EMT QUIZLET : CHAPTERS 24-32

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Common causes of fever in children:

"Infection, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or urinary tract infection. Status epilepticus. Neoplasm (cancer). Drug ingestion (aspirin). Arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (rash across nose. High environmental temperature."

Meningitis

"Inflammation of the meniges caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites."

What is the best way to auscultate breath sounds in a pediatric patient?

"On both sides, at the level of the armpit."

PAT

"Pediatric Assesment Triangle. A structured assessment tool that allows you to rapidly form a general impression of the infant or child without touching him or her; consists of assessing appearance, work of breathing, and circulation to the skin. "

Bronchiolitis

"Specific viral illness of newborns and toddlers, often caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) that causes inflammation of the bronchioles. RSV is highly contagious and spread through droplets when the pediatric patient coughs or sneezes. "

"Tachycardia, Poor capillary refill (> 2 seconds), Mental status changes."

Pediatric Assesment Triangle

"The PAT consists of three elements: appearance (muscle tone and mental status),work of breathing, and circulation to the skin. "

JumpSTART system

"There are four triage categories in the JumpSTART system, designated by colors corresponding to different levels of urgency for treatment. Decision points include: able to walk (except in infants); presence of spontaneous breathing; respirations of less than 15 or of greater than 45 breaths/min; palpable peripheral pulse; and appropriate response to painful stimuli on the AVPU scale. "

Once the seizure stops, a child's muscles relax and breathing becomes rapid. This is referred to as the: A. recovery state. B. postictal state. C. aural state. D. reversal state.

...

Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale

...

Significant pain;

...

Status epilepticus is a condition in which seizures continue every few minutes without the patient regaining consciousness or seizures last longer than: A. 30 minutes. B. 45 minutes. C. 60 minutes. D. 120 minutes.

...

What is the JumpSTART Triage System?

...

What is your priority in caring for a pediatric patient with seizures? A. Stop the seizure. B. Secure the airway. C. Provide rapid transport. D. Maintain the patient's body temperature.

...

When you are using the pediatric assessment triangle, what information can you obtain by evaluating the appearance of a pediatric patient?

...

a 30 year old male experienced a crushing injury when his arm was trapped between the back of a truck and a loading dock. upon your arrival, the mans arm has been freed. your assessment reveals that his arm is obviously deformed and swollen and is cold and pale. further assessment reveals an absent radial pulse. you should be most concerned that this patient has:

...

height, especially with a headfirst landing;

...

What is the Wong Baker Faces Scale?

0 No Hurt 2 Hurts A Little 4 Hurts Little More 6 Hurts Even More 8 Hurts A lot 10 Hurts Worst

What age is a toddler?

1 to 3 years. experience anxiety distracted by object or toy

The mastoid process is located approximately:

1" posterior to the external opening of the ear.

according to the rule of palm method for estimating the extent of a patients burns, the palm of the patients hand is equal to _____ of his or her total BSA

What are the three stages of labor?

1)Dilation of the cervix 2)Delivery of the infant 3)Delivery of the placenta

What are the guidelines for treating a pregnant trauma patient?

1)Maintain an open airway - increased risk of vomiting 2)Administer high-flow O2 - patient also supplying O2 to fetus 3)Ensure adequate ventilations - listen to lung sounds 4)Assess circulation - maintain Index of S. for internal bleeding 5)Transport considerations - call ALS for MOIs or major trauma

During delivery of the placenta, the following are considered emergency situations:

1)More than 30 minutes elapse, and the placenta has not delivered. 2)There is more than 500 mL of bleeding before the placenta. 3)There is significant bleeding after delivery of the placenta.

The three main parts of the cardiovascular system:

1. A working pump (heart) 2. A container (blood vessels) 3.Fluid (oxygen carrying blood)

Methods to control Bleeding

1. Direct, local pressure 2. Pressure dressing 3. Tourniquet 4. Splitting device

Organ systems and need for perfusion

1. Heart needs constant perfusion 2. Brain and spinal cord cells start to die after 4-6 minutes 3. Lungs can only survive 15-20 minutes 4. Kidneys can be damaged after 45 minutes 5. Skeletal muscle can last up to 2-3 hours

Signs of serious internal bleeding

1. Vomiting blood (hematemesis) 2. Black, tarry stools (melena) 3. Coughing up blood (hemoptysis) 4. Distended abdomen 5. Broken ribs

Infant pulse rate?

100-160bpm.

What is an abnormal fever in an infant?

100.4 F or 38 C.

What age are adolescents?

12 to 18 years. children on emotional level

Adolescent (12 to 18 yrs) respiratory rate is:

12-20 breaths/min.

Older than 18 years respiratory rate is:

12-20 breaths/min.

Following a head injury, a 20-year-old female opens her eyes spontaneously, is confused, and obeys your commands to move her extremities. You should assign her a GCS score of:

School age(6 to 12 yrs) respiratory rate is:

15-20 breaths/min.

A 21-year-old male was working in an auto repair shop and sustained radiator burns to the anterior aspect of both arms and to his anterior chest. According to the rule of nines, this patient has burns that cover _____ of his BSA.

18%

a 21 year old male was working in an auto repair shop and sustained radiator burns to the anterior aspect of both arms and to his anterior chest. according to the rule of nines, this patient has burns that cover _____ of his BSA

18%

The body cannot tolerate more than what percentage of blood loss?

20% or about 1 liter in the average adult

Preschool (3 to 6yrs) respiratory rate is:

20-25 breaths/min.

Toddler (1 to 3 yrs) respiratory rate is:

20-30 breaths/min.

The normal respiratory rate for infants is:

25-50 breaths per minute

Infant (1mo to 1 yr) respiratory rate is:

25-50 breaths/min.

A patient with a head injury presents with abnormal flexion of his extremities. What numeric value should you assign to him for motor response?

What age is preschool?

3 to 6 years. understand direction identify painful areas when questioned tell them what you are doing before so they are not frightened

a 5 year old female pulled a pot of boiling water from the stove. she has superficial partial thickness burns to her head and anterior trunk. what % of her body surface area has been burned

30 %

Status epilepticus seizures continuing every few minutes without patient regaining consciousness?

30 minutes long

Newborn (0-1month) respiratory rate is:

30 to 60 breaths/min.

What age are school age children?

6 to 12 years. understand physical exam talk about their interests

Adolescent pulse rate?

60-100bpm.

School-age pulse rate?

70-120bpm.

Pre-school pulse rate?

80-140bpm.

Toddler pulse rate?

90-150bpm.

A person's ability to shiver is lost when his or her body temperature falls below:

90°F (32°C).

Hypothermia occurs when the core body temperature falls below:

90°F (32°C).

A 12-year-old male jumped approximately 12′ from a tree and landed on his feet. He complains of pain to his lower back. What injury mechanism is MOST likely responsible for his back pain? A. Energy transmission to the spine B. Secondary fall after the initial impact C. Direct trauma to the spinal column D. Lateral impact to the spine

A 22-year-old male was kicked in the abdomen multiple times during an attack by a gang. He is conscious but restless and his pulse is rapid. Your assessment reveals a large area of bruising to the right upper quadrant of his abdomen. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes: A. preparing for immediate transport. B. applying oxygen via nasal cannula. C. performing a focused physical exam. D. a detailed assessment of his abdomen.

A 70-year-old man is experiencing a severe nosebleed. When you arrive, you find him leaning over a basin, which contains an impressive amount of blood. He has a history of coronary artery disease, diabetes, and migraine headaches. His BP is 180/100 and his heart rate is 100 beats/min. Which of the following is the MOST likely contributing factor to his nosebleed? A. His blood pressure B. His history of diabetes C. The fact that he is elderly D. His heart rate of 100 beats/min

A comprehensive regional resource capable of providing every aspect of trauma care from prevention through rehabilitation is the definition of a _____ trauma center. A. Level I B Level II C. Level III D. Level IV

A young boy was riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car. What was the first collision? A. The bike hitting the car. B. The bike rider hitting his bike or the car. C. The bike rider's internal organs against the solid structures of the body. D. The bike rider striking the pavement.

A young boy was riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car. What will rate your index of suspicion for this collision? A. The mechanism of injury B. The type of bike C. How loudly he's crying D. A quick visual assessment

Abdominal pain, vomiting, and fever are most likely due to _______. Select one: A. infection B. hemorrhage C. evisceration D. hypovolemia

Significant clues to the possibility of severe injuries in motor vehicle collisions include: A. death of a passenger B. a blown out tires C. broken glass D. a deployed air bag

Suspect a possible injury of the urinary bladder in all of the following findings EXCEPT: A. bruising to the left upper quadrant B. blood at the urethral opening C. blood at the tip of the penis or a stain on the patient's underwear D. physical signs of trauma on the lower abdomen, pelvis or perineum

The energy of a moving object is called: A. kinetic energy. B. converted energy. C. potential energy. D. latent energy.

The largest organ in the abdomen is the: A. liver B. spleen C. pancreas D. kidneys

The major complaint of patients with abdominal injury is: A. pain B. tachycardia C. rigidity D. swelling

The only arteries of the body that carry deoxygenated blood are the A. Pulmonary arteries B. Coronary arteries C. Femoral arteries D. Subclavian arteries

The severity of bleeding should be based on all of the following findings, EXCEPT: A. systolic blood pressure. B. poor general appearance. C. the mechanism of injury. D. clinical signs and symptoms.

The solid organs of the urinary system include the: A. kidneys B. ureters C. bladder D. urethra

The systemic veins function by: A. returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart. B. delivering oxygen-poor blood to the capillaries. C. returning oxygen-rich blood back to the left atrium. D. delivering deoxygenated blood to the capillaries.

What is the approximate blood volume of a 75-kg adult? A. 5.25 L B. 5.50 L C. 6.25 L D. 6.50 L

When applying a bandage to hold a dressing in place, stretch the bandage tight enough to control the bleeding but not so tight as to decrease _____ to the extremity. A. blood flow B. pulses C. oxygen D. CRTs

When assessing an elderly patient who fell, it is important to remember that: A. osteoporosis can cause a fracture that may have resulted in the fall. B. elderly patients who fall usually have a secondary head injury. C. bilateral hip fractures usually occur when an elderly person falls. D. any fall in the elderly is considered to be high-energy trauma

When caring for an occupant inside a motor vehicle equipped with an air bag that did not deploy upon impact, it is MOST important to: A. remember that it could still deploy and seriously injure you. B. suspect that the patient may have experienced serious injuries. C. realize that the air bag malfunctioned at the time of impact. D. recognize that the force of impact was most likely not severe.

When the speed of a motor vehicle doubles, the amount of kinetic energy: A. quadruples. B. triples. C. doubles. D. is not affected.

Which of the following findings would be LEAST suggestive of the presence of high-energy trauma? A. Deployment of the air bag B. Steering wheel deformity C. Intrusion into the vehicle D. Dismounted seats

Which of the following interventions is the MOST critical to the outcome of a patient with multisystem trauma? A. Rapid transport to a trauma center B. Elevation of the lower extremities C. Intravenous fluid administration D. Early administration of oxygen

Which of the following is true regarding injury to the kidneys? Select one: A. Injury to the kidneys usually indicates injury to other organs. B. Only minimal force is needed to damage the kidneys. C. The kidneys are not well protected. D. Kidney injuries are rarely caused by blunt trauma.

Which of the following sets of vital signs is LEAST indicative of internal bleeding? A. BP, 140/90 mm Hg; pulse rate, 58 beats/min; respirations, 8 breaths/min B. BP, 100/50 mm Hg; pulse rate, 120 beats/min; respirations, 24 breaths/min C. BP, 98/60 mm Hg; pulse rate, 110 beats/min; respirations, 28 breaths/min D. BP, 102/48 mm Hg; pulse rate, 100 beats/min; respirations, 22 breaths/min

Which of the following splinting devices would be MOST appropriate to use for a patient who has an open fracture of the forearm with external bleeding? A. air splint B. vacuum splint C. sling and swathe D. cardboard splint

While assessing a 21 year old female who struck a tree head-on with her small passenger car, you not that her air bag deployed. You should: A. life the air bag and look for deformity to the steering wheel. B. carefully assess her upper chest for seat belt-related injuries C. perform a head-to-toe assessment while she is in the car D. extricate her immediately and transport to a trauma center

Whiplash injuries are MOST common following _________ impacts. A. rear-end B. rollover C. frontal D. lateral

_______ is inadequate tissue perfusion A. Shock B. Hyperperfusion C. Hypertension D. Contraction

_______ shock is a condition in which low blood volume results in inadequate perfusion or even death A. Hypovolemic B. Metabolic C. Septic D. Psychogenic

What are the five areas of assessment for the Apgar?

A - Appearance - color of the infants skin P - Pulse - determine the beats/min G - Grimmace/irritability - newborn's response to stimuli A - Activity/muscle tone - newborns resistance to stretching R - Respiration - how air is ventilated and used for the newborn

Tourniquet

A bleeding control method used when a wound continues to bleed despite the use of direct pressure; useful if a patient is bleeding severely from a partial or complete amputation.

Artery

A blood vessel consisting of three layers of tissue and smooth muscle. Carries blood away from the heart.

Contusion

A bruise from an injury that causes bleeding beneath the skin without breaking the skin (also called ecchymosis)

Hemostatic agent

A chemical compound that slows or stops bleeding by assisting with clot formation

Because cardiac arrest in neonates is nearly always the result of ventilation compromise, a compression to ventilation ratio of what should be used?

A compression to ventilation ratio of 3:1 should be used, which yields 120 actions per minute (90 compressions & 30 vents)

Hypovolemic shock

A condition in which low blood volume, due to massive internal or external bleeding or extensive loss of body water, results in inadequate perfusion.

Hypoperfusion

A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called shock.

Hemophilia

A hereditary condition in which the patient lacks one or more of the blood's normal clotting factors.

Open-book pelvic fracture

A life threatening fracture of the pelvis caused by a force that displaces one or both side of the pelvis laterally and posteriorly

Hematoma

A mass of blood that has collected within damaged tissue beneath the skin or in a body cavity.

Epistaxis

A nosebleed

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a direct injury?

A passenger fractures her patella after it strikes the dashboard.

Which patient would you assess as requiring a tourniquet?

A patient with a long arterial wound on the lower leg

Open book pelvic fracture

A pelvic fracture that results from an anteroposterior compression injury to the pelvis. Life threatening, bleeding associated with this fracture.

pediatric resuscitation tape measure

A tape used to estimate an infant or child's weight on the basis of length; appropriate drug doses and equipment sizes are listed on the tape.

In any case of trauma to a female patient, you should always determine if the patient: A. is on birth control B. is pregnant C. is currently menstruating D. has a history of ovarian cysts

In cases of sexual assault, which of the following is true? A. You should always examine the genitalia for any sign of injury B. Advise the patient not to wash, urinate or defecate C. In addition to recording the facts, it is important to include your personal thoughts D. You should use plastic bags when collecting items such as clothes

In older patients, the first indicator of nontraumatic internal bleeding may be: A. a low blood pressure. B. weakness or dizziness. C. a heart rate over 120 beats/min. D. diaphoresis and pale skin.

Kinetic energy is a calculation of: A. weight and size. B. weight and speed. C. mass and weight. D. speed and force.

Late signs of peritonitis may include: A. soft abdomen B. nausea C. normal bowel sounds D. diarrhea

Optimally, on-scene time for critically injured patients should be less than _____ minutes. A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20

When treating a patient with signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock and no outward signs of bleeding always consider the possibility of bleeding into the A. thoracic cavity B. Abdomen C. Skull D. Chest

When using a stick and square knot as a tourniquet to control severe bleeding from an amputated arm, the EMT should: A. cover the tourniquet with a sterile dressing. B. stop twisting the stick when the bleeding stops. C. twist the stick until the radial pulse disappears. D. remove the tourniquet if the bleeding has stopped.

Whether you are using a commercial device or a stick and triangular bandage as a tourniquet, it is important to remember that: A. you should try to control the bleeding by applying pressure to a proximal arterial pressure point first. B. the tourniquet should only be removed at the hospital because bleeding may return if the tourniquet is released. C. bulky dressings should be securely applied over the tourniquet to further assist in controlling the bleeding. D. the tourniquet should be applied directly over a joint if possible because this provides better bleeding control.

What are common poisoning in children?

ALCOHOL ASPIRIN HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS HOUSEPLANTS IRON PRESCRIPTIONS STREET DRUGS VITAMINS

What is AEIOU TIPPS

ALCOHOL EPILEPSY INSULIN OPIATES UREMIA TRAUMA INFECTION PSYCHOGENIC POISON SHOCK, STROKE

When assessing APGAR at 1 and 5 minutes after birth, you give up to 2 points for each sign. If your baby's Appearance is noted to be cyanotic, what appearance score would you give?

APGAR Score of 0. For the appearance score, 2 points are given if the baby is completely pink, 1 point for centrally pink and peripheral cyanosis, and 0 points if completely blue

When assessing APGAR at 1 and 5 minutes after birth, you give up to 2 points for each sign. If your baby's Appearance is noted to be centrally pink and peripherally cyanotic, what appearance score would you give?

APGAR Score of 1. For the appearance score, 2 points are given if the baby is completely pink, 1 point for centrally pink and peripheral cyanosis, and 0 points if completely blue.

When should you begin resuscitation efforts on an infant?

After 10-15 seconds, many infants require some form of stimulation that will encourage them to breath air.

What should you do to help control bleeding in mother who has just given birth?

After delivery massage the mother's abdomen in a firm, circular motion. The uterus will contract and become firmer.

Which of the following circumstances may result in hypoperfusion?

All of the above

Which of the following should increase the EMT's suspicion of internal bleeding?

All of the above

43. You and your partner are standing by at a large social event at a river resort when a frantic woman tells you that she found a young male floating face-down in the water. Nobody claims to have witnessed the event. After you and your partner enter the water and reach the patient, you should: A. move him as a unit to a supine position. B. begin ventilations with a barrier device. C. immediately secure him to a longboard. D. perform a jaw-thrust maneuver to open his airway.

Answer: A Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 1078

52. Which of the following statements regarding lightning strikes is correct? A. Lighting often results in a brief period of asystole that resolves spontaneously. B. The tissue damage pathway caused by lightning usually occurs through the skin. C. Victims who are struck by lightning often experience severe full-thickness burns. D. Cervical spine fractures are the most common cause of lightning-related deaths.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1085

59. Which of the following is an early sign of pit viper envenomation? A. local swelling and ecchymosis B. general weakness and diaphoresis C. syncope and bleeding at distal sites D. signs and symptoms of hypoperfusion

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1089

2. The _________ contain(s) about 75% of the brain's total volume. A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. brain stem D. meninges

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 887

4. The _________ is the best-protected part of the CNS and controls the functions of the cardiac and respiratory systems. A. brain stem B. cerebellum C. spinal cord D. cerebral cortex

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 888

14. When activated, the sympathetic nervous system produces all of the following effects, EXCEPT: A. pupillary constriction. B. increase in heart rate. C. shunting of blood to vital organs. D. dilation of the bronchiole smooth muscle.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 890

19. The spinal cord is encased in and protected by the: A. spinal canal. B. vertebral body. C. vertebral arch. D. intervertebral disc.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 891

21. Common signs and symptoms of a serious head injury include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. constricted pupils. B. combative behavior. C. CSF leakage from the ears. D. decreased sensory function.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 892

32. An epidural hematoma is MOST accurately defined as: A. bleeding between the skull and dura mater. B. bleeding between the dura mater and brain. C. venous lacerations that occur within the brain. D. an injury caused by a damaged cerebral artery.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 895

36. A patient who cannot remember the events that preceded his or her head injury is experiencing: A. retrograde amnesia. B. anterograde amnesia. C. perigrade amnesia. D. posttraumatic amnesia.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 896

45. You should be MOST suspicious that a patient has experienced a significant head injury if his or her pulse is: A. slow. B. weak. C. rapid. D. irregular.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 900

46. It would be MOST appropriate to perform a focused secondary assessment on a patient who: A. fainted and fell to the ground from a standing position. B. was restrained during a high-speed motor vehicle crash. C. has blood draining from the ears following a head injury. D. struck his or her head and is experiencing nausea or vomiting.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 901

48. When assessing a conscious patient with an MOI that suggests spinal injury, you should: A. determine if the strength in all extremities is equal. B. rule out a spinal injury if the patient denies neck pain. C. defer spinal immobilization if the patient is ambulatory. D. ask the patient to move his or her head to assess for pain.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 901

54. The effectiveness of positive-pressure ventilations when treating a head-injured patient can ONLY be determined by: A. immediate reassessment following the intervention. B. a neurosurgeon or emergency department physician. C. reassessing the patient's blood pressure after at least 10 minutes. D. noting a decrease in the heart rate during ventilations.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 904

55. An indicator of an expanding intracranial hematoma or rapidly progressing brain swelling is: A. a rapid deterioration of neurologic signs. B. a progressively lowering blood pressure. C. an acute increase in the patient's pulse rate. D. acute unilateral paralysis following the injury.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 904

59. Which of the following sets of vital signs depicts Cushing's triad? A. blood pressure, 190/110 mm Hg; pulse, 55 beats/min; respirations, 30 breaths/min B. blood pressure, 90/50 mm Hg; pulse, 120 beats/min; respirations, 10 breaths/min C. blood pressure, 200/100 mm Hg; pulse, 140 beats/min; respirations, 28 breaths/min D. blood pressure, 80/40 mm Hg; pulse, 30 beats/min; respirations, 32 breaths/min

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 907

68. If you do not have the appropriate size cervical collar, you should: A. use rolled towels to immobilize the patient's head. B. place sandbags on either side of the patient's head. C. ask the patient to keep his or her head in a neutral position. D. defer cervical immobilization and apply lateral head blocks.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 917

69. A tight-fitting motorcycle helmet should be left in place unless: A. it interferes with your assessment of the airway. B. the patient must be placed onto a long backboard. C. the patient complains of severe neck or back pain. D. the helmet is equipped with a full face shield or visor.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 919

1. Bruising to the right upper quadrant of the abdomen following blunt trauma is MOST suggestive of injury to the: A. liver. B. spleen. C. kidney. D. stomach.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 967

2. All of the following are hollow abdominal organs, EXCEPT for the: A. liver. B. bladder. C. ureters. D. stomach.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 968

10. When worn properly, a seatbelt should lie: A. below the anterior superior iliac spines of the pelvis and against the hip joints. B. across the abdominal wall at the level of the diaphragm and below the hip joints. C. above the anterior posterior iliac spines of the pelvis and below the hip joints. D. across the abdominal wall at the level of the umbilicus and against the hip joints.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 970

9. Accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity will MOST likely cause: A. distention. B. referred pain. C. diffuse bruising. D. nausea or vomiting.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 970

29. Placing a pregnant patient in a supine position during the third trimester of pregnancy: A. may decrease the amount of blood that returns to the heart. B. often causes hypotension secondary to cardiac compression. C. results in spontaneous urinary incontinence if the bladder is full. D. is recommended if the patient has severe abdominal discomfort.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 984

30. A sign of kidney damage following blunt trauma is: A. hematuria. B. hemoptysis. C. hematemesis. D. hematochezia.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 987

62. When placing a patient onto a long backboard, the EMT at the patient's _________ is in charge of all patient movements. A. head B. chest C. waist D. lower extremities

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 909

24. Which of the following skull fractures would be the LEAST likely to present with palpable deformity or other outward signs? A. linear B. basilar C. open D. compressed

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 892

7. Following blunt abdominal trauma, a 30-year-old male complains of referred pain to the left shoulder. This finding is called the: A. Kehr sign. B. Cullen sign. C. Grey Turner sign. D. Brudzinski sign.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 969

20. A 30-year-old male was rescued after being lost in the woods for approximately 18 hours. The outside temperature is 30°F (−1°C). He is immediately placed in the warmed ambulance, where you perform a primary assessment. He is unconscious, pale, and apneic. You should: A. apply an AED and assess his cardiac rhythm. B. assess for a carotid pulse for up to 45 seconds. C. open his airway and give two rescue breaths. D. apply chemical heat packs to his groin and axillae.

