EMT CHAPTERS 27-36 TEST

&& The EMT shows that he understands the difference between a pneumothorax and a tension pneumothorax when he makes what​ statement?

"A tension pneumothorax causes cardiac output to​ decrease; a simple pneumothorax does not affect cardiac​ output."

&& You have arrived on the scene of an industrial plant where a female worker had a chemical splashed into her eye. She is complaining of severe pain in the eye and is flushing it with tap water over a sink. Which of the following questions is it most important that the EMT ask first?

"Are you wearing contact lenses?"

&& The EMT is properly assessing for sensory function in the hands when he tells or asks the​ patient:

"Can you tell me what finger I am​ touching?"

&& Which question is BEST asked in attempting to determine the degree of sensation in the hand of a patient who has suffered an elbow​ injury?

"Can you tell me what finger I am​ touching?"

Which statement made by an EMT demonstrates an understanding of chest trauma?

"Closed chest injuries are caused by blunt trauma, and can be just as serious as open chest injuries."

&& A​ 17-year-old female was thrown from a horse and is now confused. Assessment findings include an open​ airway, adequate​ breathing, and a strong radial pulse. Her vital signs are normal. Which question would be the MOST important to immediately ask the​ patient's mother, who was riding with​ her?

"Did she lose​ consciousness?"

&& During an in-service focusing on care of the trauma patient, the medical director asks if anyone can correctly describe the "platinum 10 minutes.". Which of the following indicates the best response?

"EMS should initiate transport of the critically injured trauma patient to the hospital within 10 minutes of arriving on​ scene."

&& A vacuum splint has just been applied to the arm of a patient who fell backward from a chair while hanging drapes. Which statement or question should the EMT make or ask​ next?

"I am going to feel your wrist for a pulse​ now."

&& You suspect that a patient has a fracture of the left orbit. What statement made by the patient would reinforce this suspicion?

"I am seeing two of everything."

&& A construction worker complains of pain to both eyes after an extended period spent welding on a gas well. The light is bothering him and he rates the pain as a 10/10. He states that this occurred once before and was caused by the light of his welding tool. The primary assessment reveals no deficits and his vital signs are: pulse 80, respirations 14, blood pressure 132/68, and SpO2 98%. Although very painful, his vision is not compromised. Which of the following instructions indicate proper care of this patient?

"I do not think that we will need to provide supplemental oxygen."

&& A 21-year-old male has a stab wound to the left side of his neck. Emergency Medical Responders are holding manual in-line spinal stabilization. As you approach the patient, you note blood on his shirt and pale-looking skin color. As team leader, what direction would you give first?

"I need someone to place a gloved hand over the stab wound."

&& A male patient in his thirties fell 10 feet off of a loading​ dock, landing on his head. He has deformity and depression to the back of his head and is unresponsive with snoring respirations. Vital signs are pulse​ 132, respirations are​ agonal, blood pressure​ 136/64, and SpO2​ 89%. He responds to painful stimuli with purposeful activity. What instruction would you provide other caregivers at the​ scene

"I need someone to start positive pressure ventilations at 12 breaths a minute"

&& Which one of the following statements about removing a helmet in the prehospital setting is​ true?

"It is acceptable to leave the helmet on a patient if the patient has no airway or breathing​ problems."

&& Which one of the following instructions from one EMT to another shows the correct application of a cervical spine immobilization​ collar?

"Keep his head in neutral position while I apply the cervical spine immobilization​ collar."

On scene at a college football game, a wide receiver is unresponsive after colliding with another player and forcefully taking a helmet to the chest. The athletic trainer reports that the patient is pulselesss and apneic. Given the mechanism of injury and patient's presentation, which instruction would be appropriate?

"Let's apply the AED and follow all prompts."

&& Which statement made by an EMT shows that he understands the major cause of death in the prehospital setting for a burn​ patient?

"Most burn patients who die before getting to the hospital die of airway or bleeding​ problems, not the burn​ itself."

&& While running in a parking lot, a young boy tripped and fell. He hit his face and mouth on a curb, knocking one of his top front teeth from its socket. Bleeding has been controlled and the tooth found. What instructions would you give your partner when caring for the tooth?

"Rinse the tooth first then put it in a cup of saline for transport."

&& Which of the following statements made by an EMT indicates an understanding of facial anatomy and injuries?

"The only movable bone making up the face is the mandible."

&& A​ patient, who is​ coughing, has suffered a superficial burn to the​ chest, arms, and face after pouring gasoline on a smoldering campfire. Which statement indicates that the EMT is properly caring for​ him?

"Throughout transport, I am going to listen to your lungs quite​ frequently."

&& What instructions would you provide to the Emergency Medical Responders when treating a patient who was punched in the eye and has blood visible in the anterior chamber?

"We will need to cover both eyes with patches before we transport him."

&& You are assessing an​ 86-year-old male who has fallen down a flight of stairs after getting out of bed to use the bathroom. He is complaining of severe​ head, neck, and back pain. Which one of the following questions is most appropriate to ask this​ patient?

"What caused you to​ fall?"

&& You are caring for a crying​ 30-month-old male who fell 16 feet from a​ second-story window, landing on a patch of soft dirt and leaves. He is alert and oriented and complaining of left shoulder and arm pain. What instruction would you give to the team of EMS providers caring for this​ individual?

"Whatever we​ do, let's make sure his SpO2 is greater than​ 94%."

&& A 19-year-old female was assaulted by her intoxicated boyfriend. After punching her in the chest, he slashed her face with a knife. Assessment reveals her to be stable with a large laceration from beneath her right eye to her right ear. She is very upset and crying and repeatedly asks you if this injury will leave a permanent scar on her face. Your best response would be:

"When we get to the hospital, we can discuss this with the doctor."

&& At an industrial​ complex, a young male was struck in the head by a large piece of steel thrown from a grinding machine. Assessment reveals a​ soft, painful depression underlying a tear in his​ scalp, which is covered with dried blood. There is also clear fluid coming from his right ear. He is conscious but confused and exhibits the following vital​ signs: pulse​ 84, respirations​ 16, blood pressure​ 142/76, and SpO2​ 92%. Emergency Medical Responders are on scene and are maintaining​ in-line manual stabilization of the cervical spine. What instruction would indicate the next step needed in this​ patient's care?

"Will someone administer supplemental oxygen to the​ patient?

&& A construction foreman was stabbed with a screwdriver in the right anterior chest by an angry employee. Prior to your​ arrival, he removed the screwdriver. He is alert and oriented and complaining of pain to the injury site. Your primary assessment reveals an open​ airway, adequate​ breathing, and strong radial pulse. Based on these​ findings, which of the following would be done​ first?

. Evaluate the patient SpO2 level.

&& Approximately what percentage of trauma victims are multisystem trauma​ patients?

10%

&& A confused unrestrained male struck the steering wheel with his abdomen.​ Currently, he is complaining of generalized abdominal pain and rates it a​ 6/10. Assessment indicates red marks across his lower abdomen caused by the steering wheel. His pulse is​ 140, respirations​ 18, blood pressure​ 108/88, and SpO2 at​ 94%. He looks pale with moist skin. Which of the following is most appropriate when providing oxygen to this​ patient?

15 liters per minute through nonrebreather

&& Approximately what percentage of patients who suffer a MOI sufficient to fracture or dislocate the vertebral column will have a neurological​ deficit?

15%

&& How much blood can be lost in the pelvic cavity from an​ injury?

2 L

&& Which patient has an isolated head injury that should be considered the MOST​ serious?

21-year-old male wearing a deformed motorcycle helmet who does not respond to verbal or painful stimuli

&& A burn patient has​ full-thickness burns to the fronts of both legs and the entire left arm. The front of the​ patient's right arm has superficial burns. Using the rule of​ nines, the EMT should estimate what percentage of the​ patient's body has been​ burned?

27%

&& For which of the following patients involved in a motor vehicle collision is the use of a vest−type short immobilization device​ indicated?

33−year−old female in the backseat who states that her neck hurts and she has a headache

&& For which patient would the palm method be best to estimate the body surface area affected by a​ burn?

49-year-old with a​ partial-thickness burn to the inner thigh

&& Based on the structure of the nervous​ system, which of the following is​ true?

A deep laceration to the arm can sever peripheral nerves.

&& What is the danger of penetrating trauma to the lower quadrants in a male​ patient?

A full urinary bladder will leak bacteria and waste products.

&& Which statement about different musculoskeletal injuries is​ true?

A sprain is an injury to a joint with possible damage to or tearing of ligaments.

&& When assessing a patient who sustained blunt trauma to the​ chest, what assessment finding is most indicative of an injury to the​ lung?

Ability to speak a few words and then gasp

&& Which one of the types of injuries is MOST likely to result in capillary bleeding​ only?

Abrasion

&& A patient was assaulted and sustained various and multiple injuries. Which injury does the EMT recognize as presenting the greatest risk for​ infection?

Abrasion to the right side of the face

&& A male patient who works in a steel fabricating plant has suffered a flash burn to his right arm and hand. What assessment finding would assist the EMT in determining that the burn is superficial and not partial​ thickness?

Absence of blisters

A patient was stabbed in the right anterior chest and is in obvious respiratory distress. As you perform the secondary assessment, which of the following signs and/or symptoms would concern you that she is suffering from a tension pneumothorax?

Absent breath sounds on the right, distended neck veins, tracheal deviation to the left

&& A patient was stabbed in the right anterior chest and is in obvious respiratory distress. As you perform the secondary​ assessment, which of the following signs​ and/or symptoms would concern you that she is suffering from a tension​ pneumothorax?

Absent breath sounds on the​ right, distended neck​ veins, tracheal deviation to the left

&& An elderly female patient has fallen and is complaining of right hip and right knee pain. When assessing​ her, what finding would you find most​ concerning?

Absent pedal pulse

&& A​ middle-aged male's arm became caught in a grinding machine and was then immediately removed by coworkers. As you approach the​ patient, you note him to be holding a bloody towel over a severely deformed right arm. The patient is alert and​ anxious, and he has a patent airway. His breathing is​ adequate, and his left radial pulse is fast and weak. You note his skin to be cool and diaphoretic. Of the actions​ listed, which would be done first for this​ patient? ​A) Start positive pressure ventilation.

Administer oxygen through a nonrebreather mask.

&& A patient presents with an arrow impaled in the right lower quadrant of his abdomen. He is in excruciating pain and states that he was accidentally shot by a friend while hunting. While there is no external bleeding coming from the​ injury, the surrounding skin is ecchymotic. Other assessment findings indicate early shock. Your partner manually provides stabilization to the arrow. Which action should the EMT perform​ first?

Administer supplemental oxygen.

&& A female patient who is 36 weeks pregnant tripped in a parking​ lot, hitting her head and​ wrist, as well as her abdomen. She is alert and oriented and complains of a headache and abdominal and wrist pain. She denies shortness of breath and has an SpO2 of​ 96% on room air. Assessment reveals a large abrasion and hematoma to her forehead and abdomen and deformity to her left wrist. Which one of the following interventions will best treat the injuries the baby may have​ suffered?

Administering​ high-concentration oxygen through a nonrebreather

&& A 15-year-old female was struck in the mouth with a baseball bat. She has lost her front teeth and is spitting blood. The EMT's priority concern when caring for this patient would be:

Airway compromise

&& A​ 51-year-old male was burned in the face after a steam valve was accidentally opened. His face is red and​ swollen, and he is screaming in pain. He also states that he is having a hard time seeing. What is the​ EMT's priority concern in caring for this​ patient?

Airway compromise

&& You observe a traumatically injured​ 3-year-old female immobilized to a long spine board with no padding behind the​ neck, shoulders, or back. Which one of the following is the issue of most concern with this​ oversight?

Airway compromise

&& A male patient has been shot in the chest with a​ small-caliber gun. What presentation indicates that he is in an early stage of​ shock?

Alert and​ anxious, pulse​ 96, BP​ 134/88 mmHg, pale and cool skin

The body systems represented in the neck include:

All of the above

You have applied a nonporous dressing to a stab wound on a patient's chest. The Emergency Medical Responder assisting you asks you why the dressing was taped on three sides and not all four. Your best response is that taping the dressing on three sides:

Allows trapped air to escape on exhalation.

The front chamber of the eye containing the aqueous humor is the _____________. aqueous humor the watery fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye. vitreous body the large chamber of the eye, containing the vitreous humor.

Anterior chamber

&& Which statement is true regarding care of the multisystem trauma​ patient?

Any threat to life should be managed as it is identified.

&& A​ 37-year-old woman, who is four months​ pregnant, is complaining of abdominal and pelvic pain after being assaulted in her home by a​ live-in boyfriend. During the​ assault, he struck her in the​ head, chest, and abdomen with his fists and a chair as she lay on the floor. There are no obvious threats to the​ airway, breathing, or​ circulation, and her vital signs​ are: pulse​ 124, respiration​ 22, blood pressure​ 114/68, and SpO2​ 97% on room air. Regarding your care of this​ patient, which of the following is​ needed?

Application of a nonrebreather with​ high-concentration oxygen

&& A 22-year-old male attempted to hang himself in a garage using chains suspended from the roof trusses. He was quickly found by family members and taken down to the ground. Currently he is complaining of neck pain as well as mild difficulty breathing. Assessment shows his airway to be patent, breathing adequate, and skin warm and dry. His neck is red, but free of any subcutaneous air or swelling. Which of the following will you do first when caring for this patient?

Apply a cerical collar

&& You are called for an alert and oriented female who had a cesarean section several days ago. Today she bent over and tore the surgical incision open. There is a moderate amount of bleeding coming from the site. What should the EMT do to control the​ bleeding?

Apply a large dressing over the incision.

&& You have been called for an 87−year−old male who fell in his kitchen while making breakfast. He states that he did hit his forehead but managed to catch himself on the way down and did not hit the ground hard. Your assessment reveals him to have kyphosis of the thoracic and cervical​ spine, but no neurological deficits. Which action is appropriate given these assessment​ findings?

Apply a rigid collar and prepare the patient for any discomfort that the collar may cause.

&& A construction worker has a metal rod impaled in his right forearm. Assessment of the injury indicates heavy bleeding from around the impaled object. What should you do​ first?

Apply direct pressure around the rod.

&& While cleaning a​ window, the glass broke and a sharp piece sliced the groin of a​ 43-year-old man. Assessment shows him to have a large laceration to his left​ scrotum, with a testicle exposed and protruding through the sac. Blood is pouring from the laceration and the patient rates the pain as an​ 8/10. Which of the following should be done​ first?

Apply direct pressure to the injury.

&& You have arrived on a scene where a young girl has pushed her arms through a plate glass window. She is responsive to painful stimuli and has blood spurting from a large laceration on her right upper arm. Your paramedic partner yells for you to immediately apply direct pressure to the laceration to prevent further blood​ loss, while he works to control the airway. You have yet to apply latex​ gloves, but are wearing goggles and a gown. What would you do​ next?

Apply gloves prior to applying direct pressure over the injury site.

&& A​ 9-year-old boy has fallen from a swing. Assessment findings reveal no threats to the​ airway, breathing, or circulation but do indicate​ deformity, pain, and swelling to his right wrist. The right radial pulse is strong and is accompanied by skin that is pink and warm to the touch. Which action indicates that the EMT is properly caring for this​ patient?

Applying cold packs to the wrist to reduce swelling

&& A patient is complaining of back pain and numbness to both legs after being thrown from a bicycle. When should the EMT first check the motor​ function, sensory​ function, and pulses in this​ patient?

As the secondary assessment is performed

&&You are on scene where a patient with Down syndrome has fallen and has injured her shoulder. What may you have to do if the patient cannot provide you with details of the​ accident?

