EMT FINAL 1 of 8

A fractured femur can result in the loss of ______ or more of blood into the soft tissues of the thigh.

1 L

Significant vital sign changes will occur if the typical adult acutely loses more than ______ of his or her total blood volume.

20%

What is the approximate blood volume of an 80-kg adult male?

5.60 L

Which of the following statements regarding the clotting of blood is correct?

A person taking blood thinners will experience slower blood clotting.

Which of the following conditions might an EMT suspect as a possible cause for bleeding from the nose and mouth?

A skull fracture High blood pressure A sinus infection All of these answers are correct.***

What mechanism(s) does the body use to control bleeding?

A. Clotting B. Coagulation C. Vasoconstriction D. All of these answers are correct.***

If applying a dressing to control the bleeding of a patient's arm, the EMT should ________.

A. apply direct pressure first B. use large or small gauze pads or dressings depending upon the size of the wound C. cover the entire wound, above and below, with the dressing D. All of these answers are correct.***

______ is defined as the ability to reach the patient

Access

Which of the following splinting devices would be MOST appropriate to use for a patient who has an open fracture of the forearm with external bleeding?

Air splint

The phrenic nerves control the diaphragm and exit the spinal cord at:

C3, C4, and C5.

In which of the following situations would external bleeding be the MOST difficult to control?

Femoral artery laceration and a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg

Which organ or organ system has the greatest tolerance for lack of perfusion (shock)?

Gastrointestinal system

Which of the following statements regarding trench rescue is correct?

Ground vibration is a primary cause of secondary collapse.

Which of the following is a term for vomited blood?

Hematemesis

Definitive care for a tension pneumothorax involves:

Inserting a needle through the rib cage into the pleural space

Which of the following statements regarding hemophilia is correct?

Patients with hemophilia may bleed spontaneously.

The___nerves control the diaphragm.

Phrenic

A 28 year old male was struck in the chest with a baseball bat during an altercation. He is conscious and alert and complains of severe chest pain. Your assessment reveals a large area of ecchymosis over the sternum and a rapid, irregular pulse. In addition to applying 100% oxygen, you should:

Prepare for immediate transport

Which portion of the blood carries oxygen to and wastes away from body tissues?

Red blood cells

You and your partner are standing by at the scene of a residential fire when you hear the incident commander state "We have located a victim" over the radio. You should

Remain with the ambulance and wait for fire personnel to bring the victim to you

A patient who presents with profound cyanosis following a chest injury

Requires prompt oxygenation and ventilation

Which section of the heart receives deoxygenated blood?

Right

Which part of the cardiovascular system is considered "a container"?

The blood vessels

Which of the following organs/body systems cannot tolerate lack of blood flow for more than a few minutes?

The heart and brain

Which of the following findings would be the MOST significant when assessing a patient with possible internal bleeding?

The patient takes rivaroxaban (Xeralto).

Which of the following statements regarding the rapid extrication technique is correct?

The rapid extrication technique is indicated if the scene is unsafe and the patient is not entrapped in his or her vehicle

A 19 year old male is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless after being struck in the center of the chest with a softball. Based on the mechanism of injury, what MOST likely occurred ?

Ventricular fibrillation when the impact occurred during a critical portion of the cardiac cycle

Which of the following situations would require the use of a specialized rescue team?

a patient trapped in a cave or a confined space

A flail chest occurs when:

a segment of the chest wall is detached from the thoracic cage.

If direct pressure fails to immediately stop severe bleeding from an extremity, you should apply:

a tourniquet proximal to the injury.

While jogging, a 19-year-old male experienced an acute onset of shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. He is conscious and alert with stable vital signs. Your assessment reveals that he has diminished breath sounds over the left side of the chest. You should:

administer oxygen and transport to the hospital.

Subcutaneous emphysema is an indication that:

air is escaping into the chest wall from a damaged lung

A 48-year-old male has a suspected open-book pelvic fracture. He is conscious but restless, and his skin is pale and diaphoretic. His respirations are 22 breaths/min and his pulse rate is 120 beats/min. There is no external bleeding noted. The EMT should:

apply a compression device around his pelvis.

Your unit has been dispatched to stand by at the scene of a structure fire. There are no injuries of which you are aware. Upon arriving at the scene, you should

ask the incident commander where the ambulance should be staged.

You are attempting to gain access to a patient who was injured when his truck struck another vehicle from behind. The patient is conscious and alert, but is screaming in pain. You try to open the door, but it is locked. You should

ask the patient if he can unlock the door

A young male was shot in the abdomen by an unknown type of gun. He is semiconscious, has shallow breathing, and is bleeding externally from the wound. As you control the external bleeding, your partner should:

assist the patient's ventilations.