Answer: B Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 1066

46. An air embolism associated with diving occurs when: A. the diver hyperventilates prior to entering the water. B. the diver holds his or her breath during a rapid ascent. C. the alveoli completely collapse due to high pressure. D. high water pressure forces air into the mediastinum.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1080

47. Signs and symptoms of an air embolism include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. dysphasia. B. pale skin. C. dizziness. D. joint pain.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1080

54. The venom of a black widow spider is toxic to the: A. renal system. B. nervous system. C. respiratory system. D. cardiovascular system.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1086

55. In contrast to the brown recluse spider, the black widow spider: A. is very small and has a violin-shaped marking on its back. B. is large and has a red-orange hourglass mark on its abdomen. C. has a bite that is typically painless until a blister develops. D. has a bite that usually produces local pain but no systemic signs or symptoms.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1086

1. The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the: A. cerebellum and brain. B. brain and spinal cord. C. cerebrum and meninges. D. meninges and spinal cord.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 887

6. The meninges, along with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates in between each meningeal layer, function by: A. regenerating brain cells after they have been damaged. B. acting as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord. C. delivering oxygen directly to the CNS. D. producing leukocytes that protect the brain from infection.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 888

10. Which of the following nerves allow sensory and motor impulses to be sent from one nerve directly to another? A. somatic B. connecting C. peripheral D. autonomic

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 889

16. When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated: A. blood is shunted away from the digestive organs. B. the heart rate decreases and the blood vessels dilate. C. hormones are released that prepare the body for stress. D. heart rate and blood pressure increase.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 890

18. The five sections of the spinal column, in descending order, are the: A. thoracic, cervical, lumbar, coccygeal, and sacral. B. cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. C. coccygeal, sacral, lumbar, thoracic, and cervical. D. cervical, coccygeal, thoracic, sacral, and lumbar.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 891

30. The MOST common and serious complication of a significant head injury is: A. a skull fracture. B. cerebral edema. C. a hypoxic seizure. D. acute hypotension.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 894

34. Bleeding within the brain tissue itself is called a(n): A. epidural hematoma. B. intracerebral hematoma. C. subdural hematoma. D. intracranial hematoma.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 895

35. A temporary loss or alteration of part or all of the brain's abilities to function without physical damage to the brain MOST accurately describes a(n): A. cerebral contusion. B. cerebral concussion. C. intracranial hemorrhage. D. intracerebral hematoma.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 896

40. Any unresponsive trauma patient should be assumed to have: A. a history of diabetes mellitus. B. an accompanying spinal injury. C. a severe intracranial hemorrhage. D. internal bleeding in the abdomen.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 899

49. The MOST reliable sign of a head injury is: A. a pulse that is rapid and thready. B. a decreased level of consciousness. C. an abnormally low blood pressure. D. decreased sensation in the extremities.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 902

53. When a patient experiences a severe spinal injury, he or she: A. will likely be paralyzed from the neck down. B. may lose sensation below the level of the injury. C. most commonly has a palpable spinal deformity. D. often loses motor function on one side of the body.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 903

61. The ideal procedure for moving an injured patient from the ground to a backboard is: A. the clothes drag. B. the four-person log roll. C. to use a scoop stretcher. D. the direct patient carry.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 909

64. After your partner assumes manual in-line stabilization of the patient's head, you should: A. apply an appropriately sized rigid cervical collar. B. assess distal neurovascular status in the extremities. C. thoroughly palpate the patient's head for deformities. D. use four people to log roll the patient onto a backboard.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 910-911

65. A short backboard or vest-style immobilization device is indicated for patients who: A. are found supine and have stable vital signs. B. are in a sitting position and are clinically stable. C. require prompt extrication from an automobile. D. are sitting in their car and are clinically unstable.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 911-912

67. Which of the following statements regarding cervical collars is correct? A. Once a cervical collar is applied, you can cease manual head stabilization. B. A cervical collar is used in addition to, not instead of, manual immobilization. C. Cervical collars are contraindicated in patients with numbness to the extremities. D. The patient's head should be forced into a neutral position to apply a cervical collar.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 916

5. Which of the following statements regarding abdominal trauma is correct? A. Most of the vital abdominal organs lie within the retroperitoneal space. B. The absence of abdominal pain does not rule out intra-abdominal bleeding. C. The liver is well protected and is rarely injured during a traumatic event. D. Hollow abdominal organs are vascular and bleed profusely when injured.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 969

13. Because the depth of an open abdominal wound is often difficult to determine: A. vital signs should be monitored frequently. B. prompt transport to the hospital is essential. C. the EMT must perform a thorough exam. D. the abdomen must be vigorously palpated.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 971

16. Early bruising following abdominal trauma often manifests as: A. localized pain. B. red areas of skin. C. gross distention. D. dark purple marks.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 972

18. When a hollow organ is punctured during a penetrating injury to the abdomen: A. the abdomen will become instantly distended. B. peritonitis may not develop for several hours. C. it will bleed profusely and rapidly cause shock. D. it commonly protrudes through the injury site.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 972

26. Which of the following statements regarding abdominal eviscerations is correct? A. Most eviscerations occur to the left upper quadrant. B. The protruding organs should be kept warm and moist. C. The organs should be replaced carefully to avoid heat loss. D. Adherent material is preferred when covering an evisceration.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 980

34. Signs of late heatstroke include: A. hot, moist skin. B. nausea and vomiting. C. a weak, rapid pulse. D. a change in behavior.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1071

42. The EMT must assume that any unwitnessed water-related incident is accompanied by: A. an air embolism. B. alcohol intoxication. C. possible spinal injury. D. cold water immersion.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1076-1077

50. Breath-holding syncope is caused by a decreased stimulus to breathe and occurs when: A. a swimmer breathes shallowly before entering the water. B. a diver holds his or her breath during a staged ascent. C. a swimmer hyperventilates prior to entering the water. D. a diver holds his or her breath for a long period of time.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1084

58. All of the following snakes are pit vipers, EXCEPT for the: A. copperhead. B. rattlesnake. C. coral snake. D. cottonmouth.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1088

3. Coordination of balance and body movement is controlled by the: A. medulla. B. cerebrum. C. cerebellum. D. brain stem.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 888

13. The body's functions that occur without conscious effort are regulated by the _________ nervous system. A. sensory B. somatic C. autonomic D. voluntary

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 890

15. The hormone responsible for the actions of the sympathetic nervous system is: A. insulin. B. thyroxine. C. epinephrine. D. aldosterone.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 890

20. The cervical spine is composed of _____ vertebrae. A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 891

22. Lacerations to the scalp: A. bleed minimally because the scalp has few vessels. B. uncommonly cause hypovolemic shock in children. C. may be an indicator of deeper, more serious injuries. D. are most commonly associated with skull fractures.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 892

37. In contrast to a cerebral concussion, a cerebral contusion: A. does not cause pressure within the skull. B. results from a laceration to the brain tissue. C. involves physical injury to the brain tissue. D. usually does not cause a loss of consciousness.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 897

38. Distraction injuries of the spine are MOST commonly the result of: A. falls. B. diving. C. hangings. D. compression.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 897

43. Once a cervical collar has been applied to a patient with a possible spinal injury, it should not be removed unless: A. the patient adamantly denies neck pain. B. lateral immobilization has been applied. C. it causes a problem managing the ABCs. D. sensory and motor functions remain intact.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 900

56. The MOST important treatment for patients with a head injury, regardless of severity, is to: A. immobilize the spine. B. administer 100% oxygen. C. establish an adequate airway. D. transport to a trauma center.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 905

58. When controlling bleeding from a scalp laceration with a suspected underlying skull fracture, you should: A. elevate the patient's head and apply an ice pack. B. apply manual pressure and avoid applying a bandage. C. avoid excessive pressure when applying the bandage. D. apply firm compression for no longer than 5 minutes.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 906

66. When immobilizing a seated patient with a short backboard or vest-style immobilization device, you should apply a cervical collar: A. after the torso has been adequately secured. B. after moving the patient to a long backboard. C. after assessing distal neurovascular functions. D. before manually stabilizing the patient's head.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 912

6. Compression injuries to the abdomen that occur during a motor vehicle crash are typically the result of: A. air bag deployment. B. failure to wear seatbelts. C. a poorly placed lap belt. D. rapid vehicle deceleration.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 969

11. Air bags, in conjunction with properly worn seatbelts, are MOST beneficial when a person is involved in a: A. rollover crash. B. lateral collision. C. head-on crash. D. rear-end collision.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 970

15. The presence of tachycardia following a significant abdominal injury: A. is always accompanied by hypotension. B. indicates a state of decompensated shock. C. should be assumed to be a sign of shock. D. is most commonly caused by severe pain.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 971-972

28. Which of the following organs is at MOST risk for injury as the result of a pelvic fracture? A. pancreas B. fallopian tubes C. urinary bladder D. liver or spleen

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 983

12. What part of the nervous system controls the body's voluntary activities? A. central B. sensory C. somatic D. autonomic

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 890

51. Following a head injury, a 20-year-old female opens her eyes spontaneously, is confused, and obeys your commands to move her extremities. You should assign her a GCS score of: A. 12. B. 13. C. 14. D. 15.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 903

8. Contraction or tensing of the abdominal muscles in an effort to ease pain is called: A. flexing. B. referring. C. guarding. D. withdrawing.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 970

27. Which of the following statements regarding a basilar skull fracture is correct? A. Bloody CSF commonly leaks from the nose. B. In most cases, mastoid bruising occurs. C. The absence of raccoon eyes or Battle's sign does not rule it out. D. They are typically the result of local, low-energy trauma to the head.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 893

28. Which of the following statements regarding secondary brain injury is correct? A. It results from direct brain trauma following an impact to the head. B. Because cerebral edema develops quickly, it is considered to be a primary brain injury. C. Hypoxia and hypotension are the two most common causes of secondary brain injury. D. Signs are often present immediately after an impact to the head.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 893

17. During your assessment of a patient who experienced blunt trauma to the abdomen, you notice bruising around the umbilicus. This is a sign of: A. a ruptured spleen. B. a severe liver laceration. C. intra-abdominal bleeding. D. rupture of a hollow organ.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 972

24. You are transporting a 28-year-old man with a frostbitten foot. The patient's vital signs are stable and he denies any other injuries or symptoms. The weather is treacherous and your transport time to the hospital is approximately 45 minutes. During transport, you should: A. rewarm his foot in 100°F to 105°F (38°C to 40°C) water. B. administer oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask. C. cover his foot with chemical heat compresses. D. protect the affected part from further injury.

Answer: D Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 1069

37. You are dispatched to a local high school track and field event for a 16-year-old male who fainted. The outside temperature is approximately 95°F (35°C) with high humidity. Upon your arrival, the patient is conscious, alert, and complains of nausea and a headache. His skin is cool, clammy, and pale. You should: A. give him a liquid salt solution to drink. B. administer 100% supplemental oxygen. C. apply chemical ice packs to his axillae. D. move him into the cooled ambulance.

Answer: D Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 1074

60. While drinking beer with his friends near a creek, a 31-year-old male was bitten on the leg by an unidentified snake. The patient is conscious and alert and in no apparent distress. Your assessment of his leg reveals two small puncture marks with minimal pain and swelling. In addition to administering oxygen and providing reassurance, further care for this patient should include: A. applying ice to the wound and transporting quickly. B. transporting only with close, continuous monitoring. C. elevating the lower extremities and giving antivenin. D. supine positioning, splinting the leg, and transporting.

Answer: D Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 1090

44. A female patient with a suspected spinal injury is breathing with a marked reduction in tidal volume. The MOST appropriate airway management for her includes: A. hyperventilating her at 30 breaths/min. B. administering oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask. C. ventilation assistance to maintain an oxygen saturation of 90%. D. assisting ventilations at an age-appropriate rate.

Answer: D Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 900

32. A 66-year-old male presents with dark red rectal bleeding and abdominal pain. He is conscious and alert; however, his skin is cool and clammy and his heart rate is elevated. Further assessment reveals that his blood pressure is 112/60 mm Hg. Which of the following questions would be MOST pertinent to ask him? A. What does your blood pressure normally run? B. Do you take any over-the-counter medications? C. Has blood soaked through your undergarments? D. Have you experienced recent abdominal trauma?

Answer: D Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 988

41. When opening the airway of a patient with a suspected spinal injury, you should use the: A. tongue-jaw lift maneuver. B. head tilt-neck lift maneuver. C. head tilt-chin lift maneuver. D. jaw-thrust maneuver.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 899

50. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is used to assess: A. mental status, eye opening, and respiratory rate. B. sensory response, pupil reaction, and heart rate. C. verbal response, eye opening, and mental status. D. eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 902-903

60. When immobilizing a trauma patient's spine, the EMT manually stabilizing the head should not let go until: A. an appropriately sized cervical collar has been applied. B. the patient has been secured to the ambulance stretcher. C. the head has been stabilized with lateral immobilization. D. the patient has been completely secured to the backboard.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 909

63. When immobilizing a patient on a long backboard, you should: A. have the patient exhale before fastening the torso straps. B. secure the torso and then center the patient on the board. C. follow the commands of the person at the patient's torso. D. ensure that you secure the torso before securing the head.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 910-911

70. When immobilizing a child on a long backboard, you should: A. secure the head prior to securing the torso and legs. B. defer cervical collar placement to avoid discomfort. C. place the child's head in a slightly extended position. D. place padding under the child's shoulders as needed.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 923

3. Peritonitis, an intense inflammatory reaction of the abdominal cavity, usually occurs when: A. solid abdominal organs bleed secondary to penetrating trauma. B. the vessels that supply the abdominal organs become inflamed. C. bacteria or viruses invade the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. D. hollow abdominal organs are damaged and spill their contents.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 968

4. The mesentery is: A. the point of attachment between the small and large intestines. B. a layer of thick skeletal muscles that protects the abdominal organs. C. a complex network of blood vessels that supply blood to the liver. D. a membranous fold that attaches the intestines to the walls of the body.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 968

24. Difficulty breathing and a sunken appearance of the anterior abdominal wall is MOST indicative of a ruptured: A. aorta. B. spleen. C. stomach. D. diaphragm.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 978

33. When documenting a call involving a female patient who was sexually assaulted, the EMT should: A. theorize as to why the sexual assault occurred. B. include the results of his or her internal vaginal exam. C. include a description of the suspected perpetrator. D. avoid speculation and document only factual data.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 988

7. The _________ nervous system consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. A. central B. somatic C. autonomic D. peripheral

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 889

A 67-year-old male presents with weakness, dizziness, and melena that began approximately 2 days ago. He denies a history of trauma. His blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg and his pulse is 120 beats/min and thready. You should be MOST suspicious that this patient is experiencing: Select one: A. acute appendicitis. B. gastrointestinal bleeding. C. intrathoracic hemorrhaging. D. an aortic aneurysm.

A contusion to a patient's forehead along with a spider-webbed windshield suggests possible injury to the: A. nose B. brain C. face D. heart

A driver involved in a rollover motor vehicle crash will MOST likely experience serious injuries or death if he or she: A. experiences multiple impacts. B. is ejected or partially ejected. C. remains within the vehicle. D. is wearing only a lap belt.

A fall from more than _____ times the patient's height is considered to be significant. A. two B. three C. four D. five

A lack of one or more of the blood clotting factors is called A. A deficiency B. Hemophilia C. Platelet anomaly D. Anemia

A young boy was riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car. What was the second collision? A. The bike hitting the car. B. The bike rider hitting his bike or the car. C. The bike rider's internal organs against the solid structures of the body. D. The bike rider striking the pavement.

A young male experienced severe blunt chest trauma when his passenger car struck another vehicle head-on. During your inspection of the interior of his vehicle, you would MOST likely find: A. deployed airbags. B. steering wheel deformity. C. starring of the windshield. D. a crushed instrument panel.

Air bags decrease injury to all of the following EXCEPT: A. chest B. heart C. face D. head

Air in the abdominal cavity can cause all of the following EXCEPT: A. pain B. diarrhea C. infection D. tissue ischemia and infarction

An infant with a total blood volume of 800 mL would start showing signs of shock when as little as ______ of blood is lost. A. 50 mL B. 100 mL C. 150 mL D. 200 mL

An organ or tissue may be better able to resist damage from hypoperfusion if the: A. body's demand for oxygen is markedly increased. B. body's temperature is considerably less than 98.6°F (37.0°C). C. systolic arterial blood pressure is at least 60 mm Hg. D. heart rate is maintained at more than 100 beats/min.

An organ or tissue that is considerably _______ is much better able to resist damage from hypoperfusion A. warmer B. colder C. younger D. older

Because the depth of an open abdominal wound is often difficult to determine: Select one: A. the abdomen must be vigorously palpated. B. prompt transport to the hospital is essential. C. vital signs should be monitored frequently. D. the EMT must perform a thorough exam.

Blood enters the left atrium from the A. Coronary arteries B. Lungs C. Vena cava D. Coronary veins

Blunt abdominal injuries may result from: A. a stab wound B. seat belts C. a gunshot wound D. an impaled object

By what mechanism is a person injured when he or she falls from a significant height? A. Potential energy is created as the person is falling; the potential energy is then converted into kinetic energy upon impact. B. Potential energy is converted to kinetic energy; the kinetic energy is then converted into the work of bringing the body to a stop. C. As the person falls, the amount of kinetic energy is converted into work; work is then converted to kinetic energy upon impact. D. Kinetic energy is converted to potential energy; the potential energy is then converted into the work of bringing the body to a stop.

Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells' oxygen, nutritional, and waste-removal needs is termed _______. Select one: A. coagulation B. perfusion C. hemorrhage D. hypoperfusion

Compression injuries to the abdomen that occur during a motor vehicle crash are typically the result of: A. air bag deployment B. a poorly placed lap belt C. failure to wear seat belts D. rapid vehicle deceleration

Controlling internal bleeding requires: A. applying a tourniquet. B. surgery in a hospital. C. positioning the patient in the sitting position. D. providing slow and considerate transport.

During transport of a 40-year-old female with acute abdominal pain, you note that she has stopped talking to you and has become extremely diaphoretic. You should: A. assess the quality of her pulse. B. repeat the primary assessment. C. perform a secondary assessment. D. begin assisting her ventilations.

During your assessment of a patient with a head injury, you note that he opens his eyes when you pinch his trapezius muscle, is mumbling, and has his arms curled in toward his chest. You should assign him a GCS score of: A. 9. B. 7. C. 8. D. 10.

Early signs and symptoms of intra-abdominal bleeding include: A. bruising only. B. pain and distention. C. widespread ecchymosis. D. significant hypotension.

Factors that should be considered when assessing a patient who has fallen include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. the height of the fall. B. the speed of the fall. C. the surface struck. D. the primary impact point.

Following blunt abdominal trauma, a 30 year old male complains of referred pain to the left shoulder. This finding is called the: A. Grey Turner sign B. Kehr sign C. Brudzinski sign D. Cullen sign

Following blunt trauma to the abdomen, a 21-year-old female complains of left upper quadrant abdominal pain with referred pain to the left shoulder. Your assessment reveals that her abdomen is distended and tender to palpation. On the basis of these findings, you should be MOST suspicious of injury to the: A. liver. B. spleen. C. pancreas. D. gallbladder.

Whether you are using a commercial device or a stick and triangular bandage as a tourniquet, it is important to remember that: Select one: A. you should try to control the bleeding by applying pressure to a proximal arterial pressure point first. B. the tourniquet should only be removed at the hospital because bleeding may return if the tourniquet is released. C. bulky dressings should be securely applied over the tourniquet to further assist in controlling the bleeding. D. the tourniquet should be applied directly over a joint if possible because this provides better bleeding control.

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system? A. Heart B. Lungs C. Venules D. Plasma

Which of the following is NOT a hollow organ of the abdomen? A. Stomach B. Liver C. Bladder D. Urters

Which of the following is considered a type of impact from a motor vehicle collision? A. Ejection B. Rollover C. Crush D. Peneration

Which of the following is not considered a type of impact associated with a motorcycle crash? A. Head-on B. Rotational C. Controlled D. Ejection

Which of the following statements regarding hemophilia is correct? A. Hemophilia is defined as a total lack of platelets. B. Patients with hemophilia may bleed spontaneously. C. Hemophiliacs take aspirin to enhance blood clotting. D. Approximately 25% of the population has hemophilia.

Which of the following statements regarding hemophilia is correct? Select one: A. Hemophiliacs take aspirin to enhance blood clotting. B. Patients with hemophilia may bleed spontaneously. C. Approximately 25% of the population has hemophilia. D. Hemophilia is defined as a total lack of platelets.