Ask the family or care provider.

&& An elderly female has fallen and is very​ confused, and you are having a problem getting her past medical history. Which one of the following is your next best​ action?

Ask the​ patient's daughter for the history.

&& You have just applied a pressure dressing to the leg of a woman who suffered a deep laceration to her calf from a piece of broken glass. What should you do​ next?

Assess for a pedal pulse.

&& Firefighters have pulled a​ middle-aged male from a burning bedroom. The patient is unresponsive and has obvious deformity of his left ankle. His respirations are​ rapid, stridorous, and shallow. Your partner inserts an oropharyngeal airway and begins ventilating the patient with a​ bag-valve mask. Which action would you perform​ next?

Assess the​ patient's carotid pulse.

&& Which EMS crew has satisfied the platinum ten​ minutes?

Assessed, immobilized, and initiated transport within 10 minutes of arriving on scene

A&& young female was involved in an altercation and was stabbed in the abdomen with an ice pick. After being​ stabbed, she quickly removed the ice pick. She states that there was not much bleeding but does say that it​ "stings" quite a bit. Assessment reveals a small puncture wound to the right upper quadrant with some dried blood around the site. What BEST describes the primary focus of the EMT in caring for this​ patient?

Assessing for internal blood loss or shock

&& You are dispatched to the scene of a​ shallow-water diving accident. While en​ route, which of the following would you consider to be the MOST likely result of this method of​ injury?

Axial loading of the cervical spine

&& The EMT would recognize which patient as suffering from multisystem​ trauma?

A​ 43-year-old male with extremity trauma and shock from an MVC

&& Which statement about dressings and bandages is​ TRUE?

Bandages should not be applied until bleeding is controlled.

&& Your patient is a​ 40-year-old male who fell 20 feet from a ledge while hiking. The park ranger is maintaining manual​ in-line spinal stabilization. The patient is combative and​ confused, but the airway is open and breathing is adequate. The patient has a radial pulse of​ 112, blood pressure of​ 96/76, and SpO2 of 91 percent. What should you do​ first?

Begin administering supplemental oxygen.

On follow-up, the ED physician informs you that a patient you transported earlier was found to have a hemothorax. You would understand this is a condition in which:

Blood collected in the chest

&& You have been called for a​ 42-year-old male complaining of back pain. On​ scene, the man tells you that he was lying on the floor when his​ 5-year-old son unexpectedly jumped feet first onto his back. He gives a medical history of high blood pressure and​ asthma, for which he takes medications. As you assess the​ patient, which one of the following signs or symptoms provides the greatest indication that the patient has sustained an abdominal​ injury?

Blood in his urine

What is hyphema?

Blood in the anterior chamber the eye

&& When assessing a​ head-injured patient, what finding is most indicative of increasing pressure within the​ skull?

Blood pressure of​ 192/106 mmHg

&& You are transporting a male patient with a deep stab wound to the​ groin, with damage also noted to the genitalia. The patient is alert and​ oriented, albeit restless. Vital signs on scene were pulse​ 136, respirations​ 20, blood pressure​ 106/64, and SpO2​ 9%. Oxygen is being administered through a nonrebreathing face mask. On​ reassessment, what sign would be most concerning to the​ EMT?

Blood pressure​ 108/90 mmHg

&& A​ 24-year-old female was an unrestrained driver of a car that struck a​ guardrail, causing her to sustain blunt trauma to the chest and abdomen. Vitals obtained by Emergency Medical Responders​ (EMRs) are pulse​ 120, respirations​ 22, blood pressure​ 100/58 mmHg, and SpO2​ 96%. As you transport her to the​ hospital, what finding indicates that the patient is acutely​ deteriorating?

Blood pressure​ 86/50 mmHg

&& What statement regarding contusions is​ true?

Blood vessels in the dermal layer have ruptured.

&& On​ scene, a paramedic directs you to help another EMS crew with a patient who was hit by a passenger van that ran into a crowd. As you approach the​ patient, what scene​ size-up clue seemingly indicates that the patient is suffering from traumatic​ asphyxia?

Bluish discoloration to the neck and face

&& You are by the side of an​ 11-month-old female with a decreased level of consciousness. Caregivers will not provide an accurate history of how the child came to this​ condition, only that she was hard to wake up this​ morning, about 30 minutes ago. When assessing the​ child, what finding would be most immediately​ concerning?

Bradycardic heart rate

&& A patient with Cushing reflex is most likely incurring what​ pathophysiology?

Brain herniation

&& A patient suffered head trauma after falling off a ladder and is now unable to regulate the blood pressure and maintain a heart rate. What region of the brain that normally controls these functions may be​ injured?

Brainstem

&& A​ middle-aged male immediately died following a​ self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. Which portion of the central nervous system was most likely damaged in order to cause such a rapid​ death?

Brainstem

&& While you are en route to a domestic dispute with possible​ injuries, the police contact you and report a male patient with arterial bleeding from a stab wound to the arm. Given this​ information, what would you expect to see on​ arrival?

Bright red blood that is spurting with each beat of the heart

&& A​ 68-year-old female patient is complaining of a headache and generalized weakness. Her husband informs you that she was with a friend yesterday and was involved in a motor vehicle collision. She did strike her face on the​ dashboard, but refused treatment on scene. Her past medical history includes a stroke with right arm weakness and high blood pressure for which she takes medications. When assessing this​ patient, what finding should concern the EMT​ most?

Bruising behind her left ear

&& Which finding is most consistent with a basilar skull​ fracture?

Bruising behind the ear

&& Your patient is a​ 27-year-old male who fell down a full flight of stairs while escaping his burning apartment. What assessment finding should demand your immediate​ attention?

Burns on the face

&& An unrestrained female driver hit a utility pole at a moderate rate of speed and struck the steering wheel with her chest. Her airway is​ open, and she states that it is painful to breathe. Her pulse is moderate in strength and irregular. Breath sounds are equal​ bilaterally, and there is no jugular venous distention noted. Assessment of her chest reveals bruising and instability to the sternum. When​ asked, she denies any past medical history. Based on this mechanism and assessment​ findings, the EMT should be suspicious for what​ condition?

Cardiac contusion

&& Of the actions that​ follow, which one indicates proper care of a patient who has suffered a​ partial-thickness burn to the​ hand?

Carefully removal rings prior to applying a dry sterile dressing.

&& A bullet fired from a gun at close range passes through the patient's liver. However, on autopsy, the coroner discovers that the man's pancreas, stomach, and gall bladder were also injured, even though not in direct contact with the bullet. As a knowledgeable EMT, you would recognize that which of the following is responsible for injury to these additional organs?

Cavitation.

&& What area of the spinal cord is most commonly​ injured?

Cervical spine

&& While performing the primary assessment on a patient with an isolated spinal cord​ injury, you note that he is in severe respiratory distress and struggling to breathe. Where should you suspect the spinal cord injury has​ occurred?

Cervical spine

&& An alert and oriented​ 22-year-old male has fallen off a tractor and is complaining of pain to his right leg. As you quickly scan the​ patient, you note deformity to the​ tibia-fibula area of the lower extremity. After conducting the primary assessment and manually stabilizing the​ leg, what action should the EMT​ take?

Check for a pedal pulse.

&& An awake but confused patient with a diabetic history spilled a pot of hot water on himself while cooking. He has a​ partial-thickness burn on his right anterior leg. Following an unremarkable primary​ assessment, which action is your highest​ priority?

Check the​ patient's blood glucose level.

Your physical exam of a patient with an eye injury should include:

Checking for crepitation in facial injuries

&& You suspect that an unhelmeted male patient who was ejected from a motorcycle may have a basilar skull fracture. As you perform the secondary​ assessment, which finding would reinforce this​ suspicion?

Clear fluid coming from the right ear and left nostril

&& A baseball player was struck in the side of the face by a baseball. Assessment findings include swelling and numbness to the left side of the face and left eyelid, as well as crepitus in the same area. Assessment of the eye reveals no obvious injury. The patient denies any problem with his eyesight, but is having difficulty visually tracking your finger upward. Which of the following would be appropriate care for this injury?

Cold packs to the face and eyelid

&& An elderly patient has fallen down a flight of stairs and is complaining of neck and back pain as well as weakness to both legs. The primary assessment reveals no life threats to the​ airway, breathing, or circulation. Manual in−line spinal stabilization is being maintained. Which of the following would the EMT do​ next?

Complete the secondary assessment looking for injuries.

&& A young intoxicated male patient cannot move his left arm and leg after diving into the shallow end of a pool and hitting the bottom head first. The EMT would recognize which of the following mechanisms as most likely responsible for this​ injury?

Compression

&& A male soccer player was struck in the head with a soccer ball. Players state that he was dazed for several seconds following the impact and then asked the same questions over and over.​ Presently, he is conscious and oriented to​ person, but confused to place and time. He also has a reddened area to the side of his head and face. As you proceed with your​ assessment, his memory continues to improve. Based on these​ findings, the EMT should suspect which of the following​ injuries?

Concussion

&& A patient who was involved in an altercation has been struck on the side of the head with a baseball bat in addition to suffering several blows to the arms and legs. In assessing this​ patient, which signs or symptoms BEST indicate that the patient has suffered a brain​ injury?

Confusion and combativeness

&& You are assessing a patient who was burned when she dropped a hot iron on her bare foot. Her foot is red and has a small​ partial-thickness burn near the ankle. When completing the prehospital care​ report, what mechanism would you​ document?

Contact burn

&& Your patient is a young adult male who is in police custody after he crashed his car into a utility pole. There is minor​ front-end damage to the​ vehicle, and the air bags deployed. The patient was not wearing a seat belt and has an abrasion on his forehead. He is awake and oriented to​ person, time, and place. His speech is​ slurred, and he has an odor of alcohol on his breath. The arresting officer states that she just wants you to check the patient out before she transports him to jail. Which action is MOST​ appropriate?

Contact medical command.

&& You are dispatched to the scene of an assault with police on the scene. You arrive to find a​ 28-year-old female victim who received a blow to the back of the head with a club and was robbed. The patient is sitting on the​ curb, conscious and well​ oriented, but is sobbing inconsolably. A bystander is holding a jacket on the​ patient's open wound but is NOT in control of the bleeding. The patient has a respiratory rate of 16 and a radial pulse of 92. Your partner takes manual control of the​ C-spine. Which of the following initial treatment plans would be MOST​ appropriate?

Control bleeding with a loosely bandaged absorbent​ dressing, administer high flow oxygen via a nonrebreather​ mask, perform a rapid trauma​ assessment, apply a cervical​ collar, a pulse​ ox, and titrate oxygen

&& An alert and oriented patient has had a portion of his hand amputated by a table saw. Assessment reveals the patient to be in great pain with a moderate amount of dark red blood still coming from the injury site. His airway is​ open, and his breathing is​ fast, but adequate. The radial pulse is rapid and​ strong, and his skin is warm and dry. The​ patient's hand has been placed in a bag of ice by coworkers. What should the EMT do​ immediately?

Control the bleeding with direct pressure.

&& Assessment of an​ 88-year-old female who fell reveals bruising to her right buttock. The skin is intact and the patient complains of tenderness to the area when you palpate. As a knowledgeable​ EMT, you would recognize what type of​ injury?

Contusion

&& Firefighters have just pulled a young woman from a house fire and have laid her down on the lawn. She is conscious and badly burned on the​ chest, abdomen, and legs. Her clothes are smoldering. Which action should the EMT take​ immediately?

Cool the burn with water.

&& A patient has suffered​ partial- and​ full-thickness thermal burns to the anterior​ chest, abdomen, and arms in an industrial accident. What action would be appropriate in the care of this​ patient?

Cool the burns with water for 90 seconds and cover the burns with a​ sterile, dry burn sheet.

&& You are assessing an elderly male patient who was trapped in a burning trailer. What finding would be most indicative that he has suffered an inhalation​ injury?

Coughing of black sputum

&& An intoxicated​ 28-year-old female has suffered burns to both legs after passing out next to a space​ heater, which ignited her pants. Emergency Medical Responders have removed her clothing and cooled the burns. Which action is most appropriate in the continued care of this​ patient?

Cover the burns with a​ clean, white, dry sheet.

&& You have been called for a male patient who has been shot. Assessment reveals an entrance wound to the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. An exit wound to the left upper back is also located. Which of the following should you do​ immediately?

Cover the exit wound with a gloved hand.

&& During an altercation, an intoxicated male was cut with a sharp knife. Assessment reveals a laceration, oozing dark red blood, across the right eyelid down to the right cheek. It also appears that the patient's eye was cut with the knife, reinforced by the complaint of eye pain and collection of blood in the sclera. The EMT would:

Cover the eye with a sterile dressing soaked in saline

&& A patient complains of pain and discomfort to the left eye after being hit in the face with a cloud of dust while working at a manufacturing complex. As you specifically assess the eye, you note some redness to the globe but do not see any obvious foreign object. The most appropriate care you can provide to this patient would be:

Covering both eye with a bandage

&& A man grinding metal took his safety goggles off and was struck in the face with a shower of tiny metal fragments. He is complaining of pain and visual disturbance in his right eye. When assessing the eye, you note that the globe is red with several pieces of metal embedded in the tissue. Proper care of this patient would include:

Covering both eyes with a bandage

A patient who was hit in the face with a cloud of dust while working in an industrial setting is complaining of pain and discomfort to his left eye. While performing your secondary assessment on the eye, you note some redness to the globe but do not see any obvious foreign object. The most appropriate care you can provide to this patient would be:

Covering both eyes with a bandage

&& A patient was building a bomb in his garage when it accidentally detonated. Assessment findings from the rapid secondary assessment reveal intestine and a portion of the liver protruding from the right side of the abdomen. Proper care of this injury would include which of the​ following?

Covering the exposed organs with a large sterile dressing soaked with sterile water

&& A patient was struck in the right upper arm with a baseball bat. Which signs or symptoms indicate the highest probability that the humerus has been​ fractured?

Crepitus felt on palpation

&& Your patient is a young adult female who was struck by a vehicle while she was riding her bicycle. She was not wearing a helmet. She is unresponsive and has a deformity with a deep depression to the temporal area of the head. You note no​ bleeding, and the scalp is intact. What is the greatest threat associated with this​ injury?

Damage to the brain

&& A patient involved in a motor vehicle collision is complaining of neck pain. Which of the following pieces of information should cause the EMT to have a high index of suspicion that the patient may have suffered more significant injuries beyond isolated of neck pain?

Death of the car's driver.

&& Which of the following is the leading cause of fetal demise related to​ trauma?

Death of the mother

&& A patient was trapped in a burning apartment before being rescued by firefighters. As you approach​ him, you note that his legs and arms are burned. He is screaming in pain and​ coughing, but no longer actively burning. Given this​ information, what intervention would you perform​ first?

Decide whether to administer oxygen with a nonrebreather face mask or with a​ bag-valve mask

&& Which signs and symptoms of shock will be observed​ last?

Decreased blood pressure

&& You have been called to a New​ Year's party for a male patient who was stabbed in the anterior chest. According to​ partygoers, the patient went outside with another male and was stabbed. Fifteen minutes​ later, he was found in the snow and 911 was called. When assessing this​ patient, what finding would you consider most serious and warrant immediate​ attention?

Decreased breath sounds to the left lung

&& When assessing a​ patient, which sign or symptom is most indicative of a​ pneumothorax?

Decreased breath sounds to the right lung

When assessing a patient, which sign or symptom is most indicative of a pneumothorax?

