal organs

5. The severity of bleeding should be based on all of the following findings, EXCEPT: A. systolic blood pressure. B. poor general appearance. C. the mechanism of injury. D. clinical signs and symptoms.

systolic blood pressure.

Whenever skin has been burned

the body begins shifting fluids to the affected area in an effort to begin the recovery process. This leads to non-hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock. This leads to hypothermia.

19. Hypovolemic shock occurs when: A. the clotting ability of the blood is enhanced. B. the body cannot compensate for rapid blood loss. C. the patient's systolic blood pressure is less than 100 mm Hg. D. at least 10% of the patient's blood volume is lost.

the body cannot compensate for rapid blood loss.

14. Which of the following body systems or components is the LEAST critical for supplying and maintaining adequate blood flow to the body? A. an effectively pumping heart B. an intact system of blood vessels C. adequate blood in the vasculature D. the filtering of blood cells in the spleen

the filtering of blood cells in the spleen

11. You arrive at the home of a 50-year-old female with severe epistaxis. As you are treating her, it is MOST important to recall that: A. the patient may be significantly hypertensive. B. the patient is at risk for vomiting and aspiration. C. a detailed exam is needed to determine the cause. D. many medications interfere with blood clotting.

the patient is at risk for vomiting and aspiration

Functions of the skin include all of the following, EXCEPT: a) regulation of body temperature. b) the production of key antibodies. c) sending information to the brain. d) maintenance of water balance.

the production of key antibodies

28. Whether you are using a commercial device or a stick and triangular bandage as a tourniquet, it is important to remember that: A. you should try to control the bleeding by applying pressure to a proximal arterial pressure point first. B. the tourniquet should only be removed at the hospital because bleeding may return if the tourniquet is released. C. bulky dressings should be securely applied over the tourniquet to further assist in controlling the bleeding. D. the tourniquet should be applied directly over a joint if possible because this provides better bleeding control.

the tourniquet should only be removed at the hospital because bleeding may return if the tourniquet is released.

A teenage boy who was involved in a bicycle accident has a puncture wound where the bicycle kickstand impaled his leg. The MOST appropriate method for treating this injury is to

unbolt the kickstand from the bike frame and stabilize it with bulky dressings.

In older patients, the first indicator of nontraumatic internal bleeding may be: a) a low blood pressure. b) weakness or dizziness. c) a heart rate over 120 beats/min. d) diaphoresis and pale skin.

weakness or dizziness.

When caring for a patient with an open facial injury, the EMT must:

wear gloves and facial protection.