Which organ or organ system has the greatest tolerance for lack of perfusion (shock)? Select one: A. Brain B. Gastrointestinal system C. Skeletal muscle D. Kidneys

Which section of the heart receives deoxygenated blood? Select one: A. Left B. Right C. Ventricles D. Atria

With regard to the three collisions that occur during a motor vehicle crash, which of the following statements regarding the first collision is correct? A. It provides the least amount of information about the mechanism of injury. B. It is the most dramatic part of the collision and may make extrication difficult. C. It occurs when the unrestrained occupant collides with the interior of the vehicle. D. It has a direct effect on patient care because of the obvious vehicular damage.

Melena

Black, foul-smelling, tarry stool containing digested blood.

Hemorrhage

Bleeding

Helpful Mnemonics - BLS CPR

Blood Pressure Level of Consciousness Skin Color, Temperature, Moist Capillary Refill Time Pulse Rate, Rhythm, Strength Respiratory Rate, Effort, Pattern

What causes a patient in shock to exhibit cool, pale, and clammy skin?

Blood directed away from the skin

Hematuria

Blood in the urine.

If you do not have a commercial tourniquet available, what common device found on the ambulance can be used as a substitute?

Blood pressure cuff

How much of an increase in blood volume does a pregnancy bring?

Blood volume may eventually increase as much as 50% by the end of pregnancy.

Which of the following is the leading cause of internal bleeding?

Blunt trauma

Which of the following is NOT part of the circulatory system?

Brain

Which of the following findings would be LEAST suggestive of a closed head injury?

Briskly constricting pupils when exposed to light

How can you prevent the perineum from tearing?

By applying pressure to the baby's head to allow the tissues to stretch and to prevent a precipitous birth. An episiotomy may be performed by the physician (incision to the perineum).

"For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction" is: A. Newton's first law. B. Newton's second law. C. Newton's third law. D. a false statement.

20-year-old man has major open facial injuries after his vehicle struck a tree head-on. Which of the following findings within the car would MOST likely explain his injury pattern? A. Deployed airbag B. Bent steering wheel C. Nonintact windshield D. Crushed instrument panel

A 15-year-old female was struck by a small car while riding her bicycle. She was wearing a helmet and was thrown to the ground, striking her head. In addition to managing problems associated with airway, breathing, and circulation, it is MOST important for you to: A. obtain baseline vital signs. B. inspect the helmet for cracks. C. stabilize her entire spine. D. leave her bicycle helmet on.

A 30-year-old male sustained a stab wound to the neck when he was attacked outside a nightclub. During your assessment, you should be MOST alert for: A. alterations in his mental status. B. damage to internal structures. C. potential airway compromise. D. injury to the cervical spine.

A 39-year-old male sustained a large laceration to his leg during an accident with a chainsaw and is experiencing signs and symptoms of shock. You should: A. apply direct pressure to the wound. B. place the patient on 100% oxygen. C. follow appropriate standard precautions. D. perform a rapid head-to-toe assessment.

A fractured femur can result in the loss of ______ or more of blood into the soft tissues of the thigh. A. 250 mL B. 500 mL C. 1 L D. 2 L

A small compact car was involved in a rollover crash. As you are approaching the vehicle, you note that the roof is significantly collapsed. The patient, a 29-year-old male, is complaining of severe pain in his neck and to the top of his head as well as numbness and tingling in his extremities. Witnesses who removed the patient from the vehicle state that he was wearing his seatbelt. What injury mechanism is MOST likely responsible for this patient's condition? A. Impact of the head against the steering wheel B. Whiplash injury to the neck during the rollover C. Compression of the head against the roof D. Lateral bending of the neck during the crash

A young boy was riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car. How many collisions took place? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

A young male sustained a gunshot wound to the abdomen during an altercation with a rival gang member. As your partner is assessing and managing his airway, you should control the obvious bleeding and then: A. auscultate bowel sounds. B. apply a cervical collar. C. assess for an exit wound. D. obtain baseline vital signs.

A young male was shot in the abdomen by an unknown type of gun. He is semiconscious, has shallow breathing, and is bleeding externally from the wound. As you control the external bleeding, your partner should: Select one: A. perform a secondary assessment. B. apply a nonrebreathing mask. C. assist the patient's ventilations. D. obtain baseline vital signs.

All of the following male genitalia lie outside the pelvis cavity EXCEPT the: A. urethra B. penis C. seminal vesicles D. testes

As red blood cells begin to clump together to form a clot, __________ reinforces the clumped red blood cells. A. fibrin B. plasma C. fibrinogen D. plasminogen

Blood contains all of the following except A. White blood cells B. Plasma C. Cerebrospinal fluid D. Platelets

Blood enters the right atrium from the A. Coronary arteries B. Lungs C. Vena cava D. Coronary veins

Blood leaves each chamber of a normal heart through a A. Vein B. Artery C. One way valve D. Capillary

Energy can be: A. created. B. destroyed. C. converted. D. all of the above.

Hypoperfusion is another name for: A. hypoxemia. B. cyanosis. C. shock. D. cellular death.

Hypovolemic shock occurs when: Select one: A. the clotting ability of the blood is enhanced. B. the patient's systolic blood pressure is less than 100 mm Hg. C. the body cannot compensate for rapid blood loss. D. at least 10% of the patient's blood volume is lost.

If direct pressure with a sterile dressing fails to immediately stop severe bleeding from an extremity, you should apply: A. additional sterile dressings. B. a splint and elevate the extremity. C. a tourniquet proximal to the injury. D. digital pressure to a proximal artery.

Two of the MOST common mechanisms of injury for blunt trauma are: A. motor vehicle collisions and stabbings. B. low-caliber gunshot wounds and falls. C. falls and motor vehicle collisions. D. gunshot wounds and vehicle ejections.

When a motor vehicle strikes a tree while traveling at 40 mph, the unrestrained occupant: A. is thrust under the steering column onto the floorboard. B. will decelerate at the same rate as the motor vehicle. C. remains in motion until acted upon by an external force. D. will most likely be thrown over the steering column.

When evaluating the mechanism of injury of a car versus pedestrian collision, you should first: A. determine if the patient was struck and pulled under the vehicle. B. determine if the patient was propelled away from the vehicle. C. approximate the speed of the vehicle that struck the pedestrian. D. evaluate the vehicle that struck the patient for structural damage.

When treating a patient who experienced a pulmonary blast injury, you should: A. suspect an accompanying cardiac tamponade. B. use a demand valve to ventilate the patient. C. avoid giving oxygen under positive pressure. D. administer large amounts of intravenous fluid.

When treating a patient with an evisceration, you should: A. attempt to replace the abdominal contents B. cover the protruding organs with a dry, sterile dressing C. cover the protruding contents with moist, sterile gauze compresses

When using an air splint to control bleeding in the fractured extremity you should reassess the A. Airway B. Breathing C. Circulation in the injured extremity D. Fracture site

Which of the following injuries would MOST likely occur as a direct result of the third collision in a motor vehicle crash? A. Forehead lacerations B. Extremity fractures C. Aortic rupture D. Flail chest

Which of the following patients has experienced the MOST significant fall? A. A 5′0″ patient who fell 13′ B. A 5′9″ patient who fell 14′ C. A 4′6″ patient who fell 13′ D. A 4′8″ patient who fell 13′

Which of the following statements regarding low-energy penetrating injuries is correct? A. Exit wounds are typically easy to locate with low-energy penetrating injuries. B. It is usually easy to differentiate between an entrance wound and an exit wound. C. The area of injury is usually close to the path the object took through the body. D. Internal injuries caused by low-velocity bullets are usually easy to predict.

While assessing a young male who was struck in the chest with a steel pipe, you note that his pulse is irregular. You should be MOST suspicious for: A. a lacerated coronary artery. B. underlying cardiac disease. C. bruising of the heart muscle. D. traumatic rupture of the aorta.

While en route to a major motor vehicle crash, an on-scene police officer advises you that a 6-year-old male who was riding in the front seat is involved. He further states that the child was only wearing a lap belt and that the air bag deployed. On the basis of this information, you should be MOST suspicious that the child has experienced: A. open abdominal trauma. B. lower extremity fractures. C. neck and facial injuries. D. blunt trauma to the head.

You and your partner respond to a patient who has had his hand nearly severed by a drill press. As you approach, you note that the patient is pale and there appears to be a lot of blood on the floor. The wound continues to bleed copiously. After applying a tourniquet, you write ______ and _______ on a piece of adhesive tape and apply it to the patient's forehead. A. the patient's name; tourniquet location B. your last name; unit number C. the letters "TK"; the exact time applied D. the date and time; estimated amount of blood loss

You respond to a 25-year-old man who has cut his arm with a circular saw. The bleeding appears to be a bright red and spurting. The patient is alert and oriented and converses with you freely. He appears to be stable at this point. What is your first step of controlling his bleeding? A. Direct pressure B. Maintain the airway C. Standard precautions D. Elevation

Your patient has a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13, a systolic blood pressure of 80 mm Hg, and a respiratory rate of 8 breaths/min, his Revised Trauma Score (RTS) is: A. 8. B. 11. C. 9. D. 10.

Your quick primary assessment of the patient and evaluation of the _____ can help to direct lifesaving care and provide critical information to the hospital staff. A. environment B. index of suspicion C. mechanism of injury D. abdominal area

_____ takes place in the solid organs. A. digestion B. Excretion C. Energy production D. Absorption

CHILD ABUSE

C)Consistency of the injury with the child's developmental stage. H)History inconsistent with injury. I)Inappropriate parental concern. L) Lack of supervision. D) Delay in seeking care. A) Affect. B) Bruises of varying stages. U) Unusual injury patterns. S) Suspicious circumstances. E) Environmental clues.

Accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity will MOST likely cause: A. nausea or vomiting. B. referred pain. C. distention. D. diffuse bruising.

C. distention.

Air bags, in conjunction with properly worn seatbelts, are MOST beneficial when a person is involved in a: A. lateral collision. B. rollover crash. C. head-on crash. D. rear-end collision.

C. head-on crash.

Hypovolemic shock occurs when: A. the clotting ability of the blood is enhanced. B. the body cannot compensate for rapid blood loss. C. the patient's systolic blood pressure is less than 100 mm Hg. D. at least 10% of the patient's blood volume is lost.

If the typical adult loses more than 1L of blood, significant changes in vital signs, such as _____ will occur A. Decreased heart rate B. Increased respiratory rate C. Increased blood pressure D. All of the above

The phrenic nerves control the diaphragm and exit the spinal cord at:

C3, C4, and C5.

Why did you not immediately perform a hands on assessment of child?

CONSCIOUS - don't agitation child bring respiratory + heart rates higher requiring more oxygen PAT APPEARANCE LOC - interactive muscle tone - cerebral perfusion + central nervous system WORK OF BREATHING tachypnea, abnormal sounds, retraction of intercostal muscles, sternum, nasal flaring, tripod position CIRCULATION OF SKIN for perfusion pallor/mottling/cyanosis low oxygen/flushing fever STABLE continue assessment UNSTABLE transport

Child Abuse

CONSISTENCY OF INJURY HISTORY OF INJURY INAPPROPRIATE PARENT CONCERN LACK OF SUPERVISION DELAY IN SEEKING CARE AFFECT BRUISES UNUSUAL INJURY PATTERN SUSPICIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES ENVIRONMENTAL CLUES

What are some airway + breathing problems that are unique to pediatric patients?

CROUP viral infection of upper airway stridor high pitched sound, fever EPIGLOTTIS bacterial infection severely swollen, fever, sore throat ASTHMA bronchiospasm + inflammation of bronchioles wheezing BRONCHIOLITIS inflammation of the bronchioles lower respiratory track by viral infection fever PERTUSSIS bacterial tracheitis respiratory distress

Which of the following blood vessels cannot stop bleeding by constricting?

Capillaries

Which of the following vessels is where vital gas exchange takes place and also has the thinnest walls through which oxygen, nutrients, and wastes can pass?

Capillaries

Your patient is a 6-year-old child who has fallen down while running on a sidewalk. She has abrasions on both knees and the palms of both hands, which are oozing blood. This is an example of bleeding from which of the following types of vessels?

Capillaries

External bleeding may be classified according to types. Which one of the following is one of those types?

Capillary bleeding

A phenomenon in which speed causes a bullet to generate pressure waves, which cause damage distant from the bullet's path

Cavitation

Which of the following statements regarding compartment syndrome is correct?

Compartment syndrome typically develops within 6 to 12 hours after an injury.

Which of the following is a classification of the severity of shock?

Compensated

Which of the following will worsen the condition of the patient in shock?

Conducting oneself in a manner that increases the patient's fear and anxiety

A 30-year-old female presents with redness, inflammation, and pain to her left eye. During your assessment, you note that she is having difficulty keeping her eyes open. You should suspect that she is experiencing:

Conjunctivitis

If the newborn's cardiac arrest is believed to be of cardiac origin, what do you use?

Consider a higher ratio, 15:2 compressions vs. ventilations.

a closed soft tissue injury characterized by swelling and ecchymosis is called an

Contusion

A 33-year-old male sustained an abdominal evisceration to the left lower quadrant of his abdomen after he was cut with a large knife. After appropriately managing his ABCs and assessing him for other life-threatening injuries, how you should care for his wound?

Cover it with moist, sterile gauze and secure with an occlusive dressing.

A 40-year-old man was standing near a building when it exploded. He has multiple injuries, including a depressed skull fracture, severe burns, and an impaled object in his abdomen. His head injury MOST likely occurred during the ___________ phase of the explosion. A. blast B. primary C. secondary D. tertiary

A 67-year-old male presents with weakness, dizziness, and melena that began approximately 2 days ago. He denies a history of trauma. His blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg and his pulse is 120 beats/min and thready. You should be MOST suspicious that this patient is experiencing: A. acute appendicitis. B. intrathoracic hemorrhaging. C. an aortic aneurysm. D. gastrointestinal bleeding.

A man involved in a motorcycle crash has multiple abrasions and lacerations. Which of the following injuries has the HIGHEST treatment priority? A. Widespread abrasions to the back with pinkish ooze B. 3" laceration to the forehead with dark red, flowing blood C. Laceration to the forearm with obvious debris in the wound D. 1" laceration to the thigh with spurting, bright red blood

A patient complaining of chest tightness, coughing up blood, and subcutaneous emphysema following an explosion may be suffering from a: A. myocardial blast injury. B. ruptured tympanic membrane. C. ruptured peritoneal cavity. D. pulmonary blast injury.

A young male was shot in the abdomen by an unknown type of gun. He is semiconscious, has shallow breathing, and is bleeding externally from the wound. As you control the external bleeding, your partner should: A. obtain baseline vital signs. B. apply a nonrebreathing mask. C. perform a secondary assessment. D. assist the patient's ventilations.

According to the American College of Surgeons, an adult trauma patient meets Level I criteria if he or she: A. has a systolic blood pressure of less than 110 mm Hg or a heart rate greater than 110 beats/min. B. was involved in a motor vehicle crash in which another patient in the same vehicle was killed. C. has a bleeding disorder or takes anticoagulant medications and has any blunt or penetrating injury. D. has a GCS score of less than or equal to 8 with a mechanism attributed to trauma.

All of the following are considered types of motorcycle impacts EXCEPT: A. head-on collision. B. angular collision. C. controlled crash. D. rear collision.

All of the following systems contain organs that make up the contents of the abominal cavity EXCEPT: A. the digestive system B. the urinary system C. the genitourinary system D. the limbic system

Which of the following body systems or components is the LEAST critical for supplying and maintaining adequate blood flow to the body? A. an effectively pumping heart B. an intact system of blood vessels C. adequate blood in the vasculature D. the filtering of blood cells in the spleen

Which of the following findings would be the MOST significant when assessing a patient with possible internal bleeding? Select one: A. The patient has not eaten in 24 hours. B. The patient had a stroke 5 years prior. C. The patient has a history of hypertension. D. The patient takes rivaroxaban (Xeralto).

Which of the following is NOT considered appropriate use of air medical services? A. The distance to a trauma center is greater than 25 miles. B. Traffic/road conditions make it unlikely to get the patient to the hospital in a timely manner. C. There is a mass-casualty incident. D. The closest trauma center is 10 minutes away by ground transport.

Which of the following is the MOST common cause of death from a blast injury? A. amputation B. burns C. chest trauma D. head trauma

Which of the following organs can tolerate inadequate perfusion for up to 2 hours? A. brain B. heart C. kidneys D. skeletal muscle

Which of the following splinting devices would be MOST appropriate to use for a patient who has an open fracture of the forearm with external bleeding? Select one: A. Vacuum splint B. Sling and swathe C. Cardboard splint D. Air splint

Which of the following statements regarding abdominal evisceration's is correct? A. Adherent material is preferred when covering an evisceration. B. The organs should be replaced carefully to avoid heat loss. C. Most evisceration's occur to the left upper quadrant D. The protruding organs should be kept warm and moist.

Which of the following statements regarding gunshot wounds is correct? A. The size of a bullet has the greatest impact on producing injury. B. High-velocity bullets will cause less severe internal injuries. C. Low-velocity bullets will cause the greatest amount of trauma. D. The speed of a bullet has the greatest impact on producing injury.

Which of the following statements regarding the clotting of blood is correct? A. Venous and capillary blood typically does not clot spontaneously. B. Bleeding begins to clot when the end of a damaged vessel dilates. C. Direct contact with the environment prevents blood from clotting. D. A person taking aspirin will experience slower blood clotting.

Which of the following would MOST likely result from the third collision in the "three-collision" effect that occurs during a high-speed, frontal impact motor vehicle crash? A. Extensive damage to the automobile B. Flail chest and lower extremity fractures C. Massive external trauma with severe bleeding D. Aortic rupture or compression injury to the brain

Which of the following would MOST likely occur as the direct result of the second collision in a motor vehicle crash? A. Caved-in passenger door B. Collapsed dashboard C. Intrathoracic hemorrhage D. Deformed steering wheel

Which portion of the blood carries oxygen to and wastes away from body tissues? Select one: A. Platelets B. Plasma C. White blood cells D. Red blood cells

You and your partner respond to a patient who has had his hand nearly severed by a drill press. As you approach, you note that the patient is pale and there appears to be a lot of blood on the floor. The wound continues to bleed copiously. In the above call, when applying the tourniquet you know you must be sure to: A. use the narrowest bandage possible to minimize the area restricted. B. cover the tourniquet with a bandage. C. never pad underneath the tourniquet. D. not loosen the tourniquet after you have applied it.

A 52-year-old unrestrained female struck the steering wheel with her face when her truck collided with another vehicle. She has obvious swelling to her facial area and several dislodged teeth. A visual exam of her mouth reveals minimal bleeding. She is conscious and alert with a blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg, pulse of 110 beats/min, and respirations of 22 breaths/min with adequate tidal volume. You should:

apply supplemental oxygen, immobilize her spine, attempt to locate the dislodged teeth, suction as needed, and transport.

A 54-year-old male experienced an avulsion to his penis when his foreskin got caught in the zipper of his pants. He was able to unzip his pants and remove the foreskin prior to your arrival. Your assessment reveals that he is in severe pain and that the avulsion is bleeding moderately. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes:

applying direct pressure with a dry, sterile dressing.

A 76-year-old male experienced sudden pain to his left thigh when he was standing in line at the grocery store. Your assessment reveals ecchymosis and deformity to the distal aspect of his left femur, just above the knee. Distal circulation and sensory and motor functions are intact. The MOST appropriate method of splinting this injury involves:

applying padded board splints to both sides of the leg.

A short backboard or vest-style immobilization device is indicated for patients who:

are in a sitting position and are clinically stable

With regard to musculoskeletal injuries, the zone of injury is defined as the:

area of soft-tissue damage surrounding the injury.

In moving joints, the ends of the bones are covered with:

articular cartilage.

you have applied a dressing and a roller gauze bandage to a laceration on the arm of a young female. during transport, she begins to complain of numbness and tingling in her hand. You should :

assess distal circulation and readjust the bandage as needed

You have applied a dressing and roller-gauze bandage to a laceration on the arm of a young female. During transport, she begins to complain of numbness and tingling in her hand. You should:

assess distal circulation and readjust the bandage as needed.

After your partner assumes manual in-line stabilization of the patient's head, you should:

assess distal neurovascular status in the extremities.

You receive a call to a local gymnasium for a basketball player with a dislocated shoulder. Upon arrival, you find the patient, a 17-year-old male, sitting on the ground. He is holding his left arm in a fixed position away from his body. There is an obvious anterior bulge to the area of injury. You should

assess distal pulse, motor, and sensory functions.

A 30-year-old male was rescued after being lost in the woods for approximately 18 hours. The outside temperature is 30°F (-1°C). He is immediately placed in the warmed ambulance, where you perform a primary assessment. He is unconscious, pale, and apneic. You should:

assess for a carotid pulse for up to 45 seconds.

You are called to a playground for an 8-year-old girl who has an uncontrolled nosebleed. The child is crying and will not to talk to you. The babysitter and other children present did not witness any trauma, but there is a bump on the temporal portion of the girl's head. The babysitter does state that the girl has had a cold for several days but can give you no further information on her medical history. What could be the possible cause(s) of the bleeding? A. A skull fracture B. Sinusitis C. Coagulation disorder D. All of the above

You are called to the local bar where a fight has taken place. The police department tells you that you have a 36 year old man who has been stabbed twice in the abdomen. Upon your arrival, the patient is alert and oriented. His airway is open. His respirations are at 24 breaths/min, pulse is rapid, regular and weak. He has distal pulses. With the penetrating trauma, you should assume that the object: A. has penetrated the peritoneum B. has entered the abdominal cavity C. has possibly injured one or more organs D. all of the above

You are dispatched to a residence for a young female who was kicked in the abdomen by her boyfriend. While en route to the scene, you should ask the dispatcher if: A. the severity of the injury is known. B. the patient is conscious. C. there are other patients involved. D. law enforcement is at the scene.

You are transporting a 42-year-old male who experienced blunt abdominal trauma. He is receiving oxygen at 12 L/min via a nonrebreathing mask and full spinal precautions have been applied. During your reassessment, you note his level of consciousness has decreased and his respirations have become shallow. You should: Select one: A. perform a comprehensive secondary assessment to determine why his clinical status has changed. B. reassess his vital signs and then notify the receiving hospital of the change in his clinical status. C. suction his oropharynx to ensure it is clear of secretions and then increase the oxygen flow rate to 15 L/min. D. insert an airway adjunct if he will tolerate it and begin assisting his ventilations with a BVM.