Decreased breath sounds to the right lung

&& A patient fell and sustained an open fracture to the left humerus.​ However, assessment reveals the bone to have pulled back into the arm. Bleeding from the site is controlled. How will splinting the left arm benefit this​ patient?

Decreases the opportunity for further injury to nerves and blood vessels

&& Which assessment​ finding, on a​ 32-year-old female involved in an​ MVC, should the EMT recognize as potentially life​ threatening?

Deformity of the left femur

&& What assessment finding would contraindicate the use of the traction​ splint?

Deformity to the hip

&& A young boy riding an ATV did not see a chain stretched between two poles and hit it with his neck while traveling forward. Subsequently, he was thrown backward from the bike with significant force. He was not wearing a helmet. Emergency Medical Responders are with the patient and are holding manual in-line spinal immobilization as well as administering oxygen. When you are assessing this patient, which of the following signs would indicate the injury that must be addressed and managed first?

Difficulty speaking

&& Which injury is possible based on the anatomy of the​ spine?

Disk injury between thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12

&& A lap belt that is worn too low can result in what injury from a frontal​ crash?

Dislocated hips

&& A young female wears her lap belt low, over her upper thighs, because the belt is uncomfortable when worn properly. If involved in a head-on "up and over" type collision, to what injury is she most prone, given the position of her lap belt?

Dislocated hips

&& On what factor does the pattern of tertiary phase injuries​ depend?

Distance and point of impact

&& Which injury that may result in spinal cord damage would you be most likely to encounter while treating a teenager who attempted to hang himself in his​ garage?

Distraction injury to the cervical spine

&& An​ 83-year-old female has fallen down the basement stairs. Once at her​ side, she tells you that her left hip hurts and rates it​ 10/10. Since the patient is​ downstairs, you recognize the need for assistance in extricating from the residence. As you start the primary​ assessment, you note a dog at the top of the stairs growling. At this​ time, what is your primary​ concern?

Dog

&& Emergency Medical Responders have removed an intoxicated and confused patient from a car that struck another vehicle at a high rate of speed. The patient was unrestrained and his car did not have air bags. Assessment reveals deformity bilaterally to the hips and femurs and bruising to the knees. Based on this injury​ pattern, the EMT would recognize what type of injury​ mechanism?

Down and under

&& Emergency Medical Responders have removed an intoxicated and confused patient from a car that struck another car at a high rate of speed. The patient was unrestrained and his car did not have airbags. Assessment reveals deformity bilaterally to the hips and femurs and bruising to the knees. Based on this injury pattern, the EMT would recognize what type of injury mechanism?

Down and under.

&& What BEST describes a topical hemostatic​ agent?

Dressing specially designed to stop bleeding

&& What assessment finding would best indicate that a patient has suffered a​ full-thickness burn to his​ leg?

Dry skin with little pain

&& For which of the following reasons does spinal cord injury result in a hypotensive patient that is warm to the​ touch?

Due to disruption of the sympathetic nervous system at the injury site causing loss of vasomotor tone and vascular dilation

Which of the following populations is at a higher risk of pelvic and hip​ fractures, often due to​ falls?

Elderly adults

&& The EMT is caring for a patient who has a problem with the autonomic component of his nervous system. Which sign or symptom would most likely be caused by this​ condition?

Elevated heart rate

&& You are on scene with an unresponsive trauma victim who is elderly. You are completing the primary survey when you note snoring airway​ sounds, tachypnea, and very shallow respirations. The patient also has cyanosis about the mouth. What should you do​ first?

Employ a manual​ jaw-thrust maneuver

&& A patient has sustained an injury to his mediastinum. Based on the anatomy of his​ chest, which one of the following structures has been​ injured?

Esophagus

A patient has sustained an injury to his mediastinum. Based on the anatomy of his chest, which one of the following structures has been injured?

Esophagus

&& While working to build a house, a construction worker was hit in the head by a 2" × 4" plank that slid from the roof and fell to the ground below. The patient has a sizable laceration to the left side of his face and is spitting blood. He also lost several teeth, two of which he is holding. Your initial action when caring for this patient would be to:

Establish manual in-line spinal stabilization

During your initial assessment, distory, and physicla exam of a patient with an eye, face, or neck injury, remember to:

Establish manual in-line stabilization of the head and neck on the first contact with the patient.

&& What is the first act of patient care that should be performed on the multisystem trauma​ patient?

Establish spinal stabilization.

For injuries to the face, emergency care includes all of the following EXCEPT:

Establishing an maintaining the patient's airway by the use of airway adjucts

&& While you are transporting a stable patient with a temporal hematoma from getting hit with a puck during a hockey​ game, he suddenly becomes unresponsive. You are still 20 minutes out from the hospital. At a​ minimum, how often should the EMT reassess the patient during the rest of the​ transport?

Every 5 minutes

A(n) _______________ eyeball is one that has been forced from the socket.

Extruded

&& To prevent the majority of traumatic injuries in the geriatric​ population, what prevention program should you​ develop?

Fall prevention

&& On​ scene, you encounter a restless patient who has been stabbed in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and complaining of abdominal pain and a dry mouth. Assessment reveals no immediate life threats to the airway or breathing. The radial pulse is rapid and weak and the skin cool and diaphoretic. Vital signs​ are: pulse​ 124, respirations​ 20, blood pressure​ 122/88, and SpO2​ 97%. The injury is isolated with no involvement of the​ head, neck, or back. In managing the scene and​ patient, what observation would cause you to immediately​ intervene?

Family giving the patient water to drink

&& A patient has swelling and deformity to the wrist. After​ splinting, which one of the following positions of the hand is most​ appropriate?

Fingers curled inward

&& A​ 21-year-old male has suffered a gunshot wound to the head. As you assess​ him, what finding would you recognize as a nonpurposeful response to​ pain?

Flexing his arms across his chest when you pinch his shoulder

&& A young girl complains of eye pain after having sand thrown in her face by another girl at the park. When assessing her eyes, you note large particles of sand in the right eye. The sand appears to be on the conjunctiva, which also seems to be scratched and irritated. Your initial action would be:

Flush the eye with clean water from a nearby sink

If you need to remove a foreign particle from the eye, the technique includes:

Flushing the eye with clean water while holding the eyelids apart

&& The function of the ocular lens is to:

Focus light onto the retina

&& A patient with diagnosed osteoporosis is more likely to sustain which​ injury?

Fracture

&& Which finding at a​ two-car MVC would be MOST consistent with the patient likely having damage to her head and​ neck?

Frontal impact with a starburst mark on the​ driver's side windshield

&& What GCS score would you document on your PCR​ if, after application of painful​ stimuli, the patient is able to localize pain and displays eye opening and incomprehensible sounds after the same painful​ stimuli?

GCS​ = 9

&& What tool is recommended for removing the plastic clips of a football helmet so that the face mask can be​ removed?

Gardening pruning tool

Assessment and care guidelines for a patient with an eye injury should include:

Giving the patient nothing by mouth

&& In providing prehospital care to a patient with a​ soft-tissue injury, which statement is​ TRUE?

Hands must be washed even if gloves were worn during care.

&& Which statement is TRUE about child car seats when they are properly​ installed?

Having the car seat facing backward and in the reclining position will reduce spinal cord injury during a collision.

&& A young male golfer has been struck in the right eye with a golf club. The upper and lower lids are swollen shut and ecchymotic. There are also some blood clots noted between the two eyelids. Which one of the following indicates that the EMT is providing proper care to this patient?

He wipes blood from the face, but not the eye

&& What should you suspect if you discern an altered mental status in a patient who wrecked his motorcycle and was not wearing a​ helmet?

Head injury

&& What are the most common types of impact seen in motorcycle accidents?

Head-on, angular, and ejection.

&& You are transporting a female patient who was sexually assaulted by having a foreign body inserted deep into her vagina. You are attempting to control hemorrhage by the appropriate means. As you reassess the​ patient, which one of the following is of most​ concern?

Heart rate increases from 116 to 140 per minute.

&& Your patient is confused and anxious after falling 20 feet from a ladder onto the grass below. What sign is most suggestive of​ shock?

Heart rate of 112

&& You are called for an​ 8-year-old boy who has fallen. On scene the​ boy's mother states that he was running while flying a kite and​ tripped, striking his face on a rock. Assessment reveals a large​ reddish-blue lump with intact skin under his left eye. When alerting the hospital emergency department of your​ arrival, you should inform them that the patient has what type of​ injury?

Hematoma

&& A patient suffering blunt trauma to the abdomen has a lacerated liver. Which of the following represents the most immediate threat to​ life?

Hemorrhage

&& A patient has referred pain to her left shoulder. Which of the following should the EMT​ suspect?

Hemorrhage from the spleen

&& What is the term for maintaining suspicion about the types of injuries a patient may have even though the patient presents as very​ stable?

High index of suspicion

&& What are two critical findings in a patient who has a spinal cord injury in the cervical region of the spinal​ cord?

Hypotension and inadequate breathing

&& A​ 45-year-old female was at a family reunion and fell off a trampoline. She hit a picnic table with the left side of her lower rib cage and is now very anxious and confused. Her airway is open and her breathing adequate. Her radial pulse is rapid and weak and her skin is cool and diaphoretic. Vital signs​ are: pulse​ 132, respirations​ 20, blood pressure​ 102/78 mmHg, and SpO2​ 97%. She has ecchymosis to the left lower rib area as well as tenderness and instability. She also has a superficial abrasion to her forehead. Given these​ findings, you would suspect and treat her for what​ condition?

Hypovolemic shock

&& A confused​ 62-year-old female fell at​ home, hitting the side of a table with her chest. Assessment reveals instability to the left lateral chest accompanied by minor bruising in the same area. She complains of intense pain every time she breathes. Her airway is​ patent, breathing is rapid and​ shallow, and skin warm and nondiaphoretic. Vital signs are pulse​ 112, respirations​ 24, and blood pressure​ 132/64 mmHg with SpO2 at​ 90%. Breath sounds are shallow but equal to both lungs. Based on those​ findings, you should treat this patient for what​ life-threatening condition?

Hypoxia

A 36-year-old male patient was involved in an altercation with a knife and has suffered a 2-inch laceration to the right side of the neck. Bleeding was controlled prior to your arrival by Emergency Medical Responders. Your paramedic partner has asked you to apply an occlusive dressing to the wound. You recognize that the primary benefit of the action is to:

Hypoxia

An important thing to remember about eyelid injuries is that:

If an eyeball injury is not suspected, cover the injured lid with a cold compress to reduce swelling

&& A pregnant​ 31-year-old has been shot in the neck.​ Currently, she is responsive to verbal​ stimuli, with an open airway and​ rapid, but adequate respirations. Her radial pulse is weak and fast. Vital signs are as​ follows: pulse​ 152, respirations​ 22, blood pressure​ 92/76, and SpO2 at​ 100% on​ high-concentration oxygen. When caring for this​ patient, what other intervention will most benefit this​ patient?

Immobilization and immediate transport

&& Family members report that their​ 62-year-old mother complained of dizziness and right leg weakness just before falling down a flight of stairs. Your assessment indicates that she is responsive but confused and talking with garbled speech. Her breathing is​ adequate, and her radial pulse is strong. Vital signs are pulse​ 84, respirations​ 18, blood pressure​ 188/110 mmHg, and SpO2 96 percent. There is an open fracture to her right forearm. When instructed move her right​ arm, she does not attempt to do so. What care should be you provide to this​ patient?

Immobilize her to the long board and extricate her to the ambulance for immediate transport.

&& A conscious and alert 32-year-old was assaulted and struck in the jaw with a baseball bat. He complains of tremendous jaw pain and exhibits an unstable mandible. His airway is patent, breathing adequate, and radial pulse normal. In caring for this patient and his injury, you would:

Immobilize to a long spine board

&& A young male patient was running through a park and struck his head on a​ low-hanging branch of a tree. Emergency Medical Responders have already immobilized the patient to a long board and are providing supplemental oxygen through a nonrebreather face mask. During​ transport, which assessment​ finding, obtained during your​ reassessment, would BEST indicate that the patient has suffered a​ concussion?

Improving memory

&& You are transporting a male patient who was stabbed in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. On​ scene, the patient was alert and oriented with a patent airway and adequate respirations. There was minimal hemorrhage from the stab​ wound, which was covered with a sterile dressing. Oxygen was​ applied, and transport was initiated. During the​ reassessment, which of the findings is of MOST​ concern?

Increase in heart rate and unexplained restlessness

&& A​ 74-year-old female is complaining of abdominal pain after falling down five stairs and hitting her abdomen and left hand on a mailbox at the bottom. She also states pain to her left wrist and right​ ankle, both of which show obvious deformity. She is alert and​ oriented, and her abdomen is free of bruising but is tender to the left upper and lower quadrants. Her vital signs​ are: pulse​ 132, respirations​ 22, blood pressure​ 106/86, and SpO2 at​ 93%. Oxygen has been​ applied, and she is fully immobilized. Advanced life support has been requested and is 12 minutes away. What is your next​ action?

Initiate immediate transport.

When treating a patient with damage to the facial bones, you should also have a high index of suspicion for:

Injury to the brain

The globe of the eye, or eyeball, is a sphere approximately 1 inch in diameter. The parts of the eyeball include the:

Inner surface of the eyelids called the conjunctiva

&& Which of the following injuries is most serious, warranting immediate and rapid transport to the hospital?

Instability and crepitus to the left lateral chest wall

&& You have been called for a​ 44-year-old male who was burned on the right hand and arm after falling against the hot door of an industrial incinerator. As you arrive on the​ scene, a nurse employed by the company informs you that he sustained a​ partial-thickness burn. Based on this​ information, the EMT should expect what characteristics at the burn​ site?

Intense pain and blister formation

&& A worker in a factory complex has a sliver of metal lodged in the colored portion of his eye. The EMT would recognize the foreign body as lying in the:

Iris

&& Which statement describes the benefit of using the pneumatic​ anti-shock garment​ (PASG) to splint a potential pelvic​ fracture?

It can effectively stabilize the pelvis and help to control internal bleeding.

&& What BEST describes the purpose of determining a Glasgow Coma Scale​ (GCS) score in a patient with a head​ injury?

It helps determine whether a​ patient's mental status is improving or deteriorating.

You should always use the _______ maneuver to open the airway of a patient with a suspected neck injury.

Jaw-thrust

&& You have been called for an elderly female found by family members on the floor of her bathroom. She is unresponsive and has a bruise to the right side of her face. Her respirations are snoring and shallow. Her skin is cool and dry, and she is incontinent of urine. Her daughter tells you that the patient has a past medical history of stroke, COPD, and seizures. Which of the following would be most appropriate when managing this patient's airway?

Jaw-thrust maneuver

&& A​ 62-year-old male was the restrained driver of a car that was hit on the​ driver's side. Emergency Medical Responders have extricated and fully immobilized him with a cervical collar and long board. When​ asked, he complains of dizziness as well as leg and arm pain. Assessment reveals multiple contusions and deformity to his left forearm and a laceration with minor bleeding to the left side of his face. His airway is open and his breathing is labored. A rapid radial pulse is felt. Skin is cool and dry. What assessment finding would the EMT address​ first?

Labored breathing

&& A​ 49-year-old male was climbing on a truck at a construction site when he fell backward to the ground. He presents with a​ 2-inch linear wound to the top of his head. Bleeding has been controlled and the skull can be seen through the wound. How should you document this injury on the prehospital care​ report?

Laceration

&& A young female patient was walking on a​ 7-foot-high retaining wall when she stumbled and fell. She impacted a concrete sidewalk surface with her left foot and left hand. Your assessment reveals​ ecchymosis, deformity, and edema to both the left foot and left hand. Based on the concept of injury caused by indirect​ force, where else should the EMT look for​ injury?