Patients with rib fractures will commonly:

breathe rapidly and shallowly

Perfusion is MOST accurately defined as the:

circulation of blood within an organ in adequate amounts to meet the organ's metabolic needs.

Signs and symptoms of a tension pneumothorax include all of the following, EXCEPT:

collapsed jugular veins.

You are transporting a stable patient with a possible pneumothorax. The patient is receiving 100% oxygen and has an oxygen saturation of 95%. During your reassessment, you find that the patient is now confused, hypotensive, and profusely diaphoretic. What is MOST likely causing this patient's deterioration?

compression of the aorta and vena cava

A 39-year-old male accidentally cut his wrist while sharpening his hunting knife. He is conscious and alert with adequate breathing, but is bleeding significantly from the wound. You should:

control the bleeding with direct pressure.

Hemoptysis is defined as:

coughing up blood.

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the

diaphragm.

A 19-year-old female has just been extricated from her severely damage car. She is on a long backboard and has been moved to a place of safety. As your partner maintains manual stabilization of her head, you perform a rapid assessment. The patient is unconscious, has slow and shallow respirations, and has bilaterally closed femur deformities. You should

direct your partner to begin ventilatory assistance

Following a stab wound to the left anterior chest, a 25-year-old male presents with a decreased level of consciousness and signs of shock. Which of the following additional assessment findings should increase your index of suspicion for a cardiac tamponade?

engorged jugular veins

A 67-year-old male presents with weakness, dizziness, and melena that began approximately 2 days ago. He denies a history of trauma. His blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg and his pulse is 120 beats/min and thready. You should be MOST suspicious that this patient is experiencing:

gastrointestinal bleeding.

You are standing by at the scene of a hostage situation when the incident commander advises you that one of his personnel has been shot. The patient is lying supine in an open area and is not moving. As the SWAT team escorts you to the patient, you should

grab him by the clothes and immediately move him to safety

Common signs and symptoms of a chest injury include all of the following, EXCEPT:

hematemesis.

You respond to a residence for a 40-year-old female who was assaulted by her husband; the scene has been secured by law enforcement. Upon your arrival, you find the patient lying supine on the floor in the kitchen. She is semiconscious with severely labored breathing. Further assessment reveals a large bruise to the left anterior chest, jugular venous distention, and unilaterally absent breath sounds. As your partner is supporting her ventilations, you should:

immediately request ALS support

Upon arriving at the scene of a motor vehicle crash, you can see three patients, one who is entrapped in his car and two who have been ejected from their vehicle. You should

immediately request addition resources

A 33-year-old restrained driver of a motor vehicle crash is awake and alert, complaining only of neck pain. The vehicle is stable and no hazards are present. When removing this patient from his vehicle, you should

immobilize him with a vest-style device

A hiker was injured when he fell approx 20' from a cliff. When you aarrive at the scene, a member of the technical rescue group escorts you to the patient, who is positioned on a steep incline. The MOST appropriate method of immobilizing and moving the patient to the ambulance is to

immobilize his spine with a long backboard and place him in a basket stretcher

The MOST critical treatment for a tension pneumothorax involves:

inserting a needle through the rib cage into the pleural space.

Bleeding from the nose following head trauma:

is a sign of a skull fracture and should not be stopped.

Common duties and responsibilities of EMS personnel at the scene of a motor vehicle crash include all of the following, EXCEPT

keeping bystanders at a safe distance

You arrive at the scene of a major motor vehicle crash. The patient, a 50-year-old female, was removed from her vehicle prior to your arrival. Bystanders who removed her state that she was not wearing a seatbelt. The patient is unconscious, tachycardic, and diaphoretic. Your assessment reveals bilaterally clear and equal breath sounds, a midline trachea, and collapsed jugular veins. You should be MOST suspicious that this patient has experienced a

laceration of the aorta

Which of the following organs or structures does NOT reside within the mediastinum?

lungs

When a person is lying supine at the end of exhalation, the diaphragm

may rise as high as the nipple line.

If a person's tidal volume decreases, but his or her respiratory rate remains unchanged:

minute volume will decrease.

If a patient with a chest injury is only able to inhale small amounts of air per breath, he or she:

must increase his or her respiratory rate to maintain adequate minute volume.

A rapid, irregular pulse following blunt trauma to the chest is MOST suggestive of a:

myocardial contusion.

You have sealed the open chest wound of a 40-year-old male who was stabbed in the anterior chest. Your reassessment reveals that he is experiencing increasing respiratory distress and tachycardia, and is developing cyanosis. You should:

partially remove the dressing.