You are transporting a patient with blunt abdominal trauma. The patient is unstable and is experiencing obvious signs and symptoms of shock. Your estimated time of arrival at the hospital is less than 10 minutes. After treating the patient appropriately, you should: Select one: A. begin documenting the call on the patient care form. B. perform a comprehensive secondary assessment. C. forgo the hospital radio report because of his condition. D. closely monitor him and reassess him frequently.

Your documentation on a sexual assault victim should _______. Select one: A. include your opinion of the nature of the incident B. describe the status of the suspect(s) C. be subjective and summarize the crime D. be objective and factual

A 66-year-old male presents with dark red rectal bleeding and abdominal pain. He is conscious and alert; however, his skin is cool and clammy and his heart rate is elevated. Further assessment reveals that his blood pressure is 112/60 mm Hg. Which of the following questions would be MOST pertinent to ask him? A. What does your blood pressure normally run? B. Has blood soaked through your undergarments? C. Do you take any over-the-counter medications? D. Have you experienced recent abdominal trauma?

D. Have you experience recent abdominal trauma?

When a hollow organ is punctured during a penetrating injury to the abdomen: A. it will bleed profusely and rapidly cause shock. B. the abdomen will become instantly distended. C. it commonly protrudes through the injury site. D. peritonitis may not develop for several hours.

D. peritonitis may not develop for several hours.

When performing a full body scan, you should assess for ________.

DCAP-BTLS Correct

Pregnant women have an increased amount of overall what?

Increased amount of overall blood volume and an approximate 20% increase in their heart rate by the third trimester.

Croup

Infection of the airway below the level of the vocal cords. Usually caused by a virus.

Epoglotitis (Supraglottitis)

Infection of the soft tissue in the area above the vocal cords.

Which of the following is NOT the purpose of making airway management the highest priority of patient care when managing the patient in shock?

It allows the bronchoconstriction of the smaller airways to be reversed.

Which of the following is a characteristic of venous bleeding?

It can be profuse but is generally easily controlled.

The umbilical vein carries?

It carries oxygenated blood from the woman to the heart of the fetus.

What is the placental barrier?

It consists of two layers of cells, keeping the circulation of the woman and fetus separated but allowing nutrients, oxygen, waste, carbon dioxide, and many toxins and most medications to pass between the fetus and woman.

How much fluid is contained in the amniotic sac?

It contains about 500-1000 mL, which helps insulate and protect the fetus.

Which of the following statements regarding striated muscle is correct?

It forms the major muscle mass of the body and usually crosses at least one joint.

The female reproductive system includes which organs?

It includes the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and the breasts.

Which of the following statements regarding the vitreous humor is correct?

It is a clear, jellylike fluid near the back of the eye that cannot be replaced if it is lost. Correct

What is placenta previa?

It is a condition in which the placenta develops over and covers the cervix.

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

It is a condition of infants who are born to women who consume alcohol during pregnancy; characterized by growth and physical problems, mental retardation, and a variety of congenital abnormalities.

What is preeclampsia/pregnancy-induced hypertension?

It is a condition of late pregnancy that involves headache, visual changes, and swelling of the hands and feet.

What is meconium?

It is a dark green material in the amniotic fluid that can indicate distress or disease in the newborn; the meconium can be aspirated into the infant's lungs during delivery; aka infant's first bowel movement.

What is breech presentation?

It is a delivery in which the buttocks come out first.

What is vertex presentation?

It is a delivery in which the head comes out first.

What is limb presentation?

It is a delivery in which the presenting part is a single arm, leg, or foot.

What is spina bifida?

It is a developmental defect in which a portion of the spinal cord or meninges may protrude outside of the vertebrae and possibly even outside of the body, usually at the lower third off the spine in the lumbar area.

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

It is a pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, typically in a fallopian tube.

What is an abruption placenta?

It is a premature separation of the placenta from the wall of the uterus.

What is the Apgar score?

It is a scoring system for assessing the status of a newborn that assigns a number value to each of the five areas of assessment.

What is lightening?

It is a sensation felt by a pregnant patient when the fetus positions itself for delivery.

What is prolapse of the umbilical cord?

It is a situation in which the umbilical cord comes out of the vagina before the infant.

What is a bloody show?

It is a small amount of blood at the vagina that appears at the beginning of labor and may include a plug of pink-tinged mucus that is discharged when the cervix begins to dilate.

What is a multigravida?

It is a woman who has experienced previous pregnancies.

What is a primigravida?

It is a woman who is experiencing her first pregnancy.

What is the length of the vagina?

It is about 8-12 cm in length (begins at the cervix & ends as an external opening)

In terms of litigation where does obstetrics fall?

It is among the most litigated specialties in medicine; therefore, scrupulous documentation is essential.

What is a nucal cord?

It is an umbilical cord that is wrapped around the infant's neck.

What is gestational diabetes?

It is diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before pregnancy.

Which of the following statements is NOT true when you are on scene and treating a patient who appears to be in shock?

It is important to spend on-scene time to be sure you have corrected and dealt with any of the causes of the shock so that it does not get worse. This is more important than rapid transport.

What is supine hypotensive syndrome?

It is low blood pressure resulting from compression of the inferior vena cava by the weight of the pregnant uterus when the mother is supine. (Prevent by transporting patient on her left side).

What is eclampsia?

It is seizures (convulsions) resulting from severe hypertension in a pregnant woman.

What is crowning?

It is the appearance of the infant's head at the vaginal opending during labor.

What is the umbilical cord?

It is the conduit connecting mother to infant via the placenta; contains two arteries and one vein.

What is the fetus?

It is the developing, unborn infant inside the uterus. (Grows for approximately 9 months/40 weeks)

What is the fundus?

It is the dome-shaped top of the uterus.

What is an embryo?

It is the fertilized egg that is the early stages of the fetus.

What is the amniotic sac?

It is the fluid-filled, baglike membrane in which the fetus develops.

What is the leading cause of maternal death in the first trimester of pregnancy?

It is the internal hemorrhage into the abdomen following rupture of an ectopic pregnancy.

What is the cervix?

It is the narrowest portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina.

What is miscarriage?

It is the passage of the fetus and placenta before 20 weeks; spontaneous abortion.

What is presentation?

It is the position in which an infant is born; the part of the infant that appears first.

What is the placenta?

It is the tissue attached to the uterine wall that nourishes the fetus through the umbilical cord.

What is the birth canal?

It is the vagina and cervix?

What is the endometrium?

It is when the lining of the inside of the uterus, begins to thicken and prepare for the potential fertilized egg to implant.

When does ovulation occur?

It occurs approximately 2 weeks prior to menstruation.

Which of the following BEST describes the function of blood?

It transports gases along with nutrients, aids in excretion, and provides protection and regulation.

What happens if the egg is not fertilized within 36-48 hours after it has been released from the follicle?

It will simply die. Eventually, the lining that has thickened inside the uterus will be shed...It occurs around the 28th day of woman's cycle.

What do you do to open airway for patient with spinal injury?

Jaw Thrust Maneuver

Following blunt abdominal trauma, a 30-year-old male complains of referred pain to the left shoulder. This finding is called the:

Kehr sign.

Postictal State is over when

LOC returns

Which of the following statements regarding drowning is correct?

Laryngospasm following submersion in water makes rescue breathing difficult.

Which of the following statements regarding lightning strikes is correct?

Lighting often results in a brief period of asystole that resolves spontaneously.

Which of the following distinguishes decompensated shock from the compensated stage of shock?

Low blood pressure

Which of the following organs or structures does NOT reside within the mediastinum?

Lungs

of this patient's presentation, you should suspect:You are dispatched to a residence for a young female who is sick. The patient complains of a rash to her lower extremities and truncal area. Your assessment reveals a small, painful blister on her inner thigh. As your partner is taking the patient's vital signs, she states that she and her family returned from a camping trip two days ago. On the basis

Lyme disease.

Which of the following types of bleeding is most serious?

Massive bleeding of any type

What does a febrile seizure (result of fever) mean?

Meningitis

A score calculated from 1 to 16, with 16 being the best possible score. It relates to the likelihood of pt survival with the exception of a severe head injury. It takes into account the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, respiratory rate, respiratory expansion, systolic blood pressure, and capillary refrill

Trauma Score

The first signs of hypovolemic shock

Trauma patient: Change in mental status, such as anxiety, restlessness, or combativeness. Nontrauma patient: Weakness, faintness, or dizziness. Skin color or pallor (pale skin) seen in both

Should you separate the child from her parents to provide further treatment?

UNCONSCIOUS yes for aggressive treatment CONSCIOUS no child clings to parent, needs emotional support If child doesn't recognize parent, indicates cerebral perfusion.

What is most likely the cause of the child's respiratory distress?

Upper Airway - stridor = croup, epiglottis, obstruction Lower Airway - wheezing = asthma, brochiolitis This patient has the croup with stridor, fever + cold symptoms. It is winter when croup comes.

Which of the following is recommended in situations in which a tourniquet must be used?

Use a piece of material that is wide and thick.

If chest compressions are required for an infant, which technique should be used?

Use either the hand-encircling technique or the two-finger technique.

Which of the following is the MOST effective way of controlling external bleeding?

Using direct pressure with a dressing

Which of the following types of vessels have valves to maintain one-way blood flow?

Veins

Venules

Very small thin walled vessels

Which of the following statements regarding the vitreous humor is MOST correct?

Vitreous humor is a clear, jellylike fluid near the back of the eye that cannot be replaced if it is lost

Hematemesis

Vomited blood.

Are you providing adequate ventilations? How can you tell?

Yes heart rate went from 90 beats/min to 110 beats/min. Oxygen Saturation went from 85% to 96%.

How could an ALS ambulance + crew benefit this child?

Yes. She made need advanced airway management, cardiac medications.

During the physical examination of a pregnant patient what should you focus on?

You should focus on the contractions and possible delivery.

You are dispatched to the scene of a 5 year old boy who fell off of his bike. He is complaining of neck pain. What is important to remember when packaging this patient for transport?

You should pad behind the shoulders with kids, they have giant heads and they require padding to keep their spine correctly aligned.

When your patient is pregnant, you have two patients to care for, who is the focus?

Your focus is on the assessment and the management of the woman.

All of the following are signs associated with pneumonia in pediatric patients except: a. bradycardia b. grunting c. nasal flaring d. hypothermia

Breath sounds in the pediatric population are more easily heard because: a. their chest walls are thinner b. the size of their lungs amplifies the sounds c. the chest cavity is small in proportion to the rest of the body d. children typically have upper airway problems

Bronchiolitis usually occurs during the first __________ of life. a. 2 years b. 3 years c. 4 years d. 6 years

Incidents involving the death of a child pose extra stress on EMS workers. Which of the following is not a sign of posttraumatic stress? a. cold intolerance b. nightmares c. difficult sleeping d. loss of appetite

Pupillary response in pediatric patients may be abnormal in the presence of all of the following except: a. anxiety b. hypoxia c. brain injury d. drugs

Tachycardia in pediatric patients may be an indication of all of the following except: a. hypothermia b. hypoxia c. fever d. pain

Which of the following is false regarding the pediatric airway? a. the trachea is larger in diameter and shorter in length b. the glottis opening is higher and positioned more anterior c. the neck appears to be nonexistent d. the lungs are smaller

Which of the following is not a question you would as if you suspected a poisoning emergency? a. did the substance have an odor? b. are there any changes in behavior or level of consciousness? c. what is the substance involved? d. was there any choking or coughing after the exposure?

Which of the following is not a sign of severe dehydration in pediatric patients? a. bulging fontanelles b. very dry lips and gums c. eyes look sunken d. sleepiness

Which of the following statements regarding pediatric asthma is false? a. use strong, forceful breaths when ventilating to get air past the obstruction b. the wheezing may be so loud that you can hear it without a stethoscope c. the patient may be in a tripod position d. a bronchodilator via a metered-dose inhaler may be helpful

Following blunt trauma to the face, a 21-year-old male complains of a severe headache and decreased ability to move his eyes. This patient's clinical presentation is MOST consistent with:

a blowout fracture.

Following blunt trauma to the face, a 21-year-old male complains of a severe headache and decreased ability to move his eyes. This patient's clinical presentation is MOST consistent with:

a blowout fracture. Correct

in order for electricity to flow through the body and cause damage

a complete circuit must exist between the electrical source and the ground

In order for electricity to flow through the body and cause damage:

a complete circuit must exist between the electrical source and the ground.

The MOST reliable sign of a head injury is:

a decreased level of consciousness.

A patient who is complaining of seeing flashing lights, specks, or "floaters" in his or her field of vision has MOST likely experienced

a detached retina

A subluxation occurs when

a joint is incompletely dislocated.

The mesentery is

a membranous fold that attaches the intestines to the walls of the body

A 33-year-old male was stabbed in the left anterior chest. He is conscious, but is experiencing signs of shock. Further assessment reveals that his jugular veins are distended and his breath sounds are bilaterally equal and clear. This patient is MOST likely experiencing:

a pericardial tamponade.

Compression injuries to the abdomen that occur during a motor vehicle crash are typically the result of:

a poorly placed lap belt.

in which of the following patients should you remove an impaled object

a pulseless and apneic patient with a knife impaled in the back

An indicator of an expanding intracranial hematoma or rapidly progressing brain swelling is:

a rapid deterioration of neurologic signs.

A flail chest occurs when:

a segment of the chest wall is detached from the thoracic cage.

When transporting a patient with a facial injury, it is MOST important to be as descriptive as possible with the hospital regarding the patient's injuries because:

a specialist may need to be called.

Signs of late heatstroke include:

a weak, rapid pulse.

When using the rule of palm to estimate the approximate body surface area burned, the patient's palm equals about what percentage of the body's surface area? a. 1 percent b. 2 percent c. 5 percent d. 3 percent

a. 1 percent

Your patient is a 40-year-old man who was burned when he spilled gasoline on his pants as he was standing near the pilot light of his hot water heater. He has partial thickness burns from his feet to just above his knees, and circumferentially around both legs. Using the rule of nines, which of the following most accurately represents the extent of body surface area burned? a. 18 percent b. 9 percent c. 36 percent d. 4.5 percent

a. 18 percent

To assess a patient's general temperature, pull back on your glove and place the back of your hand on his or her skin at the:

abdomen.

Question 11 The MOST prominent symptom of decompression sickness is:

abdominal or joint pain.

The MOST prominent symptom of decompression sickness is:

abdominal or joint pain.

which of the following open soft tissue injuries is limited to the superficial layer of the skin and results in the least amount of blood loss

abrasion

Pneumothorax is MOST accurately defined as:

accumulation of air in the pleural space

What happens to a pediatric tracheostomy tube?

accumulation of thick mucus obstructs airway. rapid transport + care.

What do you do to help family with death of a child?

acknowledge their feelings keep instructions short + simple use child's name maintain eye contact

The meninges, along with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates in between each meningeal layer, function by:

acting as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord.

pertussis

acute infectious disease whooping cough

a 39 year old male was struck in the head by a baseball during a game. he is confused, has a large hematoma in the center of his forehead, and cannot remember the events preceding the injury. after manually stabilizing his head and assessing his airway you should

administer high flow oxygen

during your assessment of a 22 year old male who was assaulted, you note widespread contusions and abrasions to his face, chest, and abdomen. his pulse is rapid and weak, and his skin is cool and clammy. you should

administer oxygen and prepare for rapid transport

During your assessment of a 22-year-old male who was assaulted, you note widespread contusions and abrasions to his face, chest, and abdomen. His pulse is rapid and weak, and his skin is cool and clammy. You should:

administer oxygen and prepare for rapid transport.

While jogging, a 19-year-old male experienced an acute onset of shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. He is conscious and alert with stable vital signs. During your focused exam, you note that he has diminished breath sounds over the left side of the chest. You should:

administer oxygen and transport to the hospital

While jogging, a 19-year-old male experienced an acute onset of shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. He is conscious and alert with stable vital signs. Your assessment reveals that he has diminished breath sounds over the left side of the chest. You should:

administer oxygen and transport to the hospital.

When immobilizing a seated patient with a short backboard or vest-style immobilization device, you should apply a cervical collar:

after assessing distal neurovascular functions.

A 37-year-old male was pinned between a flatbed truck and a loading dock. On exam, you find bruising to the chest, distended neck veins, bilaterally diminished breath sounds, and bilateral scleral hemorrhaging. You should:

aggressively manage his airway

An open pneumothorax occurs when:

air enters the pleural space from outside the body.

What is present with abdominal injuries in children?

air in stomach causing distention accumulates in stomach making artificial ventilation less effective

Subcutaneous emphysema is an indication that:

air is escaping into the chest wall from a damaged lung

The MOST significant complication associated with facial injuries is:

airway compromise.

The MOST significant complication associated with facial injuries is:

airway compromise. Correct

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

allows movement of the head

You are transporting a 20-year-old male with a laceration to the left external jugular vein. You have successfully controlled bleeding from the wound. Suddenly, he experiences an acute onset of labored breathing and cyanosis. You should suspect:

an acute air embolism

in addition to severe bleeding, the most life threatening complication associated with an open neck injury is

an air embolism

In addition to severe bleeding, the MOST life-threatening complication associated with an open neck injury is:

an air embolism.

Noting child's appearance involves Mental Status

and muscle tone

What do school age children do?

answer own questions

which of the following is a severe burn in a 2 year old child

any full thickness burn, regardless of its location on the body

Which of the following is a severe burn in a 2-year-old child?

any full-thickness burn, regardless of its location on the body

What are the 3 components of the pediatric assessment triangle (PAT)?

appearance work of breathing circulation of skin

_________ is common in pediatric patients and if left untreated can lead to peritonitis or shock.

appendicitis

A 17-year-old male was shot in the right anterior chest during an altercation with a gang member. As your partner is applying 100% oxygen, you perform a rapid secondary assessment and find an open chest wound with a small amount of blood bubbling from it. You should:

apply an occlusive dressing to the wound and continue your assessment

a 17 year old male was shot in the right anterior chest during an altercation with a gang member. as your partner is applying 100% oxygen, you perform a rapid secondary assessment and find and open chest wound with a small amount of blood bubbling from is you should

apply an occlusive dressing to the wound and continue your assessment

You are dispatched to a convenience store, where the clerk sustained a laceration to the side of his neck during a robbery attempt. During your assessment, you note bright red blood spurting from the laceration. You should:

apply direct pressure above and below the wound.

A young female was involved in a motor vehicle crash. She complains of pain to her left eye, which appears to have a piece of glass impaled in it. Further assessment reveals a large laceration to her left forearm with active venous bleeding. As your partner manually stabilizes the patient's head, you should:

apply direct pressure to her arm wound.

During your assessment of a 29-year-old female with significant deformity to her left elbow, you are unable to palpate a radial pulse. Your transport time to the hospital is approximately 40 minutes. You should:

apply gentle manual traction in line with the limb and reassess for a pulse

apply gentle manual traction in line with the limb and reassess for a pulse.

Approximately 25% of severe injuries to the aorta occur during: A. rear-end collisions. B. rollover collisions. C. frontal collisions. D. lateral collisions.

At the arterial end of the capillaries, the muscles dilate and constrict in response to conditions such as A. Fright B. A specific need for oxygen C. A need to dispose of metabolic wastes D. All the of above

Blood stasis, changes in the vessel wall, and certain medications affect the: A. systolic blood pressure exclusively. B. white blood cell's ability to fight infection. C. ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen. D. ability of the blood to effectively clot.

Burns from hot gases and respiratory injuries from inhaling toxic gas are associated with which type of blast injury? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Miscellaneous

Death from a rollover motor vehicle crash is MOST often secondary to: A. crushing injuries. B. airbag-related trauma. C. multiple collisions to the interior of the car. D. ejection of the patient from the motor vehicle.

Difficulty breathing and a sunken appearance of the anterior abdominal wall is MOST indicative of a ruptured: Select one: A. stomach. B. aorta. C. spleen. D. diaphragm.

During your assessment of a patient who experienced a blast injury, you note that he has a depressed area to the front of his skull. This injury MOST likely occurred: A. during the secondary phase. B. during the primary phase. C. as a direct result of the pressure wave. D. during the tertiary phase.

Evaluation of the interior of a crashed motor vehicle during extrication will allow the EMT to: A. determine the vehicle's speed at the time of impact. B. recognize if the driver hit the brakes before impact. C. assess the severity of the third collision of the crash. D. identify contact points and predict potential injuries.

Even though the body is very efficient at controlling bleeding on it's own it may fail in situations such as A. When medication interferes with normal clotting B. When damage to the vessel maybe so large that a clot cannot completely block the hole C. When only part of the vessel is cut preventing it from constricting D. All of the above

Following blunt trauma to the abdomen, a 21-year-old female complains of diffuse abdominal pain and pain to the left shoulder. Your assessment reveals that her abdomen is distended and tender to palpation. On the basis of these findings, you should be MOST suspicious of injury to the: Select one: A. liver. B. pancreas. C. gallbladder. D. spleen.

Force acting over a distance defines the concept of: A. potential energy. B. latent energy. C. kinetic energy. D. work.

Gastrointestinal bleeding should be suspected if a patient presents with: A. dyspnea. B. hematuria. C. hemoptysis. D. hematemesis.

If a person is standing near a building that explodes, which of the following injuries would he or she MOST likely experience as a result of the pressure wave? A. Impaled objects B. Fractured bones C. Severe burns D. Stomach rupture

If applying a dressing to control the bleeding of a patient's arm, the EMT should ________. Select one: A. apply direct pressure first B. use large or small gauze pads or dressings depending upon the size of the wound C. cover the entire wound, above and below, with the dressing D. All of these answers are correct.

If one or more occupants in the same vehicle are killed in a crash, the EMT should: A. rapidly assess only the survivors who have experienced obvious trauma. B. transport the survivors only if they have injuries or complain of pain. C. allow the survivors to refuse transport if they have no obvious injuries. D. suspect that all living occupants experienced the same serious trauma.

In contrast to a Level III trauma center, a Level I trauma center must: A. be able to stabilize patients before transferring to a higher level facility. B. be involved in trauma prevention programs. C. have access to an emergency physician within 30 minutes. D. have general surgeons that are in-house 24 hours a day.

In pediatric patients, the liver and spleen are _______. Select one: A. more protected by the thorax compared to adults B. smaller in proportion to the abdomen C. less likely to bleed when injured D. larger in proportion to the abdomen

Injuries to the external male genitalia _______. Select one: A. usually result in permanent damage B. are often life-threatening C. frequently lead to hypovolemic shock D. are rarely life-threatening

Internal bleeding into a fractured extremity is MOST often controlled by: Select one: A. applying chemical ice pack. B. applying a tourniquet. C. keeping the patient warm. D. splinting the extremity.