Left hip

&& A patient had an unknown chemcial splashed into her left eye. You have been irrigating the eye on scene and are now getting ready to transfer her to the stretcher. Knowing that you will need to continue irrigation throughout transport, how will you position this patient on the stretcher?

Left lateral recumbent

&& When population density does not permit a commitment to level I trauma center​ requirements, what level of trauma center may act as a regional trauma​ center?

Level II

&& Which action has the highest priority in treating the multisystem trauma​ patient?

Life threats that were identified during the general impression

You suspect that a patient with an open pneumothorax may be developing a tension pneumothorax. What action is critical given this situation?

Lift one side of the dressing during expiration

&& You suspect that a patient with an open pneumothorax may be developing a tension pneumothorax. What action is critical given this​ situation?

Lift one side of the dressing during expiration.

You are transporting a 19-year-old male with a gunshot wound to the chest. On scene you covered the wound with an appropriate dressing. Now, as you reassess the patient, you note that the patient is tachypneic and complaining of difficulty breathing. Breath sounds on the side of the injury are diminished. Your immediate action would be to:

Lift the dressing from the wound for several seconds

&& What is the MOST critical consideration in treating the critical trauma​ patient?

Limiting​ on-scene time to 10 minutes

&& Which statement is true regarding linear skull​ fractures?

Linear skull fractures cannot typically be identified with palpation.

&& A patient has been stabbed in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Which organ or structure should the EMT be concerned with being​ injured?

Liver

&& A patient has been shot in the abdomen. Assessment reveals that the bullet entered the body in the right upper quadrant and exited the lower right back. Given this​ finding, the EMT should assume which of the following organs may have been​ injured?

Liver, gallbladder, right​ kidney, small​ intestine, pancreas

A patient has been shot in the chest with a rifle. Assessment reveals a deteriorating level of consciousness and inadequate breathing. Positive pressure ventilation is being administered, and the entrance wound, located midclavicular at the second intercostal space on the left side of the chest, has been covered. Your next action would be to:

Look for an exit wound.

&& Prior to your arrival on the scene of a motorcycle​ crash, an Emergency Medical Responder contacts you via radio and reports that there is one patient who has an avulsion to her left arm. As a knowledgeable​ EMT, you should anticipate which one of the​ following?

Loose flap of skin torn on her left arm

&& An Emergency Medical Responder reports that a male​ patient, injured while playing​ football, has bruising to the lumbar area of the back. Based on this​ statement, the EMT should expect to find bruising in which​ area?

Lower back

The five vertebrae that form the midback are called the:

Lumbar spine

&& Assessment of a​ 79-year-old female with a long history of medical complaints reveals tenderness and deformity to her left hip. Staff at the personal care home state that she slipped in some water and fell onto her buttocks.​ Currently, she is alert and oriented and stating the pain is​ 10/10. Regarding care of her​ leg, which one of the following is most​ appropriate?

Maintain the leg in the position found and transfer to a long spine board.

&& Which patient would the EMT recognize as suffering from an evisceration​ injury?

Male patient with a loop of intestine protruding from an open surgical wound

&& A lifeguard has fallen 10 feet from her chair and has​ deformity, swelling, and ecchymosis to her right lower leg. The leg also is rotated medially. Another lifeguard is maintaining manual​ in-line spinal stabilization. As your partner conducts the primary​ assessment, what action should you​ take?

Manually stabilize the lower right leg.

&& You are assessing a patient who will need a cervical collar because of his possible neck injury. Of the following steps which should be done​ FIRST?

Manually stabilize the spine.

A black eye is frequently an indication of a fractured:

Maxilla

&& An alert and oriented young male fell 5 feet from a​ stage, impacting a metal railing with the right side of his​ chest, just under his armpit. The primary assessment is negative for life​ threats, although he does complain of very painful breathing and has remarkable tenderness and crepitus over the 5th rib laterally in this area. Throughout​ care, what action is essential to​ perform?

Monitor breath sounds.

An alert and oriented young male fell 5 feet from a stage, impacting a metal railing with the right side of his chest, just under his armpit. The primary assessment is negative for life threats, although he does complain of very painful breathing and has remarkable tenderness and crepitus over the 5th rib laterally in this area. Throughout care, what action is essential to perform?

Monitor breath sounds.

&& You are presenting information on emergency care to a class of pregnant women. A participant asks you what the most frequent cause of injury is to a woman during pregnancy. Which one of the following is the correct​ response?

Motor vehicle collisions

&& While returning from a​ call, you are flagged down by a frantic family member of a​ 12-year-old male patient who reports him as being shot in the abdomen and inside the house in which she is standing. She states that the shooter is another family member who has since left the scene. What is your best course of​ action?

Move the ambulance and wait for law enforcement to arrive.

&& Which bodily activity is a function of a voluntary​ muscle?

Movement of the eyeballs

&& What statement accurately describes multisystem​ trauma?

Multisystem trauma has a noted higher incidence of morbidity and mortality.

&& A patient you transported several days ago stops by your station to thank you. He reports that he was diagnosed with a strain to the lower right leg. As​ such, you recognize what structure as being affected by that​ injury?

Muscle

Any injury to the _____ should automatically be assumed to have caused spinal injury.

Neck

&& What disorder results in​ warm, dry​ skin; a normal pulse​ rate; and relative​ hypovolemia?

Neurogenic hypotension

&& A 3-year-old has stuck a crayon in his nose. Assessment reveals the crayon to be deeply embedded in the right nostril with some irritation and swelling noted. His vital signs are: pulse 124, respiration 20, and SpO2 100%. Which of the following would be most appropriate when caring for this child?

Non-emergent transport to the hopsital

&& A patient who fell out of a tree has an open skull injury. Which findings would fit this​ condition?

Obvious deformity to the right side of the skull with a laceration to the overlying scalp

&& A​ 54-year-old male patient has been involved in a car crash. Window glass has caused an open wound to his upper neck. Which one of the following dressings is best for this​ injury?

Occlusive dressing

Care for an open chest wound and an abdominal evisceration are similar in that:

Occlusive dressings are placed over both wounds

&& You have arrived on the scene for a patient assaulted with a baseball bat. As you​ approach, which one of the following positions would seemingly indicate that he has suffered an injury to the​ abdomen?

On his side with knees drawn to the chest

&& Why is it critical that the decision to apply spinal immobilization be based on MOI rather than clinical​ presentation?

Only 15%% of patients with fractured or dislocated spinal columns show neurological deficits.

&& You are transporting a young and healthy female patient who was involved in a motor vehicle collision and struck her chest on the steering column. Although the primary assessment reveals no life​ threats, she does have redness to her​ sternum, as well as pain and tenderness. Breath sounds are clear and present bilaterally and vital signs are within normal limits. As you transport and reassess​ her, what sign or symptom would be most​ concerning?

Onset of an irregular heartbeat

&& The secondary assessment of a patient complaining of right leg pain after falling down several stairs reveals a break in the skin where a fractured tibia bone broke through and then retreated back into the leg. The EMT should recognize this as what type of​ injury?

Open fracture

&& An unhelmeted patient who was thrown from a motorcycle has a large scalp avulsion with obvious depression to the top of his head. Which injury do these findings suggest?

Open head injury

&& A male driver was ejected from his vehicle after it rolled several times at a high rate of speed. As you approach the patient you note that he is unresponsive and struggling to breathe. He also has a laceration to the left side of his face and multiple contusions to his legs. After assigning another EMT to take manual inminus−line spinal​ stabilization, what should you​ do?

Open the airway using the jawminus−thrust maneuver.

&& You have a patient with a spinal cord​ injury, as evidenced by paralysis of the legs. The patient has become​ unresponsive, and you note sonorous airway sounds. What should you​ do?

Open the airway with a​ jaw-thrust maneuver.

Doube vision, a marked decrease in vision, or a loss of sensation above the eyebrow, over the cheek, or in the upper lip may be caused by a(n):

Orbital fracture

&& A pregnant female in her third trimester has been stabbed in her abdomen by her​ boyfriend, who is high on drugs. What is the likelihood that this will result in injury to the​ fetus?

Over​ 90% likely

&& You believe that a patient who has been shot in the lower abdomen is bleeding internally and is in an early stage of shock. Which treatment shows appropriate prehospital care of this​ patient?

Oxygen therapy and rapid transport to the hospital

&& A patient was burned when he accidentally ignited gasoline while working on his car. When performing the secondary​ assessment, what finding would indicate that the patient has suffered a​ partial-thickness burn?

Painful skin that is moist and contains blisters to the abdomen

&& You are transporting a patient who was shocked by an electrical current while repairing a residential electrical service panel. He has​ partial-thickness burns to the hand and foot where the electricity entered and exited his body respectively. When reassessing the​ patient, what sign or symptom would be of most​ concern?

Palpation of an irregular heartbeat

&& ​ 23-year-old female has been involved in a serious motor vehicle collision. Which assessment finding best indicates that she has a flail​ segment?

Paradoxical chest wall movement

&& A patient dove into a shallow pool and struck his head on the bottom. Your assessment findings indicate that he has no motor or sensation ability in his​ legs, but he can move his arms. The EMT should recognize which of the following​ conditions?

Paraplegia

You are treating a patient who has suffered several facial lacerations during an automobile accident. As you are assessing the eyes with your penlight, you observe a circular shadow over the patient's left iris. This indicates that the:

Patient is wearing a hard contact lens

The eyes, face, and neck may be subject to wide variety of injuries. Which of the following is true regarding these injuries?

Patients with an eye, face, or neck injury may be more emotionally distraught than patients with other types of trauma.

&& A 42−year−old man has called 911 because of severe back pain. He informs you that his back pain is related to a recent fracture of his coccyx. Based on this​ information, where should the EMT expect the patient to be complaining of​ pain?

Pelvic area

&& Your patient is a​ 48-year-old male who is in shock from injuries sustained in a motor vehicle collision. Which assessment finding is an indication for the use of the pneumatic​ anti-shock garment​ (PASG)?

Pelvic instability with a BP of​ 78/48 mmHg

&& An intoxicated teenage male with a diabetic history fell down five stairs and is now responding to a shoulder pinch with garbled speech. Manual stabilization of the cervical spine is being maintained. The primary assessment reveals an open​ airway, adequate​ breathing, and strong radial pulse. Vital signs are pulse​ 122, respirations​ 18, blood pressure​ 108/60, and SpO2​ 97%. His skin is warm and dry. Which action would be performed​ next?

Perform a secondary exam.

&& The mother of a​ 4-year-old boy states that he fell off the top bunk bed and hit his head. After​ falling, he appeared to seize for approximately 30 seconds. Presently he has nonpurposeful movement to painful​ stimuli, with a patent airway and slow respirations. His radial pulse is​ intact, and his skin is warm and dry. You note urinary incontinence. After taking manual​ in-line spinal​ stabilization, which one of the following should you do​ immediately?

Perform a​ jaw-thrust maneuver and start positive pressure ventilation.

&& An unresponsive​ 10-year-old male was struck by a car while riding his bike. He has blood on his face and presents with snoring respirations. Respirations are approximately 10 per​ minute, with cyanosis noted to his extremities. Manual​ in-line spinal stabilization is being held by Emergency Medical Responders. Which one of the following should you do​ next?

Perform a​ jaw-thrust maneuver.

&& A​ 40-year-old homeless male was found lying in the street. On physical​ examination, you notice that the patient has a stab wound to the​ mid-chest. He is​ unresponsive, and his skin is cool to the touch. His respirations are snoring at 40 per​ minute, and his pulse is 120. What care would you provide​ first?

Perform a​ jaw-thrust maneuver.

&& You have just arrived on the scene of a very serious motor vehicle collision. Emergency Medical Responders​ (EMRs) have rapidly extricated an unresponsive female from the​ driver's seat. The EMRs report that she was unrestrained and struck the steering wheel with her chest and abdomen. As you start the primary​ assessment, you note that she has snoring respirations and is breathing shallowly at a rate of 24 breaths per minute. Which one of the following should you do​ next?

Perform a​ jaw-thrust maneuver.

&& While cleaning a​ gun, a​ 44-year-old man accidentally shot himself in the abdomen. On​ arrival, the patient is responsive to painful stimuli and lying on his side with his legs drawn to his chest. Blood is evident on his shirt and pants. What is the correct sequence of events in caring for this​ patient?

Perform the primary​ assessment, administer supplemental​ oxygen, perform the secondary​ assessment, transfer to the​ stretcher, and provide rapid transport.

&& A female patient has been involved in a motorcycle crash. Your scene​ size-up reveals her to be unresponsive and lying in the roadway. It also appears that her left leg has been amputated at the knee. What should you do​ immediately?

Perform the​ jaw-thrust maneuver.

&& A​ 52-year-old male is unresponsive and has bruises and lacerations to the​ head, chest, and abdomen. Bystanders state that the patient was intoxicated and got into a fight with several patrons of a bar. They state that he was beaten with fists and not other objects or weapons. The patient has snoring​ respirations, shallow​ breathing, and a strong radial pulse. His skin is warm and dry. After applying manual​ in-line spinal​ stabilization, what should your next action​ be?

Perform the​ jaw-thrust maneuver.

&& What mechanism of injury produces the conditions for traumatic​ asphyxia?

Person pinned between a truck and wall of a building

What mechanism of injury produces the conditions for traumatic asphyxia?

Person pinned between a truck and wall of a building

&& You have been called to a public building for a 32−year-old male patient who fell down a flight of stairs. As you pull​ up, he walks to the ambulance and states that he would like to be looked at because his shoulder and lower back hurt. You immediately take inminus−line manual spinal stabilization and examine his​ back, which reveals no sign of injury. How should you immobilize this​ patient?

Place a long board behind the patient and immobilize in a standing position.

&& A​ 14-year-old male fell 10 feet from a retaining wall and hit his head on a metal post. He is responsive to verbal stimuli with incomprehensible speech. The secondary assessment indicates blood and fluid coming from inside his left ear. What treatment should you​ provide?

Place a piece of sterile gauze over the ear.

&& An​ 81-year-old woman with severe kyphosis and osteoporosis has fallen and is complaining of neck pain as well as nausea. Given the​ patient's past medical​ history, which one of the following is most​ appropriate?

Place her in a supine position on the long board and pad all voids.

&& A​ 16-year-old male has been struck in the genitalia by a baseball. Assessment indicates a tremendous amount of edema as well as hematoma formation and bruising to his scrotum. The primary assessment reveals no​ life-threatening conditions;​ however, he is crying and rates the pain as a​ 10/10. Which one of the following is most appropriate for this​ patient?

Placing cool compresses to the testicles

Treatment for an impaled object in the eye, or an extruded eyeball, includes:

Placing the patient supine and immobilizing the head

&& Damage to tissues of what thoracic​ structure(s) will cause impairment of ventilation and a​ pneumothorax?

Pleural membranes

&& You are assessing a patient who had a previous head injury in which a portion of the cerebellum was destroyed. Which condition would relate to this specific​ injury?

Poor coordination when signing his name to the prehospital care report

&& Your assessment of a patient who was involved in a motor vehicle collision reveals a deformity to the left side of the head underneath the hair. On further​ inspection, you note that the skin overlying the deformity is still intact. On the basis of these assessment​ findings, which condition is your greatest​ concern?

Possible brain injury

&& An industrial worker has sustained a​ partial- and​ full-thickness burn to his right hand after accidentally touching an electric furnace used to incinerate medical waste. Assessment reveals no threats to the​ airway, breathing, or circulation. Which action would the EMT perform​ next?

Pour cool saline water on the hand.