In order to evaluate hazards present at he scene and determine the number of patients, you should

perform a 360 walk-around of the scene

Once entrance and access to the patient have been provided, you should

perform a primary assessment

Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells' oxygen, nutritional, and waste-removal needs is termed _______.

perfusion

The ________ nerves control the diaphragm.

phrenic

A 43-year-old man is experiencing a severe nosebleed. His blood pressure is 190/110 mm Hg and his heart rate is 90 beats/min and bounding. Preferred treatment for this patient includes:

pinching the patient's nostrils and having him lean forward.

After applying a pressure dressing to a laceration on a patient's arm, you notice that blood is slowly beginning to saturate it. You should:

place additional dressings over the wound.

Irritation or damage to the pleural surfaces that causes sharp chest pain during inhalation is called

pleurisy.

In order to avoid exacerbating a patient's injury, it is especially important to use extreme caution when providing positive-pressure ventilation to patients with a:

pneumothorax.

A 22-year-old male was kicked in the abdomen multiple times during an assault. He is conscious but restless and his pulse is rapid. Your assessment reveals a large area of bruising to the right upper quadrant of his abdomen. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes:

preparing for immediate transport.

When removing a critically injured patient from his or her vehicle, you should

protect the cervical spine during the entire process

Following blunt trauma to the chest, an 18-year-old female presents with respiratory distress, reduced tidal volume, and cyanosis. Her blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg and her pulse is 130 beats/min and thready. You should:

provide some form of positive-pressure ventilation

Which of the following is a typical function of the rescue team?

providing safe entry and access to patients

Extrication is MOST accurately defined as

removal form a dangerous situation or position

Disentanglement involves

removing a patient from a dangerous position

During transport of a 40-year-old female with acute abdominal pain, you note that she has stopped talking to you and has become extremely diaphoretic. You should:

repeat the primary assessment.

A patient who presents with profound cyanosis following a chest injury:

requires prompt ventilation and oxygenation.

Hypoperfusion is another name for:

shock.

When assessing a patient with a hemothorax, you will MOST likely find:

signs and symptoms of shock.

Following blunt trauma to the abdomen, a 21-year-old female complains of diffuse abdominal pain and pain to the left shoulder. Your assessment reveals that her abdomen is distended and tender to palpation. On the basis of these findings, you should be MOST suspicious of injury to the:

spleen.

Internal bleeding into a fractured extremity is MOST often controlled by:

splinting the extremity.

During your assessment of a patient with blunt chest trauma, you note paradoxical movement of the left chest wall. As your partner is administering oxygen to the patient, you should:

stabilize the chest wall with a bulky dressing.

The EMT's role at the scene of a search and rescue attempt is to

stand by at the command post until the person is located

When using a stick and square knot as a tourniquet to control severe bleeding from an amputated arm, the EMT should:

stop twisting the stick when the bleeding stops.

As you and your team are removing an unconscious patient from her wrecked car, you note that she has closed deformities to both of her legs and a deformity to her left humerus. You should

support the injured extremities and continue removal

Your primary concern when arriving at the scene of a motor vehicle crash is

surveying the are for harzards

The severity of bleeding should be based on all of the following findings, EXCEPT:

systolic blood pressure.

Situational awareness is MOST accurately defined as

the ability to recognize any possible issues once you arrive at the scene and act proactively to avoid a negative impact

Hypovolemic shock occurs when:

the body cannot compensate for rapid blood loss.

Hypovolemic shock occurs when:

the body cannot compensate for rapid fluid loss.

Elevation of the rib cage during inhalation occurs when:

the intercostal muscles contract.

When determining the exact location and position of the patient(s) in a wrecked vehicle, you and your team should routinely consider all of the following, EXCEPT

the make and model of the vehicle

You arrive at the home of a 50-year-old female with severe epistaxis. As you are treating her, it is MOST important to recall that:

the patient is at risk for vomiting and aspiration.

When encountering a suspected bleeding emergency, the most pertinent finding during the SAMPLE history phase of assessment would be that ________.

the patient states that she takes blood-thinner medications

Whether you are using a commercial device or a stick and triangular bandage as a tourniquet, it is important to remember that:

the tourniquet should only be removed at the hospital because bleeding may return if the tourniquet is released.

Immediate death from blunt chest trauma following a motor vehicle crash is MOST often the result of

traumatic aortic rupture.

The reasons for rescue failure can be referred to by the mnemonic FAILURE. According to this mnemonic, the "U" stands for

underestimating the logistics of the incident

Pleural fluid is contained between the:

visceral and parietal pleurae.

In older patients, the first indicator of nontraumatic internal bleeding may be:

weakness or dizziness.