Most cases of external bleeding from an extremity can be controlled by: A. elevating the injured extremity. B. packing the wound with gauze. C. compressing a pressure point. D. applying local direct pressure.

Nontraumatic internal bleeding may be caused by an A. Ulcer B. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy C. Aneurysm D. All of the above

Perfusion is MOST accurately defined as the: A. effective transfer of oxygen from the venules across the systemic capillary membrane walls. B. ability of the systemic arteries to constrict as needed to maintain an adequate blood pressure. C. effective removal of carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste products from the body's cells. D. circulation of blood within an organ in adequate amounts to meet the body's metabolic needs.

Significant vital sign changes will occur if the typical adult acutely loses more than ______ of his or her total blood volume. A. 5% B. 10% C. 15% D. 20%

Significant vital sign changes will occur if the typical adult acutely loses more than ______ of his or her total blood volume. Select one: A. 10% B. 5% C. 15% D. 20%

Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding in both trauma and medical patients include A. hematemesis B. melena C. hemoptysis D. all of the above

Suspect kidney damage if the patient has a history or physical evidence of all of the following EXCEPT: A. an abrasion, laceration, or contusion in the flank B. a penetrating wound in the lower rib cage or the upper abdomen C. fractures on either side of the lower rib cage D. a hematoma in the umbilical region

The _______ is the thickest chamber of the heart A. Right atrium B. Right ventricle C. Left atrium D. Left ventricle

The brain and spinal cord usually cannot go for more than _______ minutes without perfusion or the nerve cells will be permanently damaged A. 30 -45 B. 12-20 C. 8-10 D. 4-6

The cardiovascular system consists of A. A pump B. A container C. Fluid D. All of the above

The first signs of peritonitis include all of the following EXCEPT: A. severe abdominal pain B. tenderness C. muscular spasm D. nausea

The most common symptom of internal bleeding is: A. bruising around the abdomen. B. distention of the abdomen. C. rigidity of the abdomen. D. acute abdominal pain.

The severity of bleeding should be based on all of the following findings, EXCEPT: Select one: A. clinical signs and symptoms. B. poor general appearance. C. the mechanism of injury. D. systolic blood pressure.

What mechanism(s) does the body use to control bleeding? Select one: A. Clotting B. Coagulation C. Vasoconstriction D. All of these answers are correct.

What types of motor vehicle collisions present the greatest potential for multiple impacts? A. Rear-end and rotational B. lateral and rollover C. frontal and rotational D. rotational and rollover

When a driver is in a car equipped with an air bag, but is not wearing a seatbelt, he or she will MOST likely strike the __________ when the air bag deploys upon impact. A. windshield B. dashboard C. steering wheel D. door

When a patient stiffens the muscles of the abdomen, it is known as _______. Select one: A. crepitus. B. distention. C. instability. D. guarding.

When assessing a stab wound, it is important for the EMT to remember that: A. stabbings to an extremity are rarely associated with an exit wound. B. the majority of the internal trauma will be near the path of the knife. C. most stabbings are unintentional and cause less severe internal injury. D. more internal damage may be present than the external wound suggests.

When assessing the interior of a crashed motor vehicle for damage, you are gathering information regarding the: A. index of suspicion. B. kinetic energy. C. potential energy. D. mechanism of injury.

When caring for a patient with internal bleeding, the EMT must first: A. ensure a patent airway. B. obtain baseline vital signs. C. control any external bleeding. D. take appropriate standard precautions.

When performing a history on a patient with abdominal trauma, which of the following questions would be appropriate regarding trauma? A. Is there any blood in your stool? B. Does your pain go anywhere? C. Do you have any nausea, vomiting or diarrhea? D. All of the above

In pediatric patients, guarding of the abdomen suggests: a. diarrhea b. nausea c. infection d. dehyrdation

Saying their first word, sitting without support, and teething are initially noticed in what age group? a. 0-2 months b. 2-6 months c. 6-12 months d. 12-18 months

Signs of shock in children include all of the following except: a. altered mental status b. poor capillary refill c. hypertension d. tachycardia

Toilet training is typically mastered at what age level? a. 6-12 months b. 12-18 months c. preschool-age d. school-age

When examining the head of a pediatric patient, which of the following statements is false? a. you should look for bruising, swelling, and hematomas b. significant blood loss can come from the scalp c. a bulging fontanelle suggests dehydration d. the head is larger in proportion to the rest of the body

When you assess a pediatric patient, it is best to place _________ on the patient's chest to feel the rise and fall of the chest wall. a. the left hand b. the right hand c. both hands d. the stethoscope

Which of the following is not a common cause of altered mental status in pediatric patients? a. drug and alcohol ingestion b. hypertension c. seizure d. hypoglycemia

Which of the following is not a common exposure when dealing with pediatric burns? a. scalding water in a bathtub b. electrocution from poor wiring c. hot items on a stove d. cleaning solvents

Which of the following is not an infection that can cause an airway obstruction in pediatric patients? a. pneumonia b. asthma c. croup d. epiglottitis

Which of the following populations is at the greatest risk for contracting meningitis? a. females b. children who have had head trauma c. children with preexisting heart conditions d. children of parents with a history of meningitis

Which of the following is not a known risk factor for SIDS? a. mother younger than 20 years old b. mother smoked during pregnancy c. gestational diabetes d. low birth weight

Which of the following is not a sign of increased work of breathing in pediatric patients? a. nasal flaring b. grunting c. equal chest expansion d. retractions

Young children can compensate for fluid losses by: a. decreasing blood flow to the brain and heart b. decreasing blood flow to the extremities c. increasing blood flow to the extremities d. increasing blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract

neisseria meningitides

bacterial meningitis rapid symptoms shock + death

What is pertussis or whooping cough?

bacterium that spreads through respiratory droplets. signs: coughing, sneezing, runny nose. coughing becomes whooping cough. keep airway patent + transport. communicable disease, use standard precautions, wearing mask + eye protection.

A dysbarism injury refers to the signs and symptoms related to changes in:

barometric pressure.

What objects can obstruct a child's airway?

batteries coins toys buttons candy

a 38 year old male was electrocuted while attempting to wire a house. your assessment reveal stat he is unresponsive, pulseless, and apneic. a coworker has shut off the power to the house. you should

begin CPR and attach the AED

When worn properly, a seatbelt should lie:

below the anterior superior iliac spines of the pelvis and against the hip joints.

A 21-year-old male was thrown over the handlebars of his motorcycle when he rear- ended a car that was stopped at a red light. He was wearing a helmet, which he removed prior to your arrival. He is conscious, but restless, and has closed deformities to both of his femurs. His skin is pale, his heart rate is rapid and weak, and his respirations are rapid and shallow. In addition to applying high-flow oxygen and protecting his spine, you should:

bind his legs together on the backboard, keep him warm, and transport without delay.

An epidural hematoma is MOST accurately defined as:

bleeding between the skull and dura mater.

Hypothermia can worsen internal bleeding secondary to:

blood clotting abnormalities.

The term "hyphema" is defined as

blood in the anterior chamber of the eye.

Which of the following sets of vital signs depicts Cushing's triad?

blood pressure, 190/110 mm Hg; pulse, 55 beats/min; respirations, 30 breaths/min

Which of the following structures is regulated by smooth muscle?

blood vessels

A football player was struck by another player in the right flank area just below the posterior rib cage. He complains of severe pain and point tenderness to the area. Your assessment reveals that there is a small amount of blood in his underwear. You should be MOST suspicious for:

blunt injury to the kidney.

An impact on the body by objects that cause injury without penetrating soft tissues or internal organs and cavities

blunt trauma

Closed chest injuries are typically caused by _______.

blunt trauma

In pediatric patients, chest injuries are usually the result of ________ _________, rather than penetrating trauma.

blunt trauma

The musculoskeletal system refers to the:

bones and voluntary muscles of the body

The musculoskeletal system refers to the:

bones and voluntary muscles of the body.

What artery do you palpate for infants?

brachial artery

The diving reflex may allow a person to survive extended periods of submersion in cold water secondary to:

bradycardia and a slowing of the metabolic rate.

The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the:

brain and spinal cord.

Abnormal variations in pupil size and reaction would MOST likely be observed in a patient with

brain injury.

The _________ is the best-protected part of the CNS and controls the functions of the cardiac and respiratory systems.

brain stem

A fracture is MOST accurately defined as a(n):

break in the continuity of the bone

A fracture is MOST accurately defined as a(n

break in the continuity of the bone.

Patients with rib fractures will commonly:

breathe rapidly and shallowly.

which of the following findings would be the LEAST suggestive of a head injury?

briskly constricting pupils when exposed to light

when caring for a patient whose arm is covered with a dry chemical, you should

brush away the chemical before flushing with water

When caring for a patient whose arm is covered with a dry chemical, you should:

brush away the chemical before flushing with water.

A fracture of the femur is rare and is a major source of __________ in the pediatric population. a. infection b. growth abnormalities c. blood loss d. nerve damage

A pediatric patient involved in a drowning emergency may present with: a. cerebral edema b. hypoglycemia c. abdominal distention d. chest pain

A pediatric patient with a fever, pain on palpation of the right lower quadrant, and rebound tenderness is likely to be suffering from: a. cholecystitis b. gastroenteritis c. appendicitis d. constipation

Geriatric patients are at a higher risk for heatstroke because

circulation to the skin is reduced.

which of the following is a severe burn in a 35 year old patient

circumferential partial thickness burn to the chest

The MOST commonly fractured bone(s) in the body is the:

clavicle.

A 39-year-old female experienced a severe closed head injury. She is unconscious with her eyes slightly open; her pupils are bilaterally dilated and slow to react. In addition to managing problems with airway, breathing, and circulation, you should:

close her eyes and cover them with a moist dressing.

Signs and symptoms of a tension pneumothorax include all of the following, EXCEPT:

collapsed jugular veins.

The germinal layer of the epidermis contains pigment granules that are responsible for skin:

color

the germinal layer of the epidermis contains pigment granules that are responsible for

color

When assessing a patient with a possible fracture of the leg, the EMT should

compare it to the uninjured leg.

When assessing a patient with a possible fracture of the leg, the EMT should:

compare it to the uninjured leg.

The frontal and parietal bones of the skull are especially susceptible to:

compressed skull fractures.

Rapid deceleration of the head, such as when it impacts the windshield, causes:

compression injuries or bruising to the anterior portion of the brain and stretching or tearing to the posterior portion of the brain.

You are transporting a stable patient with a possible pneumothorax. The patient is receiving 100% oxygen and has an oxygen saturation of 95%. During your reassessment, you find that the patient is now confused, hypotensive, and profusely diaphoretic. What is MOST likely causing this patient's deterioration?

compression of the aorta and vena cava

which of the following statement regarding crush syndrome is correct

compromised arterial blood flow leads to crush syndrome and can occur when an area of the body is trapped for longer than 4 hours

When a warm hand is immersed in water that is 70°F (21°C), heat is transferred from the hand to the water through a process called:

conduction.

The inner surface of the eyelids and the exposed surface of the eye itself are covered by a delicate membrane called the:

conjunctiva.

conjunctivitis. Correct

Which of the following nerves allow sensory and motor impulses to be sent from one nerve directly to another?

connecting

Common signs and symptoms of a serious head injury include all of the following, EXCEPT:

constricted pupils.

Your presence is requested by law enforcement to assess a 33-year-old female who was sexually assaulted. The patient is conscious and obviously upset. As you are talking to her, you note an impressive amount of blood on her clothes in the groin area. Her BP is 98/58 mm Hg, pulse is 130 beats/min, and respirations are 24 breaths/min. You should:

control any external bleeding, administer oxygen, and transport at once.

You and your partner respond to a park where several people were reportedly struck by lightning. When you arrive, you find three patients. The first patient is lying supine on the ground; he is unresponsive and does not appear to be breathing. The second patient is ambulatory, appears confused, and is holding his arm against his chest. The third patient is sitting on the ground holding the sides of his head. After calling for backup, you should:

assess the unresponsive patient's pulse, begin CPR starting with chest compressions if he is pulseless, and attach the AED as soon as possible.

A female patient with a suspected spinal injury is breathing with a marked reduction in tidal volume. The MOST appropriate airway management for her includes:

assisting ventilations at an age-appropriate rate.

A 20-year-old male was accidentally shot in the right upper abdominal quadrant with an arrow during an archery contest. Prior to your arrival, the patient removed the arrow. Your assessment reveals that he is conscious and alert with stable vital signs. The entrance wound is bleeding minimally and appears to be superficial. You should:

assume that the arrow injured an internal organ.

__________ is an acute spasm of the smaller air passages.

asthma

With respect to direct pressure, hemostatic agents:

augment it.

The body's functions that occur without conscious effort are regulated by the _________ nervous system.

autonomic

A young female experienced a laceration to her left eyeball from flying glass when her boyfriend broke a soda bottle against a wall. There is moderate bleeding and the patient states that she cannot see out of the injured eye. You should:

avoid applying pressure to the globe when you are covering the eye.

When controlling bleeding from a scalp laceration with a suspected underlying skull fracture, you should:

avoid excessive pressure when applying the bandage.

When documenting a call involving a female patient who was sexually assaulted, the EMT should

avoid speculation and document only factual data.

When documenting a call involving a female patient who was sexually assaulted, the EMT should:

avoid speculation and document only factual data.

when treating a partial thickness burn, you should

avoid the use of creams, lotions, or antiseptics

When treating a partial-thickness burn, you should:

avoid the use of creams, lotions, or antiseptics.

an injury that separates various layers of soft tissue, resulting in complete detachment or a flap of skin is called an

avulsion

An injury that separates various layers of soft tissue, resulting in complete detachment or a flap of skin, is called a(n):

avulsion.

Shock is the circulatory system's failure to provide sufficient blood and oxygen to all the body's tissues, and it is:

a life-threatening condition.

All children with abdominal injuries should be monitored for signs and symptoms of: a. pain b. shock c. hypothermia d. nausea

Exposure to cold air, infection, and emotional stress are all triggers of: a. pneumonia b. asthma c. bronchiolitis d. epiglottitis

How many triage categories are there in the JumpSTART system? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6

Making eye contact, recognizing caregivers, and following a bright light with their eyes are initially noticed in what age group? a. 0-2 months b. 2-6 months c. 6-12 months d. 12-18 months

A 54-year-old male accidentally shot himself in the leg while cleaning his gun. Your assessment reveals a small entrance wound to the medial aspect of his right leg. The exit wound is on the opposite side of the leg and is actively bleeding. The patient complains of numbness and tingling in his right foot. You should:

control the bleeding and cover the wound with a sterile dressing.

a construction worker fell approximately 30 ft and landed in a pile of steel rods. your assessment reveals that his is pulseless and apneic ad his a 10" steel rod impaled in his left leg. you should

control the bleeding, begin CPR, stabilize the steel rod, immobilize his spine, and transport immediately

A closed soft-tissue injury characterized by swelling and ecchymosis is called a(n)

contusion.

The transfer of heat to circulating air, such as when cool air moves across the body's surface, is called

convection

The transfer of heat to circulating air, such as when cool air moves across the body's surface, is called:

convection.

Hemoptysis is defined as

coughing up blood.

A brain injury that occurs when force is applied to the head and energy transmission through brain tissue causes injury on the opposite side of original impact; coup injury occurs at the point of impact; contrecoup injury occurs on the opposite side of impact, as the brain rebounds.

coup-contrecoup brain injury

A 40-year-old male was in his woodworking shop when he felt a sudden, sharp pain in his left eye. Your assessment reveals a small splinter of wood embedded in his cornea. You should:

cover both of his eyes and transport to the hospital.

a 33 year old male sustained an abdominal evisceration to the left lower quadrant of his abdomen after he was cutting with a large knife. after appropriately managing his ABCs and assessing him for other life threatening injuries, how should you care for his wound

cover it with moist, sterile gauze and secure with an occlusive dressing

What does it mean why a child is limp + unable to make eye contact?

critically ill or injured

A pediatric patient with hives, wheezing, increased work of breathing, and hypoperfusion is likely suffering from: a. pneumonia b. bronchiolitis c. asthma d. anaphylaxis

Activated charcoal is not indicated for pediatric patients who have ingested a(n): a. acid b. alkali c. petroleum product d. all of the above

All of the following are common causes of a fever in pediatric patients except: a. infection b. status epilepticus c. drug ingestion d. cholecystitis

An infant's heart can beat as many as _________ times or more per minute if the body needs to compensate for injury or illness. a. 110 b. 120 c. 140 d. 160

Head and neck injuries are common after high-speed collisions in all of the following contact sports except: a. wrestling b. football c. lacrosse d. basketball

Signs and symptoms of a lower airway obstruction in pediatric patients include: a. stridor b. friction rub c. drooling d. wheezing

When obtaining information from the family regarding the pediatric patient's history, which of the following is not an appropriate inquiry? a. does the child have any rashes? b. what has been the child's recent activity level? c. has there been any vomiting or diarrhea? d. what types of toys does the child play with?

When you are performing a scene assessment at an incident involving SIDS, you should focus your attention on all of the following except: a. signs of illness, including medication, humidifiers, and thermometers b. the general condition of the house c. the site where the infant was discovered d. the temperature of the room

Which of the following is appropriate when treating pediatric patients with seizures? a. clear the mouth with suction b. provide 100% oxygen c. consider placing the patient in the recovery position d. all of the above

Which of the following is not a common cause of shock in pediatric patients? a. diseases of the heart b. severe infection c. dehydration d. renal failure

Which of the following is not initially seen in children 12-18 months old? a. speak four to six words b. know the major body parts c. can open doors d. understand cause and effect

When assessing capillary refill in pediatric patients, the color should return after: a. 1 second b. 2 seconds c. 3 seconds d. 4 seconds

According to the Rule of Nines for infants and young children, the patient's head and neck account for what percentage of the total body surface area? a. 13.5 percent b. 14 percent c. 9 percent d. 18 percent

d. 18 percent

Which of the following correctly states characteristics of blast injuries? a. Primary injuries occur because of the intense high pressure that hits the patients. b. Secondary injury is the result of projectiles such as debris hitting the patient. c. Tertiary injuries can include not just soft-tissue injuries but also fractures, avulsions, and amputations. d. Quaternary injuries involve the lower quarter of the body, which is almost always injured during a blast.

d. Quaternary injuries involve the lower quarter of the body, which is almost always injured during a blast.

Which of the following is a desirable characteristic of dressings used in the prehospital management of most open wounds? a. Absorbent b. Occlusive c. Adherent d. Sterile

d. Sterile

Which of the following BEST describes a partial thickness burn? a. The skin is red, but dry and painful. b. The skin is charred or blackened and lacks sensation. c. The skin is white and dry with no sensation of pain. d. The skin is red and moist with blister formation.

d. The skin is red and moist with blister formation.

Following a stab wound to the left anterior chest, a 25-year-old male presents with a decreased level of consciousness and signs of shock. Which of the following additional assessment findings should increase your index of suspicion for a cardiac tamponade?

engorged jugular veins

What do you do before you use an AED on a pulseless drowning patient?

ensure patient is dried off.

When immobilizing a patient on a long backboard, you should:

ensure that you secure the torso before securing the head.

which of the following statements regarding electrical burns is correct

entrance wounds are small relative to the amount of internal tissue damage

What layer of the skin forms a watertight, protective seal for the body?

epidermis

Which of the following head injuries would cause the patient's condition to deteriorate MOST rapidly?

epidural hematoma

_________ is an infection of the soft tissue in the area above the vocal cords.

epiglottitis

The hormone responsible for the actions of the sympathetic nervous system is:

epinephrine.

The MOST important treatment for patients with a head injury, regardless of severity, is

establish an adequate airway.

Assessing a person's neurovascular status following a musculoskeletal injury includes all of the following, EXCEPT:

evaluating proximal pulses.

High humidity reduces the body's ability to lose heat through:

evaporation.

The body's natural cooling mechanism, in which sweat is converted to a gas, is called:

evaporation.

A spontaneous pneumothorax would MOST likely occur as the result of:

exertion of a person with a congenital lung defect

Where is the most common burns on children?

exposure to hot surface. child's buttocks on hot heating grate

which of the following statements regarding penetrating injuries is correct

external bleeding may be minimal but internal injuries can be extensive

nares

external openings of nostrils

What happens to families of children who die?

extreme emotional responses for long time. put them in touch with support groups

neglect

failure or refusal to provide life necessities

It would be MOST appropriate to perform a focused secondary assessment on a patient who:

fainted and fell to the ground from a standing position.

What artery is the 2nd choice to palpate for infants?

femoral artery

Traction splints are used primarily to immobilize and secure fractures of the:

femur.

a burn that is characterized by redness and pain is classified as a

first degree burn

A burn that is characterized by redness and pain is classified as a:

first-degree burn.

Located on the front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions of the head are soft spots, the _________.

fontanelles

PAT pediatric assessment triangle

form general impression of infant or child assess appearance, work of breathing, skin

Car seats are designed to be either ________ or ________; they cannot be mounted sideways on a bench seat.

forward-facing, rear-facing

a utility worker was trimming branches and was electrocuted when he accidentally cut a high power line. her fell approximately 20' and is lying unconscious on the ground, the power line is lying across his chest. you should

rapidly asses the patient after ensuring that the power lines in not live

A utility worker was trimming branches and was electrocuted when he accidentally cut a high-power line. He fell approximately 20′ and is lying unconscious on the ground; the power line is lying across his chest. You should

rapidly assess the patient after ensuring that the power line is not live.

A 6-year-old female was riding her bicycle and struck a clothesline with her throat. She is breathing, but with obvious difficulty. Your rapid trauma assessment reveals a crackling sensation in the soft tissues of her neck and facial cyanosis. In addition to the appropriate airway management, the intervention that will MOST likely improve her chance of survival is:

rapidly transporting her to the hospital.

A 6-year-old female was riding her bicycle and struck a clothesline with her throat. She is breathing, but with obvious difficulty. Your assessment reveals a crackling sensation in the soft tissues of her neck and facial cyanosis. In addition to the appropriate airway management, the intervention that will MOST likely improve her chance of survival is:

rapidly transporting her to the hospital. Correct

Early bruising following abdominal trauma often manifests as:

red areas of skin.

Applying ice to and elevating an injured extremity are performed in order to:

reduce pain and swelling.

when assessing a patient with a closed soft tissue injury, it is most important to

remain alert for more severe underlying injuries

When assessing a patient with a closed soft-tissue injury, it is MOST important to:

remain alert for more severe underlying injuries.