&& A 36 year old male patient was involved in an altercation with a knife and has suffered a two inch laceration to the right side of the neck. Bleeding was controlled prior to your arrival by Emergency Medical Responders. Your paramedic partner has asked you to apply an occlusive dressing to the wound. You recognize that the primary benefit of the action is to:

Prevent air entry into the circulatory system

A 36-year-old male patient was involved in an altercation with a knife and has suffered a 2-inch laceration to the right side of the neck. Bleeding was controlled prior to your arrival by Emergency Medical Responders. Your paramedic partner has asked you to apply an occlusive dressing to the wound. You recognize that the primary benefit of the action is to:

Prevent air entry into the circulatory system

A 36-year-old male patient was involved in an altercation with a knife and has suffered a 2-inch laceration to the right side of the neck. Bleeding was controlled prior to your arrival by Emergency Medical Responders. Your paramedic partner has asked you to apply an occlusive dressing to the wound. You recognize that the primary benefit of the action is to:

Prevent airway into the circulatory system

&& Severe external bleeding should be controlled during what phase of the patient​ assessment?

Primary assessment

&& A​ 78-year-old male pedestrian was struck by a car at a convenience store. The patient is conscious but confused and is suffering from multisystem trauma. Which of the following represents the best sequence of care for this​ patient?

Primary​ assessment, oxygen, secondary​ assessment, immobilization, and all other care en route to the hospital

&& Which one of the following statements best describes the technique to be used when hyperventilating a​ head-injured patient with signs that the brain is​ herniating?

Provide 1 ventilation every 3 seconds.

&& The EMS crew has decided that an unresponsive patient who was involved in an MVC needs to be rapidly extricated. What should the EMS providers do​ first?

Provide manual​ in-line stabilization of the head.

&& What is the oxygenation guideline for a patient with a suspected spinal cord​ injury?

Provide oxygen to keep the pulse ox greater than or equals≥ 94 percent.

&& A patient has been pulled from a house fire. Assessment reveals him to be lethargic with stridorous respirations and a rapid but strong radial pulse. Firefighters are dousing his body with water to cool him. What action would the EMT perform​ immediately?

Provide positive pressure ventilation with a​ bag-valve mask.

A patient with blunt chest wall trauma has a flail section to her chest. She is conscious and confused and breathing rapidly and shallowly. After manually stabilizing the flail section of the chest wall, the EMT best treats this condition by:

Providing positive pressure ventilation

&& Assessment findings of a patient ejected from a motorcycle indicate that he has a flail chest wall segment to his right anterior chest. He exhibits labored breathing and an SpO2 at​ 94%. Breath sounds are clear and equal bilaterally. The segment has been​ stabilized, and you are prepared to start positive pressure ventilation. Given these assessment​ findings, what type of injury underlying the flail segment is your primary​ concern?

Pulmonary contusion

Assessment findings of a patient ejected from a motorcycle indicate that he has a flail chest wall segment to his right anterior chest. He exhibits labored breathing and an SpO2 at 94%. Breath sounds are clear and equal bilaterally. The segment has been stabilized, and you are prepared to start positive pressure ventilation. Given these assessment findings, what type of injury underlying the flail segment is your primary concern?

Pulmonary contusion

&& A​ "whiplash" type neck injury is most often observed with what type of​ collision?

Rear-end impact

A young male patient is self-extricated after hitting a telephone pole and rolling his car several times at a high rate of speed. He is spitting blood and has a large area of tenderness and instability to the left side of his chest. On scene you did not observe any paradoxical motion of the chest wall. The patient remains alert and oriented with stable vital signs, but continually complains of painful breathing. During transport, what is it essential that you do?

Reassess for paradoxical motion of the chest wall

&& A young male patient is​ self-extricated after hitting a telephone pole and rolling his car several times at a high rate of speed. He is spitting blood and has a large area of tenderness and instability to the left side of his chest. On scene you did not observe any paradoxical motion of the chest wall. The patient remains alert and oriented with stable vital​ signs, but continually complains of painful breathing. During​ transport, what is it essential that you​ do?

Reassess for paradoxical motion of the chest wall.

&& 911 was dialed by a frantic mother for her 3 year old daughter who stuck a small, dried bean into her ear. Assessment shows the bean to be lodged firmly in the ear canal. When treating this patient, the EMT would:

Reassure the mother and transport the patient

&& For a patient suffering from conjunctivitis, the EMT would expect to observe a/an:

Reddened membrane over the sclera

&& Which of the following is a general guideline to use when determining whether or not to remove a patient's contact lenses?

Remove if the eye has been injured by a chemical burn.

&& An elderly woman is suffering from a closed head injury after falling down five steps. She is responsive to painful stimuli and is breathing shallowly. When evaluating her airway, you note that she has both upper and lower dentures. Her upper dentures are secure, but her lower dentures are loose and cracked. Prior to providing positive pressure ventilation, you would:

Remove the lower dentures

&& You suspect a trauma patient to be suffering from a hemothorax to the left lung. What assessment finding would reinforce this​ suspicion?

Respiratory distress and the signs and symptoms of shock

&& Why would an EMT be concerned about a​ partial-thickness burn circumferentially to the​ chest?

Restriction of breathing

&& A man has been bitten in his arm by his dog. He states that the bite occurred several hours earlier when he accidentally stepped on the​ dog's paw. When​ asked, he tells you that the dog is​ up-to-date on all of her​ shots, including the rabies vaccine. Assessment reveals two small puncture wounds to the hand with some bruising in the surrounding tissue. The patient wants to refuse treatment and transport. Given these assessment​ findings, which one of the following indicates the primary reason the patient should be seen in the emergency​ department?

Risk for infection

&& A young male patient has been involved in a motor vehicle accident. As an unrestrained driver, his head went through the driver's side window; in the process a portion of his ear was severed. Blood is now coming from the remaining portion of his left ear. In overseeing the care of this patient, which of the following would require corrective action?

Rolled gauze in the ear canal

&& When assessing a male patient who was punched in the face by another man, you detect blood in the white part of his eye. As such, you would recognize injury to what optical structure?

Sclera

&& A patient has just been log rolled and positioned onto the long backboard. Which one of the following care measures should be performed​ next?

Secure the​ patient's chest with straps.

&& A woman has fallen from a​ second-story window onto the concrete sidewalk below. She is unresponsive and has a large depression to the back and top of her skull. Additional findings include abdominal bruising and an angulated left ankle. Your partner reports that the​ patient's vital signs are pulse​ 68, respirations 14 and​ irregular, blood pressure​ 198/110 mmHg, and SpO2 91 percent. On the basis of these assessment​ findings, what should you​ recognize?

Severe head injury with increasing pressure within the skull

There are many types of injuries that can occur to the globe of the eye. Which of the following is true regarding injuries to the globe?

Signs and symptoms of injury to the globe may include a pear- or irregular-shaped eyeball

&& When performing the primary​ assessment, which of the following signs or symptoms best suggests that the patient is in​ shock?

Skin that is cool and diaphoretic

&& A patient has been critically hurt in a nighttime motor vehicle collision. She was wearing a seat belt and hit a tree at 70 mph. The car she was driving weighed 2 tons and was equipped with air bags that did deploy. Which of the following had the greatest impact on her being​ injured?

Speed of the vehicle at impact.

&& A football player injured his knee during practice and is in pain. His left knee is​ swollen, ecchymotic, and flexed in an upward position. Your partner reports that the distal skin is​ warm, and he has located a weak pedal pulse. Which one of the following should you perform​ immediately?

Splint the knee in the position found prior to providing transport to the hospital.

&& Which emergency care measure can be an effective means to reduce pain for a patient with a possible bone​ fracture?

Splinting the fracture

&& Which one of the following injuries is most likely to cause​ peritonitis?

Stab wound to the small intestine

&& A patient involved in a diving accident has his head positioned so that his left cheek is touching his left shoulder. He states that he has severe pain in his neck and it hurts to move his head. He denies​ numbness, tingling, or decreased strength in his arms or legs. Which one of the following is the​ EMT's best course of​ action?

Stabilize and maintain the head in the position in which the patient is holding it.

During the secondary assessment, the EMT notes instability and a flail segment to a patient's lower left lateral chest. The EMT would immediately:

Stabilize the segment with his hand

&& A young boy was running with a pencil and tripped. The pencil impaled the boy's left eye and remains lodged in place. He is in his mother's arms and both are crying hysterically. Appropriate care for the eye would include:

Stabilizing the impaled object and providing immediate transport

&& A​ 61-year-old male has fallen off a roof. Your primary assessment findings include​ unresponsiveness, agonal breathing and a slow and weak radial pulse. His skin is cool and dry. Emergency Medical Responders are maintaining manual​ in-line spinal stabilization. Which action would you perform​ immediately?

Start positive pressure ventilation.

&& You have arrived on the scene of an assault involving a knife. Assessment of the unresponsive​ 21-year-old male reveals him to have sustained multiple lacerations to the arms and​ abdomen, with a section of his intestine protruding through a large laceration in the area around the umbilicus. He has lost a significant amount of blood. His airway is open and he is breathing poorly at a rate of 28 breaths per minute. His radial pulse is​ weak, and his skin is cool and pale. Which one of the following should the EMT do​ first?

Start positive pressure ventilation.

stabilize the segment with his hand.

Stopping air entry

&& Which of the following describes the layers of the​ skin?

Subcutaneous, epidermis, dermis

&& You have been called by family members for their mother who is​ "not acting​ right." On scene the family informs you that they are concerned because their​ 68-year-old mother has been complaining of a headache for two days and is now very confused. When asking about a bruise on the right side of her​ forehead, the family states she fell in church a week ago and hit her head. Since all other aspects of the assessment are​ unremarkable, you suspect a head injury. What condition would you suspect given the findings and​ history?

Subdural hematoma

&& A female patient struck her face on the steering wheel in a head-on motor vehicle collision and has deformity and crepitus to the bridge of her nose. Further assessment reveals bleeding deep within the nasal passages. The patient has been fully immobilized to a long board. To best address the hemorrhage in the nasopharynx, the EMT would:

Suction blood from the airway as needed

&& A​ 27-year-old male has been involved in a motor vehicle collision and is entrapped in his car. He is unresponsive with agonal gurgling respirations and blood coming from his nose. His respirations show poor effort and are inadequate. The radial pulse is rapid and weak and skin cool and diaphoretic. An Emergency Medical Responder is holding manual​ in-line spinal stabilization. What action would you perform​ first?

Suction the airway with a​ hard-tip catheter

&& A​ 66-year-old female patient has been struck by a car. Your assessment reveals gurgling​ respirations, rapid​ breathing, and​ cool, diaphoretic skin. You also observe bruising to the chest and abdomen. What should you do​ immediately?

Suction the airway.

&& A​ 42-year-old male was involved in a fight and was stabbed in the right lateral chest. The knife is still​ impaled, and he is complaining of shortness of breath. When he speaks he gurgles and blood drains from his mouth. His respirations are labored and his radial pulse is weak. Which one of the following should you do​ first?

Suction the blood from the airway.

&& A construction worker has been shot with a nail gun, resulting in a long nail going through his cheek and firmly embedding into the lower gum and jaw. There is considerable blood in his mouth and he is in excruciating pain. Given this scenario, which of the following would be your first priority?

Suctioning the airway

&& A 23-year-old male struck his face on the steering wheel after he struck another car from behind. His nose is deformed and actively bleeding. In his care, which of the following would be a priority?

Suctioning the airway to keep it free of blood

Impaled objects that penetrate all the way through the cheek need to be removed. Steps for removal include:

Suctioning the mouth and throat frequently throughout transport

&& You are called by the owner of a restaurant for a female patron who spilled hot tea onto her right thigh. The secondary assessment reveals the burn area to be​ soft, red, and painful. The skin is intact with no blister formation​ noted, although some edema is present. Based on these assessment​ findings, you would recognize what category of​ burn?

Superficial

&& What will be the MOST likely position of transport for a patient with a traumatic brain injury who is currently hypotensive and being ventilated by the​ EMT?

Supine

&& A patient has suffered an abdominal evisceration. There is no evidence of spinal injury. How should you place the patient on the​ stretcher?

Supine, with knees flexed to his chest

&& What is NOT considered to be an indication for providing rapid extrication to a patient who was involved in an​ MVC?

Suspected​ high-impact collision speed

&& You are first on the scene of a​ multiple-casualty incident. After establishing the safety of the scene and calling for additional​ resources, you and your partner begin to triage. While your partner calls for the injured to go to​ him, you begin moving among the injured and first come to a female patient in her​ mid-30s who is not breathing and has multiple significant open wounds and fractures. After you reposition her​ airway, she still does not resume respirations. What is your NEXT​ action? A. Check for bleeding that requires intervention. B. Tag her and move on. C. Initiate ventilations and check for a pulse. D. Initiate a​ large-bore IV.

Tag her and move on.

&& A young man riding a motorcycle was hit​ head-on and ejected from the bike. Your scene​ size-up reveals him to be lying supine in the roadway with obvious deformity to his right thigh and left​ ankle, with blood noted on his pants in these areas. Patient assessment reveals that he is unresponsive with snoring respirations and is breathing irregularly at 16 times per minute. His radial pulse is moderate in​ strength, and his skin is warm and dry. Which action should be performed​ first?

Take and maintain manual​ in-line spinal stabilization.

&& You arrive on the scene of a motor vehicle collision. Walking toward you is the unrestrained driver of the vehicle that sustained moderate frontminus−end damage. The patient complains of some back​ pain, but is walking around after the crash and does not appear to be suffering from any neurological deficits. What is your initial action in caring for this​ patient?

Take manual inminus−line spinal stabilization.

&& A​ 41-year-old male patient has been struck in the head with a metal pipe. As you approach the​ patient, you note that he is combative and has blood on the left side of his face and head and on his shirt. His breathing appears to be​ labored, and he is incontinent of urine. Which action would you perform​ immediately?

Take manual​ in-line spinal stabilization.

&& You are called for a​ 78-year-old female who fell earlier in the day. As you enter her​ kitchen, you observe her sitting in a chair with ecchymotic areas to her left cheek and left arm. There also appears to be blood on her pants. She is on oxygen and is breathing in a moderately labored manner. She states that she fell a few hours ago and now the pain and swelling in her arm are unbearable. Which one of the following would you do​ first?

Take manual​ in-line spinal stabilization.

&& Assessment of a young girl who was hit while riding her bike reveals her to be responsive to painful stimuli with flexion of the extremities and in respiratory distress. There is marked deformity to her thoracic spine and bruising noted to her anterior chest and abdomen. She does not move her legs when a noxious stimulus is applied to the lower extremities. Manual inminus−line spinal stabilization is being held and a cervical collar has been applied. Given the critical nature of this​ patient, which one of the following is most appropriate for her​ care?

Take time to completely immobilize her to the long board on scene prior to rapid transport to the hospital.

&& You suspect the lethargic​ 6-month-old baby beside you is the victim of child abuse. When performing the primary​ assessment, which one of the following should you use to quickly establish his​ perfusion?

Temperature of the skin

&& Which of the following explains why the basilar skull is commonly the site of fractures due to​ trauma?

The area is permeated with openings.

&& Fracture of the cervical spine at the atlas and axis is responsible for half of the fatal spine injuries.​ Why?

The atlas and axis form the transition from the spinal cord to the brainstem.

&& In the human​ body, what occurs when a person is in​ shock?

The cells are not getting enough​ oxygen, and waste products are accumulating.

&& For a person to make a​ fist, which one of the following must​ occur?

The central nervous system must send a message through the spinal cord and then to the peripheral nerves.