What rules should you follow when treating adolescents?

remain calm, appear confident, honest keep child with parent

a 56 year old man has an incomplete avulsion to his right forearm . after controlling any bleeding from the wound, you should

replace the avulsed flap to its original position and cover it with a sterile dressing

A 56-year-old male has an incomplete avulsion to his right forearm. After controlling any bleeding from the wound, you should:

replace the avulsed flap to its original position and cover it with a sterile dressing.

an 8 year old was bitten by a stray dog. he has a large laceration to the back of his left hand, which you and your partner covered with a sterile dressing and bandage. in addition to transporting the child to the hospital you should

report the incident to the appropriate authorities

An 8-year-old male was bitten by a stray dog. He has a large laceration to the back of his left hand, which your partner covered with a sterile dressing and bandage. In addition to transporting the child to the hospital, you should:

report the incident to the appropriate authorities.

A patient who presents with profound cyanosis following a chest injury:

requires prompt ventilation and oxygenation.

How do you treat an adolescent's privacy?

respect

_________ ________ occurs when the pediatric patient has exhausted all compensatory mechanisms and waste products begin to collect.

respiratory failure

The light-sensitive area of the eye where images are projected is called the:

retina

The optic nerve endings are located within the:

retina.

A patient who cannot remember the events that preceded his or her head injury is experiencing

retrograde amnesia

generalized tonic clonic seizure

rhythmic back + forth motion of extremity of body stiffness

What are 3 keys to bag mask device?

right size equipment maintain good face to mask seal ventilate at appropriate rate + volume

What are signs of child abuse?

scald multiple injuries at different stages of healing

The pectoral girdle consists of the.

scapulae and clavicles.

The pectoral girdle consists of the:

scapulae and clavicles.

The white portion of the eye is called the:

sclera

What is your priority for a pediatric patient with seizure?

secure airway

Which of the following nerves carry information from the body to the brain via the spinal cord?

sensory

which of the following statements regarding severe burns is correct

severe burns are typically a combination of all degrees burns

during your assessment of a patient who was shot in the abdomen, you notice a large entrance wound with multiple small puncture wounds surrounding it. this wound pattern is most consistent with a

shotgun

The presence of tachycardia following a significant abdominal injury:

should be assumed to be a sign of shock.

When assessing a patient with a hemothorax, you would MOST likely find:

signs and symptoms of shock

What does the tripod position look like?

sit leaning forward outstretched arms with head + chin thrust slightly forward

Which of the following types of muscle is under direct voluntary control of the brain?

skeletal

Which of the following joints allows no motion?

skull sutures

bradypnea

slow respiratory rate

You should be MOST suspicious that a patient has experienced a significant head injury if his or her pulse is:

slow.

Moderate elevation in intracranial pressure with middle brain stem involvement is characterized by:

sluggishly reactive pupils, widened pulse pressure, bradycardia, and posturing.

What are characteristics of neisseria memingitidis?

small, pinpoint cherry red spots or larger purple/back rash

What type of muscle contracts and relaxes to control the movement of the contents within its structures?

smooth

Always position the airway in a neutral ________ ________.

sniffing position

What part of the nervous system controls the body's voluntary activities?

somatic

Significant trauma to the face should increase the EMT's index of suspicion for a(n):

spinal column injury. Correct

Significant trauma to the face should increase the EMT's index of suspicion for a/an:

spinal cord injury

A ____________ is a musculoskeletal injury in which there is partial or temporary separation of the bone ends as well as partial stretching or tearing of the supporting ligaments

sprain

A ____________ is a musculoskeletal injury in which there is partial or temporary separation of the bone ends as well as partial stretching or tearing of the supporting ligaments.

sprain

How do you determine capillary refill time?

squeeze finger or toe for several seconds until nail whitens or blanches normal color should return 2 seconds after you let go

How do immobilize patient in car seat?

stabilize head in neutral position cervical collar rolled towels along side of patient secure padding using tape to keep in place secure car seat to stretcher

how do you immobilize patient out of car seat?

stabilize head neutral position place immobilization device between patient + surface slide patient onto board place towel under back from shoulders to hips secure torso first, pad secure head to board

A 22-year-old female was ejected from her car after striking a tree head-on. As you approach her, you note obvious closed deformities to both of her femurs. She is not moving and does not appear to be conscious. You should:

stabilize her head and perform a primary assessment.

During your assessment of a patient with blunt chest trauma, you note paradoxical movement of the left chest wall. As your partner is administering oxygen to the patient, you should:

stabilize the chest wall with a bulky dressing.

During your rapid secondary assessment of a 30-year-old male who fell 25′, you note crepitus when palpating his pelvis. Your partner advises you that the patient's blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg and his heart rate is 120 beats/min and weak. After completing your assessment, you should:

stabilize the pelvis with a pelvic binder and protect the spine.

During your secondary assessment of a 30-year-old male who fell 25 feet, you note crepitus when palpating his pelvis. Your partner advises you that the patient's blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg and his heart rate is 120 beats/min and weak. After completing your assessment, you should:

stabilize the pelvis with a pelvic binder and protect the spine.

A construction worker has a large sliver of metal impaled in his right eye. The MOST appropriate treatment for this injury includes:

stabilizing the object and covering both of his eyes

Skeletal muscle is also referred to as __________ muscle.

striated

Frequent ongoing assessments in the patient with facial or throat injuries are MOST important because:

such injuries can affect the respiratory system

A 30-year-old female was robbed and assaulted by a gang as she was leaving a nightclub. She has massive facial trauma and slow, gurgling respirations. As your partner assumes manual stabilization of her head, you should:

suction her oropharynx for 15 seconds

You respond to a local lake where a diver complains of difficulty breathing that occurred immediately after rapidly ascending from a depth of approximately 30′. On assessment, you note that he has cyanosis around his lips and has pink froth coming from his nose and mouth. You should:

suction his mouth and nose, apply high-flow oxygen, position him on his left side with his head down, and contact medical control regarding transport to a recompression facility.

During your primary assessment of a 19-year-old unconscious male who experienced severe head trauma, you note that his respirations are rapid, irregular, and shallow. He has bloody secretions draining from his mouth and nose. You should:

suction his oropharynx for up to 15 seconds.

Burns associated with lightning strikes are typically:

superficial.

While drinking beer with his friends near a creek, a 31-year-old male was bitten on the leg by an unidentified snake. The patient is conscious and alert and in no apparent distress. Your assessment of his leg reveals two small puncture marks with minimal pain and swelling. In addition to administering oxygen and providing reassurance, further care for this patient should include:

supine positioning, splinting the leg, and transporting.

The two MOST efficient ways for the body to eliminate excess heat are:

sweating and dilation of skin blood vessels.

Deformity caused by a fracture would MOST likely be masked by:

swelling.

Which of the following would be the LEAST likely to occur in a patient with a core body temperature of between 89°F (32°C) and 92°F (33°C)?

tachycardia

What are signs of shock in children?

tachycardia poor capillary refill AMS 25% of blood volume loss

What are signs of shock in children?

tachycardia - fast heart beat poor capillary refill time AMS

Patients with chest injuries will often present with _______.

tachypnea

What do you do if you get post traumatic stress?

talk to your colleagues about your feelings + event

Skeletal muscle is attached to the bone by tough, ropelike, fibrous structures called: Select one:

tendons

How can you tell a dehydrated child?

tenting or poor skin turgor

during an alterication in a bar, two patrons got into a fist fight. the first patient, a 44 year old female, was struck in the mouth and refuses EMS care. the second patient, a 309 year old female, has a small laceration to her left knuckle and also refuses EMS care. which of the following statements regarding this scenario is MOST correct

the 39 year old female is at high risk for infection

which of the following statements regarding the rule of nines is correct

the anterior trunk of an adult is equal to 18 % of the BSA

Heatstroke occurs when

the body's heat-eliminating mechanisms are overwhelmed.

which of the following statements regarding the dermis is correct

the dermis contains hair follicles, swear glands, and nerve endings

An air embolism associated with diving occurs when:

the diver holds his or her breath during a rapid ascent.

your are assessing a 30 year old woman with multiple large bruises to her chest and abdomen that she experienced during an assault. she is conscious but restless, and her skin is cool and pale. you should be most concerned with

the fact that her clinical signs could indicate that she is bleeding internally

You are assessing a 30-year-old woman with multiple large bruises to her chest and abdomen that she experienced during an assault. She is conscious but restless, and her skin is cool and pale. You should be MOST concerned with:

the fact that her clinical signs could indicate that she is bleeding internally.

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated:

the heart rate decreases and the blood vessels dilate.

which of the following processes occurs during the inflammation phase of the healing process

the immune system releases histamines which cause vasodilation and increases capillary permeability, resulting in local redness and swelling

Elevation of the rib cage during inhalation occurs when:

the intercostal muscles contract.

patients with full thickness burns (3rd degree burn) burns generally do not complain of pain because

the nerve endings have been destroyed

Patients with full-thickness (third-degree) burns generally do not complain of pain because:

the nerve endings have been destroyed.

An open fracture is MOST accurately defined as a fracture in which:

the overlying skin is no longer intact

An open fracture is MOST accurately defined as a fracture in which:

the overlying skin is no longer intact.

When immobilizing a trauma patient's spine, the EMT manually stabilizing the head should not let go until:

the patient has been completely secured to the backboard.

If a dislocated shoulder has spontaneously reduced before your arrival, the only way to confirm the injury is by noting:

the patient history.

If a dislocated shoulder has spontaneously reduced before your arrival, the only way to confirm the injury is by noting

the patient history.

In general, musculoskeletal injuries should be splinted before moving the patient unless:

the patient is clinically unstable

In general, musculoskeletal injuries should be splinted before moving the patient unless:

the patient is clinically unstable.

you and your partner arrive at the scene of a house fire where fire fighters have rescued a 50 year old male from his burning house. the patient has superficial and partial thickness burns to his face and chest. his nasal hairs are singed and he is coughing up sooty sputum you should be most concerned with

the potential for airway swelling

functions of the skin include all of the following except

the production of aintbodies

Functions of the skin include all of the following, EXCEPT:

the production of key antibodies.

In the normal, uninjured eye:

the pupils are equal in size and move together in the same direction.

The Adam's apple is

the upper part of the larynx that is formed by the thyroid cartilage.

The Adam's apple is:

the upper part of the larynx that is formed by the thyroid cartilage. Correct

Children are often "belly breathers" because _______.

their intercostal muscles are not developed

Very young children tend to breathe predominantly with their diaphragm because:

their intercostal muscles are not fully developed.

When transporting a patient with a facial injury, it is MOST important to be as descriptive as possible with the hospital regarding the patient's injuries because:

they may need to call a specialist to see the patient. Correct

What is larger in a child?

tongue which can block airway

What can happen with ventilating errors?

too forceful = gastric distention over inflation of lungs = pneumothorax inadequate seal = hypoventilation or hypoxia

How do you immobilize a pediatric patient?

towel under back from shoulders to hips neutral position apply cervical collar log roll child on immobilization device secure torso 1st. secure head 2nd. ensure child is strapped in.

The act of pulling on a body structure in the direction of its normal alignment is called:

traction.

The small, rounded, fleshy bulge immediately anterior to the ear canal is called the:

tragus.

The path a projectile takes once it is propelled

trajectory

A 4-year-old female has a peanut lodged in the external auditory canal of her right ear. You should:

transport her to the emergency department

A 4-year-old female has a peanut lodged in the external auditory canal of her right ear. You should:

transport her to the emergency department. Correct

A 22-year-old male was punched in the abdomen several times. You find him lying on his left side with his knees drawn up. He is conscious and alert and complains of increased pain and nausea when he tries to straighten his legs. His blood pressure is 142/82 mm Hg, his pulse rate is 110 beats/min and strong, and his respirations are 22 breaths/min and regular. In addition to administering high-flow oxygen, you should:

transport him in the position in which you found him.

What is the # 1 killer of children in US?

trauma

Emergencies that are result of physical forces applied to a pt's body

trauma emergencies

Immediate death from blunt chest trauma following a motor vehicle crash is MOST often the result of

traumatic aortic rupture.

You are transporting an immobilized patient with severe facial trauma. As you are preparing to give your radio report to the hospital, the patient begins vomiting large amounts of blood. You should:

turn the backboard onto its side.

blanching

turning WHITE

The eardrum; a thin, semitransparent membrane in the middle ear that transmits sound vibrations to the internal ear by means of auditory ossicles

tympanic membrane

grunting

uh sound

a teenage boy who was involved in a bicycle accident has a puncture wound where the bicycle kickstand impaled his leg. the most appropriate method fr treating this injury is to

unbolt the kick stand from the bike frame and stabilize it with a bulky dressing

A teenage boy who was involved in a bicycle accident has a puncture wound where the bicycle kickstand impaled his leg. The MOST appropriate method for treating this injury is to

unbolt the kickstand from the bike frame and stabilize it with bulky dressings.

ALTE apparent life threatening event

unresponsiveness, cyanosis, apnea in infant infant resumes breathing with stimulation

Which of the following organs is at MOST risk for injury as the result of a pelvic fracture?

urinary bladder

What does breathing require?

use of chest muscles + diaphragm

How do you determine right airway adjunct for pediatric use?

use pediatric resuscitation tape

If you do not have the appropriate size cervical collar, you should:

use rolled towels to immobilize the patient's head.

What does it mean when an infant retract muscles + increased work of breathing?

using intercostal muscles or sternum

The body's natural protective mechanisms against heat loss are:

vasoconstriction and shivering.

A 19-year-old male is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless after being struck in the center of the chest with a softball. Based on the mechanism of injury, what MOST likely occurred?

ventricular fibrillation when the impact occurred during a critical portion of the cardiac cycle

Rough handling of a hypothermic patient with a pulse may cause:

ventricular fibrillation.

Pleural fluid is contained between the:

visceral and parietal pleurae.

What do preschool children have?

vivid imagination get history from parent

What is the most common cause of dehydration?

vomiting + diarrhea

If your patient swallows blood following facial trauma, there is an increased risk of ________.

vomiting Correct

Heat loss from the body through respiration occurs when:

warm air is exhaled into the atmosphere.

The sebaceous glands produce sebum, a material that:

waterproofs the skin and keeps it supple

the sebaceous glands produce sebum, a material that

waterproofs the skin and keeps it supple

When caring for a patient with an open facial injury, the EMT must:

wear gloves and facial protection.

When caring for a patient with an open facial injury, the EMT's immediate priority should be to:

wear gloves and facial protection. Correct

The measure of force over distance

work

Which of the following is NOT indicated in the management of a patient in shock?

High-speed ambulance transportation

A 52-year-old unrestrained female struck the steering wheel with her face when her truck collided with another vehicle. She has obvious swelling to her face and several dislodged teeth. A visual exam of her mouth reveals minimal bleeding. She is conscious and alert with a blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg, a pulse of 110 beats/min, and respirations of 22 breaths/min with adequate tidal volume. You should:

fully immobilize her spine, attempt to locate the dislodged teeth, suction as needed, and transport.

How can you distract a preschooler?

games or conversation

What do you do with a pediatric partial airway obstruction?

give oxygen stay in comfortable position

The eyeball itself is referred to as the:

globe

Distraction injuries of the spine are MOST commonly the result of:

hangings.

You are assessing a 59-year-old male and note that his pupils are unequal. He is conscious and alert. When obtaining his medical history, it is MOST pertinent to ask him if he:

has a history of eye surgeries.

You are assessing a 59-year-old male who complains of diplopia. When obtaining the patient's medical history, it is MOST pertinent to ask him if he:

has a history of eye surgeries.

You are assessing a 59-year-old male and note that his pupils are unequal. He is conscious and alert. When obtaining his medical history, it is MOST pertinent to ask him if he:

has a history of eye surgeries. Correct

The skin and underlying tissues of the face:

have a rich blood supply and bleed profusely.

Covering a patient's _________ will significantly minimize radiation heat loss.

head

sniffing position

head position for injured child to manage airway

Airbags, in conjunction with properly worn seatbelts, are of MOST benefit when a person is involved in a:

head-on crash

Common signs and symptoms of a chest injury include all of the following, EXCEPT:

hematemesis.

__________ is a congenital condition in which the patient lacks one or more of the normal clotting factors of blood.

hemophilia

Peritonitis, an intense inflammatory reaction of the abdominal cavity, usually occurs when:

hollow abdominal organs are damaged and spill their contents.

Which of the following conditions would be the LEAST likely to increase a person's risk of hypothermia?

hyperglycemia

Child has history of seizures + AMS

hypoglycemia or low blood sugar

In which of the following situations should the EMT splint an injured limb in the position of deformity?

if resistance is encountered or the patient experiences severe pain

You respond to a residence for a 40-year-old female who was assaulted by her husband; the scene has been secured by law enforcement. Upon your arrival, you find the patient lying supine on the floor in the kitchen. She is semiconscious with severely labored breathing. Further assessment reveals a large bruise to the left anterior chest, jugular venous distention, and unilaterally absent breath sounds. As your partner is supporting her ventilations, you should:

immediately request ALS support

functions of dressings and bandages include all of the following except

immobilization of the injury

A 45-year-old male was working on his roof when he fell approximately 12′,landing on his feet. He is conscious and alert and complains of an ache in his lower back. He is breathing adequately and has stable vital signs. You should:

immobilize his spine and perform a focused secondary exam.

A 17-year-old football player collided with another player and has pain to his left clavicular area. He is holding his arm against his chest and refuses to move it. Your assessment reveals obvious deformity to the midshaft clavicle. After assessing distal pulse, sensory, and motor functions, you should

immobilize the injury with a sling and swathe.

During your rapid secondary assessment of a 19-year-old female with multiple trauma, you note bilateral humeral deformities and a deformity to the left midshaft femur. Her skin is diaphoretic and her pulse is rapid and weak. Your partner has appropriately managed her airway and is maintaining manual stabilization of her head. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes:

immobilizing her to a backboard and rapidly transporting.

tachypnea

increased respiratory rate

Why are toddlers unhappy being restrained?

independence

Awareness that unseen life-threatening injuries may exist when determining the MOI

index of suspicion

What is the 1st year of life?

infancy

Who breaths faster an infant or child?

infant breathes faster

How is an infant seizure different from an older child?

infant needs oxygen quicker.

One common problem following burn injuries in children is __________.

infection

in addition to external bleeding the most significant risk that an open soft tissue injury exposes a patient to is

infection

In addition to external bleeding, the MOST significant risk that an open soft-tissue injury exposes a patient to is

infection.

You are transporting a 42-year-old male who experienced blunt abdominal trauma. He is receiving oxygen at 12 L/min via a nonrebreathing mask, and full spinal precautions have been applied. During your reassessment, you note his level of consciousness has decreased and his respirations have become shallow. You should:

insert an airway adjunct if he will tolerate it and begin assisting his ventilations with a bag-mask device.

Definitive care for a tension pneumothorax involves:

inserting a needle through the rib cage into the pleural space.

The MOST critical treatment for a tension pneumothorax involves:

inserting a needle through the rib cage into the pleural space.

During your primary assessment of a semiconscious 30-year-old female with closed head trauma, you note that she has slow, shallow breathing and a slow, bounding pulse. As your partner maintains manual in-line stabilization of her head, you should:

instruct him to assist her ventilations while you perform a rapid assessment.

During your assessment of a patient who experienced blunt trauma to the abdomen, you notice bruising around the umbilicus. This is a sign of

intra-abdominal bleeding.

During your assessment of a patient who experienced blunt trauma to the abdomen, you notice bruising around the umbilicus. This is a sign of:

intra-abdominal bleeding.

Bleeding within the brain tissue itself is called a(n)

intracerebral hematoma.

Bleeding within the brain tissue itself is called a(n):

intracerebral hematoma.

In contrast to a cerebral concussion, a cerebral contusion:

involves physical injury to the brain tissue.

A factory worker was splashed in the eyes with a strong acid chemical. He complains of intense pain and blurred vision. Your ambulance does not carry bottles of sterile saline or water. You should:

irrigate both eyes continuously for 20 minutes with plain water.

A factory worker was splashed in the eyes with a strong acid chemical. He complains of intense pain and blurred vision. Your ambulance does not carry bottles of sterile saline or water. You should:

irrigate both eyes continuously for 20 minutes with plain water. Correct

A 22-year-old male was walking on the beach and had sand blown into his eyes. He complains of pain and decreased vision to his right eye. Treatment should include:

irrigating his right eye laterally.

A 48-year-old male was stung on the leg by a jellyfish while swimming in the ocean. He is conscious and alert, but complains of intense pain at the wound site. Specific treatment for this patient includes:

irrigating the wound with vinegar and immersing his leg in hot water.

a laceration

is a jagged cut caused by a sharp object or blunt force trauma

A laceration:

is a jagged cut caused by a sharp object or blunt force trauma.

A simple pneumothorax:

is commonly caused by blunt chest trauma.

In contrast to the brown recluse spider, the black widow spider:

is large and has a red-orange hourglass mark on its abdomen.

The cricoid cartilage:

is the only complete circular cartilage of the trachea.

A tight-fitting motorcycle helmet should be left in place unless:

it interferes with your assessment of the airway.

In order for sweating to be an effective cooling mechanism:

it must be able to evaporate from the body.

Cold is sometimes used to help control bleeding. When using cold, the following guidelines and statements are true except:

it should be applied directly to the skin; it will not be effective if anything is between the cold agent and the wound.

When a light is shone into the pupil:

it should become smaller in size

When a light is shone into the pupil:

it should become smaller in size. Correct

When opening the airway of a patient with a suspected spinal injury, you should use the:

jaw-thrust maneuver.

The superficial temporal artery can be palpated:

just anterior to the tragus.

The superficial temporal artery can be palpated:

just anterior to the tragus. Correct

A 17-year-old female dislocated her patella while playing soccer. Her knee is flexed and she complains of severe pain. You should:

keep her knee flexed and secure it with padded board splints

The energy of a moving object

kinetic energy

which of the following is of least importance when initially assessing the severity of a burn

know drug allergies

You arrive at the scene of a major motor vehicle crash. The patient, a 50-year-old female, was removed from her vehicle prior to your arrival. Bystanders who removed her state that she was not wearing a seatbelt. The patient is unconscious, tachycardic, and diaphoretic. Your assessment reveals bilaterally clear and equal breath sounds, a midline trachea, and collapsed jugular veins. You should be MOST suspicious that this patient has experienced a:

laceration of the aorta.

You arrive at the scene of a major motor vehicle crash. The patient, a 50-year-old female, was removed from her vehicle prior to your arrival. Bystanders who removed her state that she was not wearing a seatbelt. The patient is unresponsive, tachycardic, and diaphoretic. Your assessment reveals bilaterally clear and equal breath sounds, a midline trachea, and collapsed jugular veins. You should be MOST suspicious that this patient has experienced a:

laceration of the aorta.

The conjunctiva is kept moist by fluid produced by the:

lacrimal gland

The conjunctiva are kept moist by fluid produced by the:

lacrimal gland.

a hematom develops when

large blood vessels beneath the skin are damaged

Following direct trauma to the superior aspect of the throat, a young male presents with labored breathing, loss of voice, and subcutaneous emphysema in the soft tissues around his neck. You should suspect a/an:

laryngeal fracture

You are dispatched to a residence for a young female who was kicked in the abdomen by her boyfriend. While en route to the scene, you should ask the dispatcher if:

law enforcement is at the scene.

A 29-year-old male has an anterior nosebleed after he was accidentally elbowed in the nose. His is conscious and alert with adequate breathing. The MOST appropriate care for this patient includes:

leaning him forward and pinching his nostrils together.

What do you do with a toddler?

leave him in parents lap during assessment

When splinting a possible fracture of the foot, it is MOST important for the EMT to:

leave the toes exposed.

with regard to the pediatric rule of nines, the

legs are priportionately smaller then an adults

When caring for a patient with a possible head injury, it is MOST important to monitor the patient's:

level of consciousness.

While assessing a 21-year-old female who struck a tree head-on with her small passenger car, you note that her airbag deployed. You should:

lift the airbag and look for deformity to the steering wheel.

The MOST common and significant complication associated with fractures or dislocations of the knee is:

ligament and cartilage damage.

Bones are connected to other bones by bands of tough fibrous tissues called:

ligaments.

Which of the following skull fractures would be the LEAST likely to present with palpable deformity or other outward signs?

linear

all of the following body structures are lined with mucous membranes, except for

lips

All of the following body structures are lined with mucous membranes, EXCEPT for the:

lips.

How do you auscultate breathing sounds in pediatric patients?

listen to both sides of chest under armpit

Which of the following organs would MOST likely bleed profusely when injured?

liver

All of the following are hollow abdominal organs, EXCEPT for the:

liver.

Bruising to the right upper quadrant of the abdomen following blunt trauma is MOST suggestive of injury to the:

liver.

You receive a call to a residence for a sick patient. Upon your arrival, you find the patient, a 53-year-old diabetic male, lying down on his front porch. His wife tells you that he had been mowing the lawn in the heat for the past 3 hours. The patient is confused and has hot, moist skin. His pulse is weak and thready, and his blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg. In addition to administering 100% oxygen, you should

load him into the ambulance and begin rapid cooling interventions.

Which of the following is an early sign of pit viper envenomation?

local swelling and ecchymosis

A person who experiences a calcaneus fracture after jumping and landing on his or her feet would MOST likely experience an accompanying fracture of the

lumbar spine.

The lower jawbone is called the

mandible.

What is the proper mask size?

mask should extend from bridge of nose to cleft of the chin avoiding eyes.

The upper jawbones are called the.

maxillae.

The upper jawbones are called the:

maxillae. Correct

Lacerations to the scalp

may be an indicator of deeper, more serious injuries.

Lacerations to the scalp:

may be an indicator of deeper, more serious injuries.

Placing a pregnant patient in a supine position during the third trimester of pregnancy:

may decrease the amount of blood that returns to the heart.

When a patient experiences a severe spinal injury, he or she:

may lose sensation below level of injury

When a person is lying supine at the end of exhalation, the diaphragm

may rise as high as the nipple line.

When a person is lying supine at the end of exhalation, the diaphragm:

may rise as high as the nipple line.

pediatric resuscitation tape measure

measures infant's weight based on length

What does a pulse oximeter do?

measures oxygen saturation

As an EMT, your BEST clue indicating the possibility of internal bleeding may be the presence of:

mechanism of injury.

Emergencies that require EMS attention because of illnesses or conditions not caused by an outside force

medical emergencies

pediatrics

medical practice devoted to young

What is the severity of burns?

minor = 10% of body moderate 10% to 20% of body critical = 20 % of body involving hands/feet/face, airway or genitalia

If a person's tidal volume decreases, but his or her respiratory rate remains unchanged:

minute volume will decrease.

What is the difference with children bones?

more flexible + bend during growth weaker easily injured

What is the difference with a child's ribs?

more flexible + softer than adult. compress lungs + heart causing serious injury from no obvious external damage

A frostbitten foot can be identified by the presence of:

mottling and blisters.

You and your partner are standing by at a large social event at a river resort when a frantic woman tells you that she found a young male floating face-down in the water. Nobody claims to have witnessed the event. After you and your partner enter the water and reach the patient, you should

move him as a unit to a supine position.

You are dispatched to a local high school track and field event for a 16-year-old male who fainted. The outside temperature is approximately 95°F (35°C) with high humidity. Upon your arrival, the patient is conscious, alert, and complains of nausea and a headache. His skin is cool, clammy, and pale. You should

move him into the cooled ambulance.

Trauma that affects more than one body system

multisystem trauma

If a patient with a chest injury is only able to inhale small amounts of air per breath, he or she:

must increase his or her respiratory rate to maintain adequate minute volume.

A rapid, irregular pulse following blunt trauma to the chest is MOST suggestive of a:

myocardial contusion.

__________ is refusal or failure on the part of the caregiver to provide life necessities.

neglect

child abuse

neglect

The venom of a black widow spider is toxic to the:

nervous system.

during the normal wound healing process, bleeding may occur from even a minor injury because

new capillaries that stem from intact capillaries are delicate and take time to become as stable as the preexisting capillaries

Why can children s internal organs be injured easily?

no insulated less circulating blood exhibit signs of shock slow go into shock fast

What does it mean when an infant is making eye contact?

not sick

What does an epiglottitis infection do?

obstructs airway in pediatric patients.

an abdominal evisceration

occurs when organs protrude through an open wound

An abdominal evisceration:

occurs when organs protrude through an open wound.

Facial injuries should be identified and treated as soon as possible because:

of the risk for airway problems.

Asymmetry of the chest wall occurs when:

one side of the chest wall does not expand during inhalation.

What do you do for an unconscious patient with airway obstruction?

open airway

How do you perform one rescuer bag mask device ventilation?

open airway insert airway adjunct hold mask on face with one hand head tilt chin lift maneuver, good mask seal squeeze bag using correct ventilation 12 to 20 breaths/min allow time for exhalation assess effectiveness of ventilation = watch bilateral rise + fall of chest

as you approach a young male who was involved in an industrial accident, you note that his eyes are closed and that he is not moving. you can see several large contusions to his arms, a laceration to his forehead with minimal bleeding, and a closed deformity to his right leg. you should:

open his airway and assess his berthing status

Approximately 80% of the eyeball is protected by the:

orbit

Inserting a(n) ________ ________ in a responsive patient may cause a spasm of the larynx and result in vomiting.

oropharyngeal airway

A child in respiratory distress or possible respiratory failure needs supplemental _________.

oxygen

Children not only have a higher metabolic rate, but also a higher _________ _________, which is twice that of an adult.

oxygen demand

When are blow by techniques used?

oxygen mask frightens child. make whole in cup + insert tubing connect tubing to oxygen source hold 1" from child's face

work of breathing

oxygenation + ventilation child compensating for hypoxia

A 44-year-old male sustained a laceration to his left ear during a minor car accident. Your assessment reveals minimal bleeding. Appropriate care for this injury includes:

padding between the ear and the scalp.

the hallmark sign of compartment syndrome is

pain out of proportion to the injury

What are signs of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?

pale or blue not breathing unresponsive post mortem changes rigor mortis dependent lividity Call Medical Control environment: illness, abuse, object in child's crib

Signs and symptoms of an air embolism include all of the following, EXCEPT:

pale skin.

A spinal cord injury at the level of C7 would MOST likely result in:

paralysis of the intercostal muscles

A spinal cord injury at the level of C7 would MOST likely result in:

paralysis of the intercostal muscles.

which of the following is a severe burn in a 65 year old patient

partial thickness burn to 20 % of the

Which of the following is a severe burn in a 65-year-old patient?

partial-thickness burn to 20% of the BSA

You have sealed the open chest wound of a 40-year-old male who was stabbed in the anterior chest. Your reassessment reveals that he is experiencing increasing respiratory distress and tachycardia, and is developing cyanosis. You should:

partially remove the dressing.

It can be difficult to assess the severity of injuries to the genitourinary system following sexual assault because:

patients may be hesitant to allow you to examine them

The ________ ________ ________ is a structured assessment tool that allows you to rapidly form a general impression of the pediatric patient's condition without touching him or her.

pediatric assessment triangle

burns to pediatric patients are generally considered more serious then burns to adults because

pediatric patients have more surface area relative to total body mass

What do you use to measure size equipment for children?

pediatric resuscitation tape

Why do you need to know the MOI for serious internal injury in pediatrics?

pediatrics do not show external signs

Which of the following musculoskeletal injuries would pose the greatest threat to a patient's life?

pelvic fracture with hypotension

Injury caused by objects, such as knives and bullets, that pierce the surface of the body and damage internal tissues and organs

penetrating trauma

The _________ nervous system consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

peripheral

when a person is exposed to a cold environment

peripheral vessels constrict and divert blood away from the skin

When a person is exposed to a cold environment:

peripheral vessels constrict and divert blood away from the skin.

When a hollow organ is punctured during a penetrating injury to the abdomen:

peritonitis may not develop for several hours.

The ________ nerves control the diaphragm.

phrenic

Your assessment of a 23-year-old female reveals a core body temperature of 93.4°F (34°C). She is conscious, answers your questions appropriately, is shivering, and complains of nausea. Her skin is cold and pale, her muscles appear rigid, and her respirations are rapid. In addition to monitoring her ABCs, administering oxygen, and turning up the heat in the back of the ambulance, you should:

place heat packs to her groin, axillae, and behind her neck; cover her with warm blankets; and avoid rough handling.

When immobilizing a child on a long backboard, you should:

place padding under the child's shoulders as needed.

Irritation or damage to the pleural surfaces that causes sharp chest pain during inhalation is called

pleurisy.

In order to avoid exacerbating a patient's injury, it is especially important to use extreme caution when providing positive-pressure ventilation to patients with a

pneumothorax.

In order to avoid exacerbating a patient's injury, it is especially important to use extreme caution when providing positive-pressure ventilation to patients with a:

pneumothorax.

The MOST reliable indicator of an underlying fracture is:

point tenderness.

What does mottling of skin indicate?

poor perfusion constriction of peripheral blood vessels

What do you do when a patient has a seizure?

position head to open airway use suction place patient in recovery position

How do you position the airway for a pediatric patient?

position the pediatric patient on a firm surface. Place folded towel about 1" thick under shoulder + neck. Immobilize forehead to limit movement use Head Tilt Chin Lift Maneuver to open airway.

Crepitus and false motion are

positive indicators of a fracture.

Crepitus and false motion are:

positive indicators of a fracture.

The EMT must assume that any unwitnessed water-related incident is accompanied by:

possible spinal injury.

A 45-year-old female was the unrestrained passenger of a small car that rear-ended another vehicle at a moderate rate of speed. She is conscious and alert, but complains of pain to both of her knees. There is visible damage to the dashboard on the passenger's side of the vehicle. In addition to fractures or dislocations of the knees, you should be MOST suspicious for:

posterior hip dislocation.

Seizure stops, child's muscles relax + breathing becomes rapid

postictal state

The product of mass, gravity, and height, which is converted into kinetic energy and results in injury, such as from a fall

potential energy

A 28-year-old male was struck in the chest with a baseball bat during an altercation. He is conscious and alert and complains of severe chest pain. Your assessment reveals a large area of ecchymosis over the sternum and a rapid, irregular pulse. In addition to applying 100% oxygen, you should

prepare for immediate transport.

The primary purpose for splinting a musculoskeletal injury is to:

prevent further injury.

Immediately life-threatening chest injuries must be found and managed during the _______.

primary assessment

Any object propelled by force, such as a bullet by a weapon

projectile

Because the depth of an open abdominal wound is often difficult to determine:

prompt transport to the hospital is essential.

You are transporting a 28-year-old man with a frostbitten foot. The patient's vital signs are stable and he denies any other injuries or symptoms. The weather is treacherous and your transport time to the hospital is approximately 45 minutes. During transport, you should:

protect the affected part from further injury.

A 20-year-old male was pulled from cold water by his friends. The length of his submersion is not known and was not witnessed. You perform a primary assessment and determine that the patient is apneic and has a slow, weak pulse. You should:

provide rescue breathing, remove wet clothing, immobilize his spine, keep him warm, and transport carefully.

Following blunt trauma to the chest, an 18-year-old female presents with respiratory distress, reduced tidal volume, and cyanosis. Her blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg and her pulse is 130 beats/min and thready. You should:

provide some form of positive-pressure ventilation

What does a pediatric non-rebreathing mask do?

provides 90% oxygen allows patient to exhale carbon dioxide without rebreathing it.

A "hip" fracture is actually a fracture of the

proximal femur

A "hip" fracture is actually a fracture of the

proximal femur.

A "hip" fracture is actually a fracture of the:

proximal femur.

Pulmonary trauma resulting from short-range exposure to the detonation of high-energy explosives

pulmonary blast injuries

A man called EMS 12 hours after injuring his chest. Your assessment reveals a flail segment to the right side of the chest. The patient is experiencing respiratory distress and his oxygen saturation is 78%. His breath sounds are equal bilaterally and his jugular veins are normal. You should suspect:

pulmonary contusion.

The PASG is absolutely contraindicated in patients who have:

pulmonary edema.

The opening in the center of the iris, which allows light to move to the back of the eye, is called the:

pupil

What will a curious unwatched child do?

put everything in his mouth

High air temperature reduces the body's ability to lose heat by:

radiation.

A patient with a core body temperature of 95°F (35°C) will MOST likely experience:

rapid breathing.

What helps pediatric to compensate for decreased perfusion?

rapid heart beat blood vessel constriction

adolescents

children between 12 to 18 years

Which of the following musculoskeletal injuries would MOST likely result in deformity?

displaced fracture

A supracondylar or intercondylar fracture is also known as a fracture of the:

distal humerus

A supracondylar or intercondylar fracture is also known as a fracture of the:

distal humerus.

Accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity will MOST likely cause:

distention.

Which of the following medications increases a person's risk of a heat-related emergency?

diuretics

T/F It is considered acceptable to lie to a preschool-age child because they will not be able to understand their true medical condition.

T/F Pediatric patients weighing less that 60lbs should be transported by car seat.

T/F You should avoid letting the parent or caregiver hold an infant during your assessment.

T/F You should use a euphemism such as "passed away" when informing the family of a pediatric death to lessen their emotional pain.

Where does fertilization of the egg usually occur?

Fertilization, when a sperm and egg meet, usually occurs when the egg is inside the fallopian tube.

When deciding where to transport a patient who is in hypovolemic shock or who has the potential for developing hypovolemic shock, which of the following is the MOST important service to be provided by the receiving hospital?

Immediate surgical capabilities

How do you treat a sick or injured child?

Remain calm + professional demeanor

Your patient is a 28-year-old male who cut his thigh with a chain saw. Bleeding is significant and difficult to control. Which of the following is NOT part of the proper management of this patient?

Replacement of fluid level by giving the patient adequate amounts of water

Which of the following is an indication of altered mental status in a patient in shock?

Restlessness

A scoring system used for patients with head trauma

Revised Trauma Score

SAMPLE History

S: Signs & Symptoms A: Allergies M: Medications P: Pertinent past medical history L: Last oral intake E: Events leading up to the illness/injury

When documenting a call involving a female patient who was sexually assaulted, theEMT should:

Selected Answer: C. avoid speculation and document only factual data.

Which of the following statements regarding severe burns is correct?

Severe burns are typically a combination of all degrees of burn.

What are samples of pediatric components?

Signs + symptoms - fever or pain or distress Allergies - reactions Medications - exact names, dosage, usage Past medical history - illness, injury, immunization Last oral taken - food + drink Events leading to illness, fever history

Which of the following must be kept in mind when considering the severity of external bleeding?

Signs of shock do not appear until a large amount of blood has been lost.

START

Simple triage and rapid treatment

An EMT called to the scene of a factory injury takes Standard Precautions and then begins to apply direct pressure to the injured worker's arm, which has sustained a deep cut and is bleeding profusely. What should the EMT have done first?

Size up the scene.

Capillaries

Small tubes with the diameter of a single red blood cell that pass among all the cells of the body. It links arterioles and the venules.

Limiting time spent at a scene can be especially important if the mechanism of injury suggests that the patient could go into shock. In order to keep the time at the scene to a minimum, which of the following assessments or treatments should not be performed on the scene?

Splinting swollen extremities

Pelvic binder

Splints the bony pelvis to reduce hemorrhage from bone ends, venous disruption, and pain.

Which of the following is a characteristic of arterial bleeding?

Spurting under pressure

Which of the following statements regarding abdominal trauma is correct?

The absence of abdominal pain does not rule out intra-abdominal bleeding.

Which of the following statements regarding a basilar skull fracture is correct?

The absence of raccoon eyes or Battle's sign does not rule it out.

Which of the following statements regarding the rule of nines is correct?

The anterior trunk of an adult is equal to 18% of the BSA.

Veins

The blood vessels that carry blood from the tissues to the heart

Perfusion

The circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the current needs of cells.

Shock

The circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion.

Hemoptysis

The coughing up of blood.

Coagulation

The formation of clots to plug openings in injured blood vessels and stop blood flow.

Aorta

The main artery that receives blood from the left ventricle and delivers it to all the other arteries that carry blood to the tissues of the body.

Vasoconstriction

The narrowing or a blood vessel such as with hypoperfusion or cold extremities

What systems are involved in changes dealing with pregnancy?

The primary systems are the respiratory, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems.

Which of the following statements regarding abdominal eviscerations is correct?

The protruding organs should be kept warm and moist.

As the pregnancy continues what happens to the respiratory system?

The respiratory rate increases, with decreasing minute volumes. The pregnancy also increases the patient's overall demand for oxygen as the metabolic demands increase.

During the menstrual cycle how many follicles are successful at maturing and able to release an egg?

There will only be one follicle (out of 10 to 20 that attempt the process each month)

What are Braxton-Hicks contractions?

They are preterm or false labor contractions.

The umbilical arteries carry?

They carry deoxygenated blood from the heart of the fetus to the woman.

Which of the following statements regarding motor nerves is correct

They carry information from the CNS to the muscles.

Which of the following statements regarding motor nerves is correct?

They carry information from the CNS to the muscles.

Which of the following statements regarding anterior nosebleeds is correct?

They usually originate from the septum area and bleed slowly.

Which of the following statements regarding anterior nosebleeds is correct?

They usually originate from the septum area and bleed slowly. Correct

Which of the following is responsible for most of the signs and symptoms of early shock?

The body's attempts at compensation for blood loss

Which of the following is the most important reason for controlling external bleeding?

To prevent hypoperfusion

Resistance that slows a projectile, such as air

drag

__________ is the second most common cause of unintentional death among children in the United States.

drowning

The tough, fibrous outer meningeal layer is called the:

dura mater

Which of the following areas of the body has the thinnest skin?

ears

which of the following areas of the body has the thinnest skin

ears

Demonstrate how to immobilize a pediatric patient who has been involved in a trauma emergency out of a car seat, (pp 1189-1191, Skill Drill 32-7)

...

Demonstrate how to insert a nasopharyngeal airway in a pediatric patient, (pp 1174-1176, Skill Drill 32-3)

...

Demonstrate how to insert an oropharyngeal airway in a pediatric patient, (pp 1173-1174, Skill Drill 32-2)

...

Demonstrate how to palpate the pulse and estimate the capillary refill time in a pediatric patient, (pp 1162-1163)

...

Demonstrate how to perform one-rescuer bag-mask device ventilation on a pediatric patient, (pp 1178-1179, Skill Drill 32-4)

...

Demonstrate how to perform two-rescuer bag-mask device ventilation on a pediatric patient, (p 1179)

...

Demonstrate how to position the airway in a pediatric patient, (pp 1160-1161, Skill Drill 32-1)

...

Demonstrate how to position the airway in a pediatric patient, (pp 1160-1161, Skill Drill 32-1)"

...

Demonstrate how to use a pediatric resuscitation tape measure to size equipment appropriately for a pediatric patient, (p 1173)

...

Evaluating the child's appearance involves noting the mental status and: A. skin color. B. pupil size. C. chest rise. D. muscle tone.

...

Explain how seizure activity in an infant differs from that of an older child.

...

Level of consciousness is not normal for the pediatric patient, altered mental status, and/or any signs or symptoms of shock "

...

T/F Blood pressure is usually not assessed in pediatric patients younger than 4 years.

T/F Blow-by oxygen is as effective as a face mask or nasal cannula for delivering oxygen to a pediatric patient.

T/F Bradypnea usually indicates that the pediatric patient's condition is improving.

T/F Congenital cardiovascular problems are the leading cause of cardiopulmonary arrest in the pediatric population.

The anatomy of a pediatric airway and other important structures differs from that of an adult's in the fol lowing ways:

"1) A larger, rounder occiput, or back of the head, which requires more careful positioning of the airway. 2) A proportionately larger tongue relative to the size of the mouth 3) and a more anterior location in the mouth. 4) The child's tongue is also larger relative to the small mandible and can easily block the airway. 5) A long, floppy, U-shaped epiglottis in infants and toddlers is larger than an adult's, relative to the size of the airway that extends at a 45° angle into the airway. 6)Less well-developed rings of cartilage in the trachea that may easily collapse if the neck is flexed or hyperextended.7) A narrowing funnel-shaped (wide to narrow) upper airway compared to that of a cylinder-shaped (same width) lower airway. "

Pediatric Load-and-go if:

"A significant MOI— MOIs as adults, with the addition of: Any fall from a height equal to or greater than a pediatric patient's

ABCDE

"Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure."

AEIOU-TIPPS

"Alcohol, Epilepsy, Insulin, Opiates or other drugs, Uremia, Trauma/temperature, Infection, Psychogenic, Poison, Shock/stroke/space-occupying lesions/subarachnoid hemorrahage."