&& A patient complaining of eye pain informs you that he was diagnosed with a corneal abrasion three days ago. He called 911 today because the discomfort has not yet resolved and he desires medical attention. Based on this information, which of the following is true?

The clear structure that covers the pupil has been damaged.

&& How would you characterize the fetal death rate when pregnant females have been involved in an MVC and were wearing their seat​ belts, in contrast to the fetal death rate when the mothers were not wearing their seat​ belts?

The fetal death rate is higher if the mother were not wearing a seatbelt than if she were wearing one.

&& When treating a pediatric trauma​ patient, which one of the following is it important for the EMT to​ remember?

The flexibility of the chest wall in a child can allow for internal injury without obvious external signs.

&& Which statement is accurate in applying the rule of nines to a​ 10-month-old child?

The head of a child is considered to be​ 18% of the total body.

&& Regardless of the​ cause, every blast has three phases. Which phase is NOT one of these​ phases?

The immediate​ phase, in which injuries occur at the instant the blasts occurs

&& As a backup unit on a​ multiple-car collision, you are assigned to care for an infant who is still in his car​ seat, locked into the backseat of the car. As you prepare this patient for​ transport, which statement is MOST​ accurate?

The infant should be removed from the car seat and immobilized to a backboard.

&& An intoxicated patient has suffered a burn to his left lateral thigh after passing out with his leg touching the side of a kerosene heater. Close examination of the burn reveals tough leathery tissue in the center of the burn with red skin with blisters surrounding it. Regarding the​ burn, which statement is​ TRUE?

The inner portion of the burn is full thickness and the outer portion partial thickness.

&& You are assessing the pupils of a patient who hit his head after falling from the top of a tractor trailer. What pupillary finding suggests a closed head​ injury?

The left pupil constricts to light but the right pupil does not.

Which one of the following statements by by an EMT indicates an understanding of facial injuries?

The only movable bone makign up the face is the mandible

&& When treating a developmentally disabled or cognitively impaired​ patient, who is usually the FIRST person you should address.

The patient

&& A​ middle-aged male has sustained blunt force trauma to the abdomen resulting in an isolated tear and perforation of the large intestine. When following up on the​ patient, which of the following should the EMT not​ suppose, given the organ that was​ injured?

The patient developed an infection.

&& Another crew has called for your assistance in extricating an obese male with a nosebleed from a​ third-floor bedroom. As you enter the​ room, which observation indicates proper management of the​ patient's condition?

The patient is sitting​ upright, leaning​ forward, with nostrils pinched shut and an ice pack on the nose.

&& What is MOST likely to occur if a splint is applied​ improperly?

The pulse distal to the splint may become weak or absent.

&& Which finding is considered normal in assessing a patient who is suffering from a head​ injury?

The right pupil constricts when light is shined into it.

&& Which observations direct the EMT to classify a​ patient's soft tissue injury as an​ abrasion?

The skin is scraped and​ red; blood oozing from the injury site

&& Which statement MOST accurately describes the​ "platinum 10​ minutes" as it applies to care of the trauma​ patient?

The target scene time for EMS as it applies to the seriously injured trauma patient

Special considerations you should heed for injuries to the face, mouth, or jaw include:

The tongue may lose its support structure with a facial injury and may fall back, requiring you to grasp the tongue and pull it forward

Generally, while caring for a patient with an eye injury, you should remove contact lenses if:

There has been a chemcial burn to the eye

&& How does treatment of nontraumatic fractures differ from treatment of traumatic​ fractures?

There is no difference in treatment.

&& A patient injured in a motor vehicle collision is suffering from the separation of the rib and its associated spinal vertebrae. Based on the anatomy of the​ spine, where has this injury​ occurred?

Thoracic spine

&& Your partner is off from work for an extended period of time because he is having surgery for a torn ligament. Which structure needs that​ surgery?

Tissue that connects one bone to other bones

Treatment for a patient with a chemical burn to the eye includes:

Transporting the patient on the side and continuing irrigation throughout transport

&& Which of the following best describes a flail​ segment?

Two or more adjacent ribs broken in two or more places

&& A 21 year old female has been struck in the left eye by a softball. Which of the following assessment findings is most concerning for an eye injury?

Unusual sensitiity to light

&& A 21-year-old-female has been struck in the left eye by a softball. Which finding is most concerning for an eye injury?

Unusual sensitiity to light

&& A patient with a maxillary fracture would have sustained injury to her:

Upper jaw

&& A​ 62-year-old female with severe kyphosis has fallen and hit the back of her​ head, which is oozing blood from a small laceration. Family members state that she suddenly complained of a​ "very bad​ headache" before collapsing to the kitchen floor. She has snoring respirations and cyanosis in the extremities. Of the following​ interventions, which one should you do​ first?

Use a​ jaw-thrust maneuver.

&& In managing a patient with a​ soft-tissue injury, it is essential that the EMT perform which​ action?

Use the appropriate personal protective equipment.

&& A paramedic has asked that you apply a dressing over a sucking chest wound. What is best to cover the​ injury?

Vaseline gauze

&&In evaluating the kinetic energy that was involved in an​ accident, which factor has the greatest effect on​ energy?

Velocity

&& Which​ organ, if seriously​ injured, would cause the most rapid​ death?

Vena cava

&& A​ 44-year-old electrician has been shocked and responds to verbal stimuli with garbled speech. His airway is open and he is breathing poorly at a rate of 8 times per minute. His pulse is slow and irregular. What action would the EMT perform​ next?

Ventilate with a​ bag-valve mask at 12 breaths per minute.

&& Which type of muscle tissue is found in the​ forearm?

Voluntary

&& What statement regarding voluntary muscles is​ true?

Voluntary muscles cause the movement of joints under voluntary control.

&& How would you tell a pregnant woman to restrain herself when traveling in a​ car?

Wear all seat belts​ normally, as you would if not pregnant.

&& When should you consider using rapid extrication to remove the patient with a suspected spine injury from the​ vehicle?

When the patient is blocking the access to a much more serious patient in the vehicle

&& According to the​ "golden principles" of prehospital trauma​ care, how quickly should EMS attempt to transport a patient to the hospital after arriving on​ scene?

Within 10 minutes

&& Where should the pulse be evaluated​ at, during the PMS assessment of a patient who fell from the bed of a​ pickup?

Wrist and ankle

&& What immobilization is required for proper splinting of a patient with a closed fracture of the​ forearm?

Wrist, forearm, and elbow

&& Which one of the following patients requires the EMT to remove an impaled object in the​ field?

Young female with a broken pencil through her cheek and into the​ oropharynx; blood from the injury is flowing into her throat

&& Epistaxis​ is:

a nosebleed.

&& A trauma surgeon informs you that the patient you transported to the emergency department earlier was diagnosed with an epidural hematoma. The patient was taken into surgery and the hematoma was removed. Right now the patient is in critical condition. Based on this​ information, the EMT should recognize that the patient suffered​ from:

a pocket of arterial blood that collected between the skull and dura mater.

&& Types of injuries you should suspect in frontal impact collisions​ include:

a separation of the cartilage connecting the ribs and the​ sternum, which can result in a torn intercostal artery.

&& Your patient is a young man who fell down a flight of stairs and is now restless and confused. His airway is​ open, and he is breathing adequately at 18 times per minute. He has a radial pulse of 92 beats per minute and his skin is cool and diaphoretic. Your next action would be​ to:

administer supplemental oxygen.

&& A patient has been splashed in the face with battery acid. He is complaining of being unable to see anything and severe burning to his face. On closer examination, you note him to be holding both eyes tightly shut and significant burns to his cheeks and eyelids. In this situation, the EMT would assess the eyes:

after assessing the primary survey

An Emergency Medical Responder asks you to explain a pneumothorax. You would explain that a pneumothorax occurs when:

air accumulates around the lung, causing a portion of it to collapse.

&& An Emergency Medical Responder asks you to explain a pneumothorax. You would explain that a pneumothorax occurs​ when:

air accumulates around the​ lung, causing a portion of it to collapse.

&& You have applied a nonporous dressing to a stab wound on a​ patient's chest. The Emergency Medical Responder assisting you asks you why the dressing was taped on three sides and not all four. Your best response is that taping the dressing on three​ sides:

allows trapped air to escape on exhalation.

&& What should be one of the first findings that can alert the EMT to a possible head​ injury?

altered mental status

&& When treating a pregnant female involved in a traumatic​ event, the EMT must​ remember:

an elevated heart rate seen in shock may not be observed due to increased blood volume.

&& You are transporting an elderly female who fell in a nursing home and displays outward rotation of her left leg. She has a lengthy medical​ history, including dementia.​ Currently, she is very quiet and receiving oxygen through a nasal cannula at 6 liters per minute. She also is immobilized to a long spine board. During your​ reassessment, you note her to be alert but​ confused, with slightly accelerated respirations and a strong radial pulse. You also note that her SpO2 has dropped from​ 97% on scene to​ 91%. You​ should

apply a nonrebreather.

&& Assessment of the cervical spine of a​ patient, complaining of lower back pain after falling down five​ stairs, reveals no​ displacement, tenderness, or instability.​ Accordingly, the EMT​ should:

apply a properly sized cervical collar.

&& Direct pressure has failed to control an arterial bleed on a​ patient's leg. The​ EMT's next action would​ be:

apply a tourniquet.

&& You arrive at a meat packing plant to find a​ 30-year-old male cut in the wrist with a sharp knife. The patient appears pale and blood is spurting from the laceration. Your immediate action would be​ to:

apply direct pressure to the laceration.

&& An​ 84-year-old female has fallen down six​ steps, landing on carpet. She complains of abdominal and pelvic pain. Her airway is​ open, breathing​ adequate, and radial pulse intact. Skin is cool and dry with a noted tear to the left elbow with minor bleeding. EMRs report the following vital​ signs: pulse​ 84, respirations​ 20, blood pressure​ 126/68, and SpO2​ 97% on room air. Her family states she is acting normally. The hips are easily moved and do not appear broken. The patient does not want to go to the hospital and is asking to refuse. Your next action would be​ to:

ask to see what medications she is taking.

&& You are summoned to a patient who was attacked. As you approach a young male lying on the​ sidewalk, you observe an area of dark blood stains on his left pant leg. He appears​ lethargic, pale, and​ diaphoretic, and you can hear sonorous breathing. Your first action in caring for this patient would be​ to:

assess the airway.

&& In the treatment of an abdominal evisceration the EMT should​ NOT:

attempt to return the loop of bowel to its original location.

&& Your head trauma patient is​ unconscious, has a patent​ airway, is breathing 18 times a​ minute, and is on O2 via NRB 15 lpm. The oxygen saturation reading is 88 percent. Your next intervention should be​ to:

begin​ bag-valve-mask ventilations.

&& On​ follow-up, the ED physician informs you that a patient you transported earlier was found to have a hemothorax. You would understand this is a condition in​ which:

blood collected in the chest.

&& A patient with hyphema would exhibit:

blood in the eye chamber

&& You have been called to the local community hospital for a​ 48-year-old male involved in a motor vehicle collision 2 hours prior. He has been diagnosed with a cerebral contusion and must be transported to a trauma center for specialty care. As a knowledgeable​ EMT, you recognize that a cerebral contusion​ is:

bruising and swelling of the brain tissue.

&& You have been called for a patient who had a large bag of lime powder tear as he was unloading it from a truck. On arrival he is complaining of burning to both legs and you note that aside from the shorts he is​ wearing, lime dust covers both legs. Your immediate action would be​ to:

brush as much of the lime off his legs as possible.

&& The use of a traction splint in the presence of a pelvic​ fracture:

can cause internal hemorrhage.

&& When using an air​ splint, the EMT must remember that air​ splints:

can decrease circulation in the extremity.

&& A patient exhibits retrograde amnesia when​ she:

cannot remember falling and hitting her head.

&& When assessing and treating a traumatically injured female in her third trimester of​ pregnancy, the EMT must remember​ that:

care for the baby will come from caring for the mother.

&& You have been called for an intoxicated male who sustained a​ full-thickness burn to his leg after passing out against a kerosene heater. After ensuring that his​ airway, breathing, and circulation are​ intact, you cool the burn with water and​ then:

carefully wrap the burn with a dry sterile dressing.

&& A patient has a burn that completely encircles his right forearm and upper arm. After performing the primary​ assessment, the​ EMT's next action would be​ to:

check for​ motor, sensory, and a pulse in the right upper extremity.

&& On scene of a motor vehicle​ accident, a car has extensive​ front-end damage and a deformed steering wheel. The restrained​ driver, who was​ self-extricated, is in the care of​ EMRs, who have applied a cervical collar and continue to hold manual​ in-line spinal stabilization. The airway is patent and respirations adequate. His radial pulse is rapid and weak and skin is cool and diaphoretic. The EMRs report the following vital​ signs: pulse​ 136, respirations​ 20, blood pressure​ 100/68, and SpO2​ 98% with 15 liters of O2 being administered through a nonrebreather mask. The right forearm is​ deformed, and the​ head, chest, and upper back are uninjured according to your assessment. Your next action would be​ to:

check the abdomen for injury.

&& A patient has been assaulted and sustained blunt trauma to the abdomen. As you start the primary​ assessment, you note that he is vomiting blood and you begin to suction him immediately. After the airway has been​ suctioned, you​ should:

check the​ patient's respirations.

&& You are splinting a​ patient's lower​ extremity, which appears to have a closed​ tibia/fibula fracture. The patient has no feeling in the foot but has some movement and a weak pulse. You apply a rigid splint to the entire lower extremity and secure it with gauze. Once inside the​ ambulance, you reassess and note that the patient now has no pulse in the injured extremity and the foot is turning pale. Your immediate action would be​ to:

check your​ splint, as it may have become too tight with swelling of the injured extremity and may be cutting off circulation.

&& The EMT is correctly assessing a​ 2-year-old male who is unresponsive after being assaulted by the​ mother's live-in boyfriend when​ he

checks capillary refill time to help determine perfusion

&& A 27-year-old male was involved in an altercation and was struck in the ribs with a baseball bat. Assessment reveals intact skin with noted bruising to the right lateral chest. When palpating this​ area, pain,​ instability, and crepitus are all observed. The patient also complains of difficult and painful breathing. The EMT would​ recognize: A. chest wall injury caused by acceleration forces. B. thoracic injury secondary to penetrating trauma. C. chest injury caused by blunt trauma. D. pulmonary injury caused by penetrating trauma.

chest injury caused by blunt trauma.

&& You have applied a rigid splint to a​ patient's forearm, applied ice​ packs, and elevated the arm. The patient soon begins complaining of severe pain and loss of distal movement. You reassess and note that the previously present radial pulse has disappeared. After loosening the​ splint, you notice additional swelling and return of the pulse. After you rewrap the​ splint, the pulse remains but so does the severe pain. This is an indicator​ of:

compartment syndrome.

&& You have been called for a male worker complaining of arm pain. On scene the​ 31-year-old patient states that his arm was crushed between two heavy boxes. There was minimal pain at that​ time, but now his right forearm is swollen and​ painful, especially with movement. He also states that the arm and fingers feel like they are​ "asleep." You note decreased strength to the arm and a radial pulse that is weak when compared to the left. There is no deformity to the arm and the skin is​ intact, although hard on palpation. Vital signs are pulse​ 88, respiration​ 18, and blood pressure​ 134/76 mmHg. Given these assessment​ findings, the EMT should be suspicious​ of:

compartment syndrome.

&& Firefighters are extricating the driver of a small car that was struck broadside by a delivery truck at a moderate rate of speed. The patient was​ unrestrained, and the car sustained severe damage to the​ driver's side. As the man is pulled from the​ car, you note severe deformity to his left thigh area. Your primary assessment shows the patient to be responsive to painful​ stimuli, with an open airway and adequate breathing at 20 breaths per minute. His radial pulse is present but rapid at a rate of 124. After applying​ oxygen, the EMT should​ immediately:

conduct a rapid secondary assessment.

&& The cerebrum is the largest part of the​ brain, and is responsible​ for:

consciousness and sensory​ functions, emotions, and personality.

&& The normal response of the pupils while examined with a penlight is described​ as:

consensual.

&& An unrestrained female​ patient, who was involved in a minor motor vehicle​ collision, refuses EMS care or transport. She is seven months pregnant and is alert and oriented. When​ asked, she denies any complaint. Your best action would be​ to:

contact medical direction for instructions.

&& You have been called for a deeply disturbed psychiatric patient who has cut off the tip of his penis with a steak knife. Assessment reveals the​ 31-year-old male to be​ crying, with blood noted to his hands and pants. The primary assessment reveals no life threats and Emergency Medical Responders are applying oxygen to the patient. At this​ time, your priority is​ to:

control the bleeding.

&& The cerebellum is described as an area of the brain​ that:

controls reflexes and assists in maintaining body posture.

&& You are caring for a thermal burn patient. To stop the burning​ process, you​ should:

cool the burn with water.

&& You are on the scene of a shooting. Your assessment reveals a​ 23-year-old male who has been shot twice. The first wound is to the left lower quadrant of the abdomen and is actively bleeding. The second wound is to the left lateral chest and bubbles every time the patient takes a breath. Your immediate action would​ be:

cover the chest wound with a gloved hand.

&& If the patient has sustained an abdominal evisceration the EMT​ should:

cover the wound with a moist dressing followed by an occlusive dressing.

&& The​ "blown outward" appearance of a bullet exit wound is the result​ of:

damage by the bullet and the cavitational wave.

&& A​ 20-year-old waitress spilled hot coffee and burned her right forearm. When assessing the​ burn, you note a​ full-thickness burn surrounded by​ partial-thickness burns. She complains of pain in the surrounding​ partial-thickness burn, but not in the center where the​ full-thickness burn is located. As an​ EMT, you recognize that the patient does not localize pain to the center of the burn because​ of:

damage to pain receptors located in the dermis.

&& The EMT recognizes that a benefit of applying a traction splint to a deformed femur and thigh is that​ it:

decreases pain.

&& When applying a cervical spine immobilization collar​ (CSIC) to a young boy who fell out of a​ tree, the EMT realizes the collar benefits the patient​ by:

decreasing downward compression on the cervical spine.

&& When classifying a burn as either​ superficial, partial​ thickness, or full​ thickness, the EMT would need to determine​ the:

depth of the burn.

&& When a bone is forced well beyond its normal position in a​ joint, this injury is called​ a:

dislocation.

&& When assessing a​ patient, you note a bruise to his chest. On the prehospital care​ report, this injury is properly documented​ as:

ecchymosis.

&& The​ EMT's initial concern when treating a patient with a gunshot wound to the chest​ is:

ensuring an open airway.

&& A​ fair-skinned patient was exposed to the sun and has a painful superficial burn to her upper back. As a knowledgeable​ EMT, you would recognize that the​ ________ layer(s) of the skin has​ (have) been affected.

epidermal

&& A patient has suffered an open crush injury to his elbow. As you​ approach, you note the patient sitting upright holding a towel to his elbow. Although the towel is soaked with​ blood, the elbow does not appear to be actively bleeding. Your first action in caring for this patient should be​ to:

evaluate the​ patient's airway.

&& You have arrived on the scene of a stabbing. As you approach the​ patient, you note that he has removed his shirt and has a single stab wound to the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. At the​ patient's side, your first action should be​ to:

examine the​ patient's airway.

&& The EMT recognizes the parameters of the Glasgow Coma Score​ (GCS) as:

eyes, motor, and verbal response.

&& Prehospital management of suspected compartment syndrome following a long bone injury should include all of the treatments​ EXCEPT:

fasciotomy.

&& The EMT is correctly assessing the perfusion status of a​ 10-month-old when​ she:

feels for a brachial pulse.

&& Common locations where dislocations may occur include each of the locations EXCEPT​ the:

femur.

&& The number one​ engine-related concern when extricating a victim from a vehicle that has been involved in a frontal collision​ is:

fire.

&& A male patient has just been burned with hot water and has blisters on his left arm. The EMT would recognize​ that:

fluid has collected between the layers of skin.

&& You have been called for a patient with severe back pain. When obtaining a medical​ history, he tells you that he has a history of damaged disks in his vertebrae. As a knowledgeable​ EMT, you should recognize that​ the:

fluid-filled structures between the vertebrae have been injured.

&& A student in a science lab has had an unknown chemical splashed into her eye. After assessing the​ airway, breathing, and​ circulation, the EMT would​ immediately:

flush the eye with copious amounts of tap water.

&& When using the Glasgow Coma Score​ (GCS), the EMT understands​ that:

he higher score the better.

&& A patient with severe head and neck pain states that he was properly wearing his seat belt when another car struck him from behind. As a knowledgeable​ EMT, you would realize that the complaint​ of:

head and neck pain could occur when the seat belt is properly worn.

&& You have been called to a high school science lab where a male student was splashed in the eye with an alkaline solution. He is complaining of burning to the eye as well as pain. After performing the primary assessment and finding no life-threatening conditions, you would:

hold the patient's eye open and begin flushing with large amounts of tap water and continue throughout transport.

&& A young​ female, rescued from a burning​ apartment, has sustained​ partial- and​ full-thickness burns from her chest down to her feet. As​ such, the EMT would recognize the potential for the onset​ of:

hypothermia.

&& While transporting a 38−year−old female who fell from a second−story ​window, you note that she is becoming confused and her pulse rate is increasing.​ Additionally, her blood pressure has dropped and her skin is now cool and clammy. Based on these assessment findings you would​ recognize:

hypovolemic shock.

&& A patient is being extricated from a car using a vest−type short immobilization device. After the patient has been​ extricated, the EMT​ should:

immobilize the patient with the vest−type short immobilization device to a long backboard.

&& Conflicting or confusing signs of spinal cord injury are typically the result​ of:

incomplete cord injury.

&& As brain herniation​ occurs, the body responds​ by:

increasing blood pressure to perfuse the brain.

&& A patient sustained a crush injury after being struck with a baseball bat in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Assessment shows bruising to that area with instability noted to the rib cage. The​ EMT's highest concern regarding this injury should​ be:

injury to the spleen.

&& Severe burns often lead​ to:

kidney failure.

&& A patient with severe retroperitoneal bleeding from an organ located within this​ cavity, has most likely injured​ her:

kidney.

​&& Full-thickness abrasions seen in a motorcycle accident are most likely the result​ of:

laying the bike down.

&& You are transporting a​ 19-year-old male with a gunshot wound to the chest. On scene you covered the wound with an appropriate dressing.​ Now, as you reassess the​ patient, you note that the patient is tachypneic and complaining of difficulty breathing. Breath sounds on the side of the injury are diminished. Your immediate action would be​ to:

lift the dressing from the wound for several seconds.

&& A patient has been shot in the chest with a rifle. Assessment reveals a deteriorating level of consciousness and inadequate breathing. Positive pressure ventilation is being​ administered, and the entrance​ wound, located midclavicular at the second intercostal space on the left side of the​ chest, has been covered. Your next action would be​ to:

look for an exit wound.

&& An unresponsive patient was ejected from a car as it rolled at a high rate of speed. The primary assessment is complete and you are providing positive pressure ventilation with​ high-concentration oxygen. The patient has a significant deformity to the right side of his​ head, and both pupils are equal but slow to react to light. He also has deformity to the forearms. Vital signs​ are: pulse​ 144, respirations 24 and​ inadequate, blood pressure​ 90/50 mmHg, and SpO2​ 97%. Based on this ​ presentation, the EMT​ should:

look for evidence of bleeding in an area of the body other than the brain.

&& A​ 57-year-old male patient has fallen 20 feet while setting up holiday lights on his roof. He impacted the ground feet first and has suffered open fractures to both​ tibias, with both bones protruding through the skin. Your assessment reveals him to be responsive to painful stimuli. His airway is​ open, his breathing is​ rapid, and his radial pulse is weak. The skin is cool and diaphoretic. Vital signs​ are: pulse​ 132, respirations​ 24, and BP​ 106/90 mmHg. According to​ family, he has no medical history. Your partner is providing positive pressure ventilation. At this point in the​ patient's care, it is a priority for you​ to:

look for other injuries.

&& At a construction​ site, an​ 18-year-old male was struck in the head by a pallet of concrete blocks as it was being moved by a crane. He has a large laceration to the left side of his head with noted instability to the skull beneath the wound. Moderate bleeding from the injury site is also noted. His airway is​ open, his breathing is​ adequate, and his pulse is strong and regular. Proper care for this patient should​ include:

loose dressing over the top of the laceration.

&& A young boy has an open chest wound to the left lateral area after falling off of his bike onto a metal spike in the ground. His family is present and very upset and crying. As an​ EMT, you recognize that in this​ situation, your primary focus​ is:

maintaining oxygenation.

&& You arrive on the scene of a twominus−car motor vehicle collision. The patient was the unrestrained driver of a car that struck another from behind at 25 mph. In the course of the​ collision, the patient flew forward and struck the windshield with his head. No air bags were deployed. The patient extricated himself and denies​ head, neck, or back​ pain; however, you do note a small cut on his​ hand, which occurred as he was getting out of the car. When asked about preexisting medical problems he tells you that he did have herniated disks in his lumbar spine that were surgically repaired several years ago. Based on​ this, your strongest reason to fully immobilize this patient would​ be:

mechanism of injury.

&& The EMT is assessing the back of a patient with a suspected spinal injury. All of the following may be detected upon visual​ inspection, EXCEPT:

muscle spasms or tenderness.

&& A young female pedestrian was hit by a car and thrown 15​ feet, striking her head against a metal guardrail. You start your secondary assessment and note a deep depression to the right parietal area of her head with intact skin overlying the area. You​ should:

note the injury and continue assessing the patient.

&& Care for an open chest wound and an abdominal evisceration are similar in​ that:

occlusive dressings are placed over both wounds.

&& A​ 39-year-old male has a single stab wound to the anterior chest. When notifying the emergency​ department, you inform them that the patient is suffering from​ a(n):

open chest injury.

A 39-year-old male has a single stab wound to the anterior chest. When notifying the emergency department, you inform them that the patient is suffering from a/an:

open chest injury.

&& A special consideration when immobilizing a geriatric patient would​ be:

padding around any spaces under the back.

&& Because a nontraumatic fracture is typically caused by a degenerative​ disease, it is also known as​ a:

pathological fracture.

&& An unrestrained​ middle-aged female was thrown from her car as it rolled into the median of an interstate. She is​ supine, appears​ unresponsive, has blood on her​ face, and has snoring respirations. Of the listed​ actions, the one that you would perform earliest in your treatment would be​ to:

perform the​ jaw-thrust maneuver.

&& Your patient is a young adult male with a gunshot wound to the left side of his head. He is unresponsive with snoring respirations. He is breathing 6 times per minute with a pulse rate of 52 and a blood pressure of​ 192/104 mmHg. His radial pulse is strong and his skin is​ cool, but not diaphoretic. In addition to​ in-line manual stabilization of the cervical​ spine, the first intervention for this patient would​ be:

performing a​ jaw-thrust maneuver.

&& A​ middle-aged male has been stabbed once in the left anterior chest. His airway is​ patent, respirations​ tachypneic, pulse weak and​ rapid, and skin cool and diaphoretic. Breath sounds are clear and equal bilaterally. The vital signs​ are: pulse​ 140, respirations​ 24, blood pressure​ 100/78 mmHg, and SpO2​ 96% on supplemental oxygen. Given this​ presentation, you would have a high index of suspicion​ for:

pericardial tamponade.

&& The EMT is by the side of a young female who was cut while washing dishes. She has a jagged laceration to her left forearm that is bleeding steadily and heavily. When attempting to control the​ bleeding, the EMT would​ first:

place a large sterile dressing over the site with hand pressure applied over the top of the dressing.

&& A female patient who suffered a straddle injury while trying to balance on top of a chain link fence continues to bleed from the vaginal area despite your initial attempt to control the hemorrhage. At this​ time, you​ would:

place another dressing over the first and maintain direct pressure.

&& A young male was riding a motorcycle when he lost control and was ejected. The patient is unresponsive and receiving positive pressure ventilation. The secondary assessment reveals bright blood flowing from both nostrils. Management of this bleeding would​ include:

placing a loose dressing under the nose.

&& A small metal rod was dislodged from a metal lathe and is now impaled in a​ man's inner thigh. Assessment indicates that there is no active bleeding from the​ site, but the surrounding tissues are ecchymotic. The paramedic asks you to stabilize the rod with bulky dressings. You recognize this action as important because it​ will:

prevent motion of the rod and further internal injury.

&& A patient with blunt chest wall trauma has a flail section to her chest. She is conscious and confused and breathing rapidly and shallowly. After manually stabilizing the flail section of the chest​ wall, the EMT best treats this condition​ by:

providing positive pressure ventilation.

&& The EMT shows he is correctly using the pediatric assessment triangle on a​ 3-year-old male trauma patient when​ he:

quickly determines the circulation based on skin color.

&& The EMT knows that a function of the skin is​ to:

regulate temperature.

&& A motorcyclist wearing a full helmet was thrown from his motorcycle after hitting a patch of oil. The bike had been traveling at a high rate of speed. Manual inminus−line spinal stabilization is being held by an offminus−duty EMT. The primary assessment reveals the patient to be responsive to painful stimuli and breathing rapidly. His radial pulse is weak and fast. As you quickly scan his​ body, you note deformity to the left femur and lower leg. Your immediate action should be​ to

remove his helmet.

&& A patient has suffered abrasions to the legs after falling on a moving treadmill. In relation to the function of the​ skin, the EMT should be most concerned​ about:

risk for infection.

&& The EMT knows that the majority of all deaths in children who are 1 to 14 years of age could be prevented​ by:

safer driving of vehicles.

&& A shoulder harness worn without a lap belt can result​ in:

severe neck injury.

&& An altered mental status in a geriatric​ patient:

should be investigated thoroughly

&& Clear fluid from the ears or nose indicate a​ possible:

skull fracture.

&& During the assessment of a patient who was injured in an industrial​ accident, the EMT notes that the patient has priapism during the assessment of the pelvis. This finding​ suggests:

spinal cord injury.

&& A temporary condition in which the patient loses the ability to move voluntary muscles and typically loses bowel and bladder control is​ called:

spinal shock.

&& A 49 -year-old male has been stabbed in the lower right chest. Police on scene report that the patient got into an argument with an unidentified man, who then stabbed him before fleeing the scene. After assessing the pat, you are suspicious that the knife punctured the lung and is causing internal bleeding. In this situation, the mechanism of injury would be:

stab wound to the right chest.

&& During the secondary​ assessment, the EMT notes instability and a flail segment to a​ patient's lower left lateral chest. The EMT would​ immediately:

stabilize the segment with his hand.

&& A young female patient involved in a motor vehicle collision responds to painful stimuli by extending her arms and legs. Her airway is open and breathing shallow and irregular. A radial pulse that is moderate in strength is palpated. Her pulse is 64 beats per​ minute, respirations are​ 8, and blood pressure is​ 210/110 mmHg with an SpO2​ 90%. She has noted deformity to her forehead and a left pupil that is dilated and does not respond to light. Manual​ in-line stabilization is being held by Emergency Medial Responders​ (EMR). At this​ time, the​ EMT's priority action is​ to:

start positive pressure ventilation at 20 breaths per minute.

&& A teenage boy was found by friends as he attempted to hang himself in a garage using chains suspended from the ceiling. As you​ approach, you note that the patient is​ conscious, struggling to​ breathe, and has contusions that encircle his neck from the chains. After taking manual inminus−line spinal stabilization and opening the​ airway, your next action would be​ to:

start positive pressure ventilation.

&& An unrestrained​ 32-year-old female motorist hit a utility pole head on at 45 mph. The car sustained extensive damage. She has an open​ airway, breathing poorly at 32 breaths per​ minute, and is responsive to painful stimuli. The radial pulse is rapid and​ weak, and her skin is cool and cyanotic. Breath sounds are decreased on the right side. Emergency Medical Responders are maintaining manual​ in-line stabilization. Your next action would be​ to:

start positive pressure ventilation.

&& Assessment findings of a driver who was ejected from his vehicle in a​ rollover-type collision include unresponsiveness and bruising to the abdominal and pelvic​ areas, along with an open femur fracture. The patient has an open airway and is breathing at 32 times per minute. His skin is cool and diaphoretic and the radial pulses are weak. Manual​ in-line spinal stabilization is being maintained. The​ EMT's next action would be​ to:

start positive pressure ventilation.

&& A patient has been involved in a motorcycle crash and has a flail segment to the right lateral chest. His airway is open and he is breathing poorly at 24 breaths per minute with a decreasing SpO2. The EMT shows that he is appropriately caring for this injury when​ he:

starts positive pressure ventilation.

&& The​ EMT's primary and first concern with any open injury to the chest​ is:

stopping air entry.

&& A collection of blood between the brain and the dura is called​ a/an:

subdural hematoma.

&& You have arrived on a shooting where a middleminus−aged male has suffered a single gunshot wound to the abdomen. As you approach the​ patient, you note that he is sitting up and talking with the police officer holding a bloodminus−soaked towel over the left upper quadrant of his abdomen. Your initial action in caring for this patient is​ to:

take manual inminus−line spinal stabilization.

&& Assessment findings on a​ 33-year-old female who has been shot in the right side of the chest indicate that she is suffering from a pneumothorax. As you care for this​ patient, your primary concern is monitoring the injury​ for:

tension pneumothorax.

&& When immobilizing infants and​ children, it is important to​ remember:

that if an automobile collision involves a child in a car​ seat, you cannot use that car seat to stabilize the child for transport.

&& The first point of impact in​ head-first falls is​ typically:

the arms.

&& You are called for a​ 2-year-old boy who fell and cut his arm. While en route to the​ call, the dispatcher informs you that the patient has hemophilia​ (clotting disorder). As an​ EMT, you should recognize​ that:

the bleeding may be significant.

&& In a motor vehicle​ collision, the impact of the victim within the passenger compartment is​ called:

the body collision

&& Assessment of a patient involved in a motor vehicle accident reveals him to have crepitus to the left humerus, instability to the left lateral chest wall and flank, and pain on palpation to the left hip region. He also complains of pain to the right side of the neck. Based on this injury pattern, the EMT would recognize the patient was:

the driver of a car hit on the driver's side.

&& When caring for patients at a motor vehicle crash involving a frontal impact, remember:

the driver will continue to move forward at the same speed at which the vehicle was traveling.

&& The young pediatric patient is more prone to head injury​ because:

the head is proportionately heavier and the neck muscles weaker.

&& Continued use of a wet burn sheet​ increases:

the risk of hypothermia.

&& Burns caused by hot water or steam​ are:

thermal burns.

&& A patient has a history of tendonitis to the right elbow. Based on​ this, the EMT would understand that​ the:

tissue connecting the muscle to the bones of the elbow is inflamed.

&& Your patient was replacing a roof on a hot summer day when he slipped and fell from the second story. Upon your​ arrival, you find that the patient is​ unconscious, fully​ immobilized, on O2 via NRB at 15 lpm with oxygen saturation of 98​ percent, and warm to the touch. The next intervention that you should consider​ is:

to passively cool the patient.

&& A patient has suffered a small but jagged laceration to her left hand. When cleaning the​ wound, it is important that the​ EMT:

use sterile gauze and wipe away from the site of injury.

&& A​ 24-year-old male has cut his arm with a table saw. Assessment reveals dark red blood flowing steadily from the laceration. As an​ EMT, you would identify this bleeding​ as:

venous.

&& A patient has had part of his right thumb amputated in an industrial accident. Coworkers have retrieved the thumb and wrapped it in a towel. The EMT demonstrates appropriate handling of the amputated part when​ he:

wraps it in a dry sterile dressing.

&& Which statement shows that the EMT understands the use of a tourniquet in controlling​ bleeding?

​"A tourniquet should be applied tightly enough so that arterial blood flow distal to the tourniquet is completely​ stopped."

&& You have arrived on the scene of a large structure fire. Emergency Medical Responders​ (EMRs) are by the side of a patient who is responsive to verbal stimuli and has suffered significant burns to his body. They report that the patient fell down a flight of stairs while trying to escape the fire and was trapped for several minutes. Their assessment findings include​ partial- and​ full-thickness burns to his right​ arm, right​ leg, and right side of the face. The EMRs also report that the​ patient's unburned skin is​ cool, clammy, and​ pale, with a delayed capillary refill. His pulse is​ 144, respirations are​ 22, and blood pressure is​ 88/50 mmHg. Which instruction would be MOST​ appropriate?

​"After reassessing the​ ABCs, let's do a secondary assessment and look for signs of injuries that are causing​ shock."

&& You arrive at a hunting camp for a hunter who stumbled over a rock and caught himself on his outstretched arm. He denies hitting his head or neck. There are no threats to the​ airway, breathing, or circulation. He has swelling and ecchymosis to his left wrist. A radial pulse is readily​ palpated, and the skin in the hand is warm to the touch. Which​ instruction, given by the EMT to other​ rescuers, indicates proper care of this​ patient?

​"After we splint his​ wrist, we will need to elevate it during transport to decrease the opportunity for​ swelling."

&& You have been dispatched to a residence where a woman lacerated her arm after falling while holding a drinking glass. She informs you that when she was first​ cut, blood spurted from the​ wound, and then within a second or​ two, it subsided to a mere trickle. She asks why this would happen. Which one of the following is the correct​ response?

​"Blood vessels tend to constrict quickly once they are​ injured."

&& The EMT has fundamental understanding of abdominal trauma when he​ states:

​"Blunt trauma tends to be more lethal than penetrating trauma because of the large number of organs​ affected."

&& What instruction would you provide to your team immediately after securing a patient with​ head, neck, and back pain to the long​ backboard?

​"Check for pedal pulses before we move him to the​ stretcher."

&& Which statement made by an EMT demonstrates an understanding of chest​ trauma?

​"Closed chest injuries are caused by blunt trauma and can be just as serious as open chest​ injuries."

&& Which statement made by the EMT indicates an understanding of calculating the body surface area​ (BSA) burned?

​"Determining the BSA is an estimation and should never delay transport of the burn patient to the​ hospital."

&& A​ 31-year-old unrestrained pregnant female has been involved in an MVC and is complaining of chest and abdominal pain after striking the steering wheel. She is​ conscious, alert, and oriented with no deficits noted to the​ airway, breathing, or circulation. When asking her questions regarding her​ status, what questions should you ask​ first?

​"Do you feel as though you are having​ contractions?"

&& Which instruction is appropriate when helping a new EMT care for a male patient with a laceration to his left​ arm?

​"Don't worry about removing embedded dirt from the​ wound, just the dirt around the​ laceration."

&& You have been called to a nursing home for a confused​ 91-year-old male patient who became dizzy and​ fell, striking his head on the floor. Which one of the following statements made by the nurse should be of most concern to​ you?

​"He has a heart valve problem and takes Coumadin for​ it."

&& A patient is lying under a tree after being involved in a motor vehicle collision. She states that immediately after the​ crash, she felt​ okay, but now her legs are numb and tingling. She also has lower back discomfort. What question is it most important for the EMT to ask​ first?

​"How did you get out of the​ car?"

&& A patient has been stabbed with a knife at the fifth intercostal space on the right side of the chest. Assessment reveals him to be short of breath and coughing. Which question is it MOST important for the EMT to ask about the​ weapon?

​"How long was the​ knife?"

&& Which​ statement, made by the EMT shows an understanding of dressing and bandaging a​ wound?

​"I always leave the tips of the fingers or toes exposed when bandaging the arm or leg so future assessment of circulation can be​ made."

&& A​ 51-year-old female patient tripped in the kitchen and fell against a deep​ fryer, splashing hot oil onto her right arm. Assessment reveals​ partial- and deep​ partial-thickness burns to her arm. You estimate that the burn covers​ 2% of her body. Which​ statement, made by the​ patient, reveals the most important information when determining the overall severity of the​ burn?

​"I have been a diabetic for several​ years."

&& Which one of the following shows that the EMT is correctly assessing motor function in the arms of a patient with potential spine​ injuries?

​"I need you to flex both arms across your​ chest."

&& You are having a difficult time controlling bleeding from a small skin avulsion on a​ patient's ankle. Which one of the following statements made by the patient best explains why control has been difficult to​ achieve?

​"I take Coumadin for my irregular​ heartbeat."

&& Which statement made by the EMT shows an understanding of bandaging an open​ wound?

​"I use bandaging material to secure a dressing in​ place."

&& Which one of the following statements shows that the EMT understands the palm method of estimating the BSA​ burned?

​"I use the​ patient's palm to estimate the size of the burn​ area."

&& Which statement describes the BEST way to determine the severity of a​ patient's blood​ loss?

​"I use the​ patient's signs and symptoms to judge the severity of the blood​ loss."

&& You are by the side of an​ 88-year-old male who fell. He has a hematoma to his forehead as well as deformity to his left forearm. His daughter informs you that he has severe dementia and she cares for him at home. As you assess​ him, he continually screams​ out, "Mary, help me. I need​ help!" At this​ time, what question is most appropriate to ask the​ daughter?

​"Is this how he normally​ is?"

&& A male patient was injured when a steam valve​ opened, causing hot steam to contact his face. Which​ statement, made by the​ patient, would be of MOST concern to the EMT and require immediate assessment or​ treatment?

​"It is sort of hard to​ breathe."

&& A​ 24-year-old man was shocked while working on his​ house's electrical system. Assessment reveals a minor burn to the fingers on his left hand. Aside from being slightly​ shaky, he states he feels fine and does not see the need to be treated further or transported to the hospital. What statement would you make before allowing him to refuse additional care and​ transport?

​"It would be best to let the emergency physician check you out. Electrical shocks can damage the​ heart."

&& On scene at a college football​ game, a wide receiver is unresponsive after colliding with another player and forcefully taking a helmet to the chest. The athletic trainer reports that the patient is pulseless and apneic. Given the mechanism of injury and​ patient's presentation, which instruction would be​ appropriate?

​"Let's apply the AED and follow all​ prompts."

&& An alert and oriented worker had his right thigh pinned between the bumpers of two trucks. Assessment findings include deformity and swelling to the right hip area and​ mid-thigh along with ecchymosis and swelling to the right knee. The patient complains of excruciating pain to the right leg. Which​ instruction, given to other EMTs on the​ scene, would be​ appropriate?

​"Let's immobilize him to the long spine board and then transport him to the​ hospital."

&& A​ 28-year-old male was cutting limbs from a tree when he lost his footing and fell 20 feet. He is unresponsive and breathing extremely shallow at 28 times per minute. His radial pulse is weak and thready and his skin is cool to the touch. Emergency Medical Responders​ (EMRs) have placed him on a nonrebreather face mask and are holding manual​ in-line stabilization. A blanket has also been applied and covers the man. Based on these assessment​ findings, what instruction would you give to the​ EMRs?

​"Let's take off the oxygen mask and start positive pressure ventilation to assist his​ breathing."

&& Which statement about traction splints is​ TRUE?

​"Mechanical traction should be applied until the mechanical traction is equal to the manual traction and the patient experiences a reduction in​ pain."

&& You are assessing a young male patient who was assaulted with a baseball bat and struck once on the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. You would recognize the patient as having​ Kehr's sign when he makes what​ statement?

​"My left shoulder is killing​ me!"

&& While riding a​ bike, a young boy fell onto a stick that was protruding from the ground. The stick impaled him in the neck. The boy immediately pulled the stick out and ran​ home, where his mother called 911. Assessment reveals a gaping wound to the right neck. All hemorrhaging has clotted​ off, and manual​ in-line spinal stabilization is being maintained. Which instruction should you provide to the other EMTs on​ scene?

​"Place an occlusive dressing over the wound and tape it on all four​ sides."

&& Which one of the following statements about the care and treatment of a patient with a spinal injury in the prehospital setting is​ true?

​"Prehospital care for the patient with a spine injury involves immobilization and the identification of lifeminus−threatening ​conditions."

&& An adult female is found unresponsive after being shot in the chest. Which statement made by your partner is of most​ concern?

​"She is getting more difficult to​ ventilate."

&& A female who had hot coffee thrown at her has a superficial burn to the right side of her face. After transferring the patient to the hospital emergency department for continued​ care, a new EMT asks you whether the patient will have a permanent scar on her face. What is your BEST​ reply?

​"Since only the outer layer of skin was​ burned, there is little chance of​ scarring."

&& Which statement indicates an understanding of the​ EMT's prehospital role in caring for the patient in​ shock?

​"Since shock is best treated in the​ hospital, the EMT should provide care to maintain perfusion to the vital organs and​ transport."

​&& Tragically, you have just arrived by the side of a​ 23-year-old female who is 37 weeks pregnant and apneic and pulseless after being shot in the abdomen. Regarding care of this​ woman, which of the following statements would you provide to other rescuers on​ scene?

​"Waiting for ALS backup is not​ beneficial; we need to provide CPR and get her to the hospital​ now!"

&& Which statement demonstrates an understanding of shock caused by internal​ bleeding?

​"You should always suspect internal bleeding in a patient with the signs and symptoms of shock but no external​ bleeding."

&& When triaging multiple burn​ patients, the EMT would recognize which as suffering the most critical​ burn?

​22-year-old with a​ partial-thickness burn to the right hand

&& After assessing the following patients, which would the EMT identify as suffering from multi-systems trauma?

​61-year-old male; became dizzy and fell down five​ stairs; laceration to the​ head; open fracture to the left lower leg

&& What desired minimal pulse oximeter reading does the EMT want to maintain in a patient with a spinal cord​ injury?

​94% or more

&& A​ 21-year-old male has sustained a severe burn to his left leg while working on an industrial furnace. Coworkers immediately doused his flaming pants and removed them. Your primary assessment reveals no threats to the​ airway, breathing, or circulation. While performing the secondary assessment on his​ leg, what finding would be most​ critical?

​Partial-thickness burn completely encircling the knee

&& Which bone injury would be classified as occurring in the appendicular skeletal​ system?

​Right-hip fracture

&& You are securing a patient to the long backboard. The appropriate order for securing the straps would​ be:

​chest, pelvis, legs and head.

&& You are transporting an alert and oriented male who sustained severe abdominal trauma in an assault. The primary survey indicates a patent airway with respirations between 22 to 24 a minute. He has a rapid and weak radial pulse of 144 beats per minute and his skin is pale and cool. The blood pressure is​ 106/84 and SpO2​ 94%. Best management of the respiratory and oxygenation parameters would​ include:

​high-concentration oxygen through a nonrebreather.