ALTE

"Apparent life-threatening event. An event that causes unresponsiveness, cyanosis, and apnea in an infant, who then resumes breathing with stimulation. "

Neisseria meningitidis

"Bacterium that causes rapid onset on meningitis symptoms, often leading to shock and death. Signs are cherry red spots or large purple black rash."

BLS-CPR

"Blood pressure, Level of Consciousness, Skin color/temp/moisture - Capillary refill; pulse rate/rythym/strength; Respiratory rate/effort/pattern."

Febrile seizures

"Characterized by generalized tonicclonic seizure activity. Last less than 15 minutes, with short postictal phase or none at all. May be sign of meningitis."

Common causes of seizure in children:

"Child abuse, Electrolyte imbalance, Fever, Hypoglycemia, Infection, Ingestion, Lack of O2, Medications, Poisoning, Seizure disorder, Recreational drug use, Head trauma, Idiopathic."

T/F Extremity injuries is the pediatric population are managed much differently than extremity injuries in adults.

TICLS

"Tone, Interactiveness, Consolability, Look or gaze, and Speech or cry."

What are some questions to ask to determine any potential complications?

-Have you had any problems in a previous pregnancy? -Do you use drugs, drink, alcohol, or take any medications? -Do you know if there is a chance for multiple births? -Does your doctor expect any complications?

What are some questions to determine if delivery is imminent?

-How long have you been pregnant? -When are you due? -Is this your first baby? -Are you have contractions, how long? -Do you feel like you will have a bowel movement? -Have you had any spotting or bleeding? -Has your water broken? -Were any of you children delivered by cesarean?

"Signs of shock in children are as follows:

...

"The __________________ is a structured assessment tool that is used before addressing the hands-on ABCs; it allows you to rapidly form a general impression of the pediatric patient's condition without touching him or her. A. Pediatric assessment triangle B. Glascow Coma Scale C. AVPU scale D. TICLS mnenomic

...

"The postictal state is over when the patient's ____ returns to normal. A. level of consciousness B. respiratory rate C. muscle tone D. blood pressure

...

"The three components of the pediatric assessment triangle are, work of breathing, and circulation to the skin. A. airway B. appearance C. activity D. ability

...

"You and your partner are called to an elementary school cafeteria for an 8-year-old boy with an altered mental status. On arrival, you find the child lying supine on the cafeteria floor. He is responsive to verbal stimuli and is confused as to what happened and where he is. 1. You find out from the child's teacher that he has a history of seizures and recently had a medication change. What are other common causes of altered mental status in the pediatric population? A. Hypoglycemia B. Drug ingestion C. Hypoxia D. All of the above

...

12. Demonstrate how to immobilize a pediatric patient who has been involved in a trauma emergency, (pp 1187-1189, Skill Drill 32-5)

...

13. Demonstrate how to immobilize a pediatric patient who has been involved in a trauma emergency in a car seat, (pp 1189-1190, Skill Drill 32-6)

...

A history compatible with a serious illness;

...

A physiologic abnormality noted during the primary assessment;

...

A potentially serious anatomic abnormality;

...

Bicycle crash (when not wearing a helmet);

...

Demonstrate how to administer blow-by oxygen to a pediatric patient. (P1176)

...

Demonstrate how to apply a nasal cannula to a pediatric patient, (p 1177)

...

Demonstrate how to apply a nonrebreathing mask to a pediatric patient (P1177)

...

Demonstrate how to assist ventilation of an infant or child using a bagmask device. (pp 1177-1179)

...

According to the Association of Air Medical Services (AAMS), you should consider air medical transport of a trauma patient if: A. traffic conditions hamper the ability to get the patient to a trauma center by ground within the ideal time frame for the best clinical outcome. B. he or she was involved in a motor vehicle crash in which another occupant in the same vehicle was killed, even if your patient's injuries are minor. C. ground transport will take your ambulance out of service for an extended period of time, regardless of the severity of the patient's injuries. D. the patient requires advanced life support care and stabilization, and the nearest ALS-ground ambulance is more than 5 to 10 minutes away.

Air bags are designed to: A. decrease the severity of deceleration injuries. B. prevent the driver from sustaining head trauma. C. be used with or without a shoulder harness. D. prevent a second collision inside the car.

An unrestrained driver collided with a bridge pillar. Upon inspection of the interior of his vehicle, you note that the lower dashboard is crushed. During your assessment of the patient, you will MOST likely encounter: A. trauma to the pelvis. B. blunt abdominal trauma. C. a severe closed head injury. D. penetrating thoracic trauma.

Because solid organs have a rich supply of blood, any injury can result in major: A. hemorrhaging B. damage C. pain D. guarding

Bleeding from the nose following head trauma: A. is a sign of a skull fracture and should not be stopped. B. should be controlled by packing the nostril with gauze. C. should be assumed to be caused by a fractured septum. D. is usually due to hypertension caused by the head injury.

Damage to the body that resulted from a pressure wave generated by an explosion is found in what type of blast: A. primary B. secondary C. tertiary D. miscellaneous

Following a blunt injury to the head, a 22-year-old female is confused and complains of a severe headache and nausea. On the basis of these signs and symptoms, you should be MOST concerned with the possibility of: A. intracranial bleeding. B. a fracture of the skull. C. spinal cord injury. D. airway compromise.

If bleeding continues after applying a pressure dressing should do all the following except A. Remove the dressing apply another sterile dressing B. Apply manual pressure through the dressing C. Add more gauze pads over the first dressing D. Secure both dressings tighter with a roller bandage

If direct pressure fails to immediately stop severe bleeding from an extremity, you should apply: Select one: A. a tourniquet proximal to the injury. B. digital pressure to a proximal artery. C. a splint and elevate the extremity. D. additional sterile dressings.

In a motor vehicle collision, as the passenger's head hits the windshield, the brain continues to move forward until it strikes the inside of the skull, resulting in a _____ injury. A. compression B. laceration C. lateral D. motion

In nontrauma patients, an early indicator of internal bleeding is: A. dizziness upon standing. B. a rapid, thready pulse. C. a decreasing blood pressure. D. rapid, shallow breathing.

In older patients, the first indicator of non-traumatic internal bleeding may be: Select one: A. weakness or dizziness. B. diaphoresis and pale skin. C. a heart rate over 120 beats/min. D. a low blood pressure.

In which of the following situations would external bleeding be the MOST difficult to control? A. femoral artery laceration and a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg B. jugular vein laceration and a systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg C. carotid artery laceration and a systolic blood pressure of 60 mm Hg D. antecubital vein laceration and a blood pressure of 138/92 mm Hg

Patients with open abdominal injures often complain of: A. pain B. nausea C. vomiting D. dyspnea

49. You respond to a local lake where a diver complains of difficulty breathing that occurred immediately after rapidly ascending from a depth of approximately 30′. On assessment, you note that he has cyanosis around his lips and has pink froth coming from his nose and mouth. You should: A. suction his mouth and nose, apply high-flow oxygen, position him on his left side with his head down, and contact medical control regarding transport to a recompression facility. B. place him in a semi-sitting position, suction his mouth and nose, apply a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device, and transport to the closest emergency department. C. suction his mouth and nose, keep him supine and elevate his legs to prevent air bubbles from entering his brain, administer high-flow oxygen, and transport to a hyperbaric chamber. D. position him supine with his head elevated 30°, suction his mouth and nose, hyperventilate him with a bag-mask device, and contact medical control for further guidance.

Answer: A Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 1084

57. You are assessing a 33-year-old male who complains of severe abdominal pain, weakness, and nausea. He tells you that he was gathering wood to build a fire when he felt a sudden, sharp pain on the back of his hand. Your assessment reveals that the patient's abdomen is rigid and painful to palpation. You should suspect: A. a black widow spider bite. B. envenomation from a pit viper. C. a brown recluse spider bite. D. Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Answer: A Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 1086

61. You are dispatched to a residence for a young female who is sick. The patient complains of a rash to her lower extremities and truncal area. Your assessment reveals a small, painful blister on her inner thigh. As your partner is taking the patient's vital signs, she states that she and her family returned from a camping trip two days ago. On the basis of this patient's presentation, you should suspect: A. Lyme disease. B. an allergic reaction. C. exposure to poison ivy. D. Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Answer: A Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 1091

62. A 48-year-old male was stung on the leg by a jellyfish while swimming in the ocean. He is conscious and alert, but complains of intense pain at the wound site. Specific treatment for this patient includes: A. irrigating the wound with vinegar and immersing his leg in hot water. B. pulling the nematocysts out with tweezers and bandaging the wound. C. immersing his leg in fresh cold water and scraping away the stingers. D. applying a chemical ice pack to the wound and encouraging movement.

Answer: A Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 1091-1092

23. You are transporting a patient with blunt abdominal trauma. The patient is unstable and is experiencing obvious signs and symptoms of shock. Your estimated time of arrival at the hospital is less than 10 minutes. After treating the patient appropriately, you should: A. closely monitor him and reassess him frequently. B. perform a comprehensive secondary assessment. C. begin documenting the call on the patient care form. D. forgo the hospital radio report because of his condition.

Answer: A Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 976-978

31. A 54-year-old male experienced an avulsion to his penis when his foreskin got caught in the zipper of his pants. He was able to unzip his pants and remove the foreskin prior to your arrival. Your assessment reveals that he is in severe pain and that the avulsion is bleeding moderately. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes: A. applying direct pressure with a dry, sterile dressing. B. covering the avulsion with moist, sterile dressings. C. requesting a paramedic to administer pain medication. D. administering 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask.

Answer: A Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 987

5. Heat loss from the body through respiration occurs when: A. warm air is exhaled into the atmosphere. B. the core body temperature is greater than 98°F (37°C). C. cool air is inhaled and displaces warm air. D. air temperature is greater than body temperature.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1062

6. Shivering is a mechanism in which the body generates heat by: A. increasing the metabolic rate. B. decreasing the use of oxygen. C. decreasing the metabolic rate. D. retaining excess carbon dioxide.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1062

7. Covering a patient's _________ will significantly minimize radiation heat loss. A. head B. chest C. abdomen D. extremities

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1062

13. To obtain the MOST accurate reading of a patient's core body temperature, you should place a special hypothermia thermometer: A. into the patient's rectum. B. under the patient's tongue. C. behind the patient's knee. D. under the patient's armpit.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1063

16. A person's ability to shiver is lost when his or her body temperature falls below: A. 90°F (32°C). B. 92°F (33°C). C. 94°F (34°C). D. 95°F (35°C).

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1064

18. Patients with generalized hypothermia are at an increased risk of a local cold injury because: A. blood is shunted away from the extremities to the body's core. B. peripheral vasodilation brings warm blood to the skin's surface. C. the major muscles of the body become rigid during hypothermia. D. the patient is usually unable to escape the cold ambient temperature.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1065

27. High air temperature reduces the body's ability to lose heat by: A. radiation. B. convection. C. conduction. D. evaporation.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1070

38. Geriatric patients are at a higher risk for heatstroke because: A. circulation to the skin is reduced. B. most geriatric patients are obese. C. their ability to sweat is enhanced. D. their ability to shiver is reduced.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1076

44. The diving reflex may allow a person to survive extended periods of submersion in cold water secondary to: A. bradycardia and a slowing of the metabolic rate. B. laryngospasm that protects the lungs from water. C. tachycardia and a lowering of the blood pressure. D. increases in the metabolic rate and oxygen demand.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1079

51. Burns associated with lightning strikes are typically: A. superficial. B. third-degree. C. full-thickness. D. partial-thickness.

Answer: A Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1085

23. Your assessment of a 23-year-old female reveals a core body temperature of 93.4°F (34°C). She is conscious, answers your questions appropriately, is shivering, and complains of nausea. Her skin is cold and pale, her muscles appear rigid, and her respirations are rapid. In addition to monitoring her ABCs, administering oxygen, and turning up the heat in the back of the ambulance, you should: A. apply the AED in case she develops cardiopulmonary arrest, cover her with layers of blankets, and transport carefully. B. place heat packs to her groin, axillae, and behind her neck; cover her with warm blankets; and avoid rough handling. C. cover her with warm blankets and let her move about on the stretcher in order to generate body heat and increase her temperature. D. sit her up and give her small sips of warm water to drink, place heat packs to her axillae and groin, and cover her with blankets.

Answer: B Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 1068

42. During your primary assessment of a semiconscious 30-year-old female with closed head trauma, you note that she has slow, shallow breathing and a slow, bounding pulse. As your partner maintains manual in-line stabilization of her head, you should: A. perform a focused secondary assessment of the patient's head and neck. B. instruct him to assist her ventilations while you perform a rapid assessment. C. apply 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask and obtain baseline vital signs. D. immediately place her on a long backboard and prepare for rapid transport.

Answer: B Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 899

47. A 45-year-old male was working on his roof when he fell approximately 12′,landing on his feet. He is conscious and alert and complains of an ache in his lower back. He is breathing adequately and has stable vital signs. You should: A. obtain a Glasgow Coma Score value and give him oxygen. B. immobilize his spine and perform a focused secondary exam. C. allow him to refuse transport if his vital signs remain stable. D. perform a rapid head-to-toe exam and immobilize his spine.

Answer: B Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 901

57. During your primary assessment of a 19-year-old unconscious male who experienced severe head trauma, you note that his respirations are rapid, irregular, and shallow. He has bloody secretions draining from his mouth and nose. You should: A. assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device. B. suction his oropharynx for up to 15 seconds. C. immobilize his spine and transport immediately. D. pack his nostrils to stop the drainage of blood.

Answer: B Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 906

12. While assessing a 21-year-old female who struck a tree head-on with her small passenger car, you note that her air bag deployed. You should: A. perform a head-to-toe assessment while she is in the car. B. lift the air bag and look for deformity to the steering wheel. C. carefully assess her upper chest for seatbelt-related injuries. D. extricate her immediately and transport to a trauma center.

Answer: B Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 971

20. You are dispatched to a residence for a young female who was kicked in the abdomen by her boyfriend. While en route to the scene, you should ask the dispatcher if: A. the patient is conscious. B. law enforcement is at the scene. C. there are other patients involved. D. the severity of the injury is known.

Answer: B Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 974

25. A 40-year-old male presents with severe abdominal pain following blunt trauma. He is diaphoretic, intensely thirsty, and has a weak and rapid pulse. Appropriate treatment for this patient includes all of the following, EXCEPT: A. covering him with a warm blanket. B. giving him small sips of plain water. C. promptly transporting to the hospital. D. administering supplemental oxygen.

Answer: B Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 979

2. When a warm hand is immersed in water that is 70°F (21°C), heat is transferred from the hand to the water through a process called: A. radiation. B. conduction. C. convection. D. evaporation.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1062

10. Compared to adults, infants and children are at higher risk for hypothermia for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT: A. a decreased ability to shiver. B. a relatively small surface area. C. a smaller amount of body fat. D. a smaller overall muscle mass.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1063

14. A patient with a core body temperature of 95°F (35°C) will MOST likely experience: A. a slow pulse. B. rapid breathing. C. muscle stiffness. D. loss of consciousness.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1063

8. Hypothermia occurs when the core body temperature falls below: A. 98°F (37°C). B. 95°F (35°C). C. 90°F (32°C). D. 88°F (31°C).

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1063

17. All of the following terms are used to describe a cold body part that is not frozen, EXCEPT: A. frostnip. B. frostbite. C. chilblains. D. trench foot.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1064

22. Rough handling of a hypothermic patient with a pulse may cause: A. profound bradycardia. B. ventricular fibrillation. C. ventricular tachycardia. D. pulseless electrical activity.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1067

26. Which of the following MOST accurately describes hyperthermia? A. The core body temperature exceeds 99.5°F (37°C). B. The body is exposed to more heat than it can lose. C. Heat evaporates a significant amount of body water. D. The body eliminates more heat than it can generate.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1070

30. In order for sweating to be an effective cooling mechanism: A. several layers of clothing must be worn. B. it must be able to evaporate from the body. C. the relative humidity must be above 90%. D. the body must produce at least 1 L per hour.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1070

33. Heatstroke occurs when: A. a person's core body temperature rises above 103°F (39°C). B. the body's heat-eliminating mechanisms are overwhelmed. C. a person becomes dehydrated secondary to excess water loss. D. the ambient temperature exceeds 90°F (32°C) and the humidity is high.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1071

39. Drowning is MOST accurately defined as: A. temporary survival after submersion in water. B. death from suffocation after submersion in water. C. water in the lungs following submersion in water. D. death beyond 24 hours after submersion in water.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1076

21. You are transporting a 42-year-old male who experienced blunt abdominal trauma. He is receiving oxygen at 12 L/min via a nonrebreathing mask, and full spinal precautions have been applied. During your reassessment, you note his level of consciousness has decreased and his respirations have become shallow. You should: A. perform a comprehensive secondary assessment to determine why his clinical status has changed. B. insert an airway adjunct if he will tolerate it and begin assisting his ventilations with a bag-mask device. C. reassess his vital signs and then notify the receiving hospital of the change in his clinical status. D. suction his oropharynx to ensure it is clear of secretions and then increase the oxygen flow rate to 15 L/min.

Answer: B Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 975

25. The frontal and parietal bones of the skull are especially susceptible to: A. basilar skull fractures. B. compressed skull fractures. C. linear skull fractures. D. nondisplaced skull fractures.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 893

31. Moderate elevation in intracranial pressure with middle brain stem involvement is characterized by: B. sluggishly reactive pupils, widened pulse pressure, bradycardia, and posturing.

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 895

52. A patient with a head injury presents with abnormal flexion of his extremities. What numeric value should you assign to him for motor response? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 903

19. Which of the following organs would MOST likely bleed profusely when injured? A. bladder B. liver C. stomach D. intestine

Answer: B Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 973

36. You receive a call to a residence for a sick patient. Upon your arrival, you find the patient, a 53-year-old diabetic male, lying down on his front porch. His wife tells you that he had been mowing the lawn in the heat for the past 3 hours. The patient is confused and has hot, moist skin. His pulse is weak and thready, and his blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg. In addition to administering 100% oxygen, you should: A. perform a rapid assessment and look for signs of trauma. B. place him in a sitting position and have him drink 1 L of water. C. load him into the ambulance and begin rapid cooling interventions. D. administer one tube of oral glucose and reassess his mental status.

Answer: C Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 1073

41. A 20-year-old male was pulled from cold water by his friends. The length of his submersion is not known and was not witnessed. You perform a primary assessment and determine that the patient is apneic and has a slow, weak pulse. You should: A. suction his airway for 30 seconds, provide rescue breathing, keep him warm, and transport at once. B. ventilate with a bag-mask device, apply a cervical collar, remove his wet clothing, and transport rapidly. C. provide rescue breathing, remove wet clothing, immobilize his spine, keep him warm, and transport carefully. D. apply 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask, immobilize his spine, keep him warm, and transport rapidly.

Answer: C Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 1076

53. You and your partner respond to a park where several people were reportedly struck by lightning. When you arrive, you find three patients. The first patient is lying supine on the ground; he is unresponsive and does not appear to be breathing. The second patient is ambulatory, appears confused, and is holding his arm against his chest. The third patient is sitting on the ground holding the sides of his head. After calling for backup, you should: A. immediately begin CPR on the unresponsive patient, but cease resuscitation efforts if there is no response after 5 minutes of treatment. B. focus your initial treatment efforts on the patients who are conscious because the unresponsive patient is likely in irreversible cardiac arrest. C. assess the unresponsive patient's pulse, begin CPR starting with chest compressions if he is pulseless, and attach the AED as soon as possible. D. recognize that the patients who are conscious are at high risk for developing cardiac arrest and quickly assess them for potentially life-threatening injuries.

Answer: C Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 1085

14. A 20-year-old male was accidentally shot in the right upper abdominal quadrant with an arrow during an archery contest. Prior to your arrival, the patient removed the arrow. Your assessment reveals that he is conscious and alert with stable vital signs. The entrance wound is bleeding minimally and appears to be superficial. You should: A. transport only if signs of shock begin to develop. B. carefully probe the wound to determine its depth. C. assume that the arrow injured an internal organ. D. clean the wound and apply a dry, sterile dressing.

Answer: C Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 971

27. A football player was struck by another player in the right flank area just below the posterior rib cage. He complains of severe pain and point tenderness to the area. Your assessment reveals that there is a small amount of blood in his underwear. You should be MOST suspicious for: A. external genitalia injury. B. a lacerated liver or spleen. C. blunt injury to the kidney. D. a ruptured urinary bladder.

Answer: C Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 982

3. The transfer of heat to circulating air, such as when cool air moves across the body's surface, is called: A. radiation. B. conduction. C. convection. D. evaporation.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1062

11. Which of the following conditions would be the LEAST likely to increase a person's risk of hypothermia? A. hypoperfusion B. severe infection C. hyperglycemia D. spinal cord injury

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1063

12. To assess a patient's general temperature, pull back on your glove and place the back of your hand on his or her skin at the: A. neck. B. chest. C. abdomen. D. forehead.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1063

19. A frostbitten foot can be identified by the presence of: A. gross deformity. B. soft, smooth skin. C. mottling and blisters. D. blanching of the skin.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1065

25. The two MOST efficient ways for the body to eliminate excess heat are: A. respiration and bradycardia. B. perspiration and tachycardia. C. sweating and dilation of skin blood vessels. D. hyperventilation and tachycardia.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1070

28. Geriatric patients, newborns, and infants are especially prone to hyperthermia because they: A. have relatively smaller heads. B. have less body fat. C. exhibit poor thermoregulation. D. have smaller body surface areas.

Answer: C Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1070

34. Your presence is requested by law enforcement to assess a 33-year-old female who was sexually assaulted. The patient is conscious and obviously upset. As you are talking to her, you note an impressive amount of blood on her clothes in the groin area. Her blood pressure is 98/58 mm Hg, her pulse is 130 beats/min, and her respirations are 24 breaths/min. You should: A. visualize the vaginal area and pack the vagina with sterile dressings. B. allow her to change her clothes and take a shower before you transport. C. arrange for a rape crisis center representative to speak with the patient. D. control any external bleeding, administer oxygen, and transport at once.

Answer: D Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 988

1. A dysbarism injury refers to the signs and symptoms related to changes in: A. rapid ascent. B. rapid descent. C. decompression. D. barometric pressure.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1061

4. The body's natural cooling mechanism, in which sweat is converted to a gas, is called: A. radiation. B. convection. C. conduction. D. evaporation.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1062

15. Which of the following would be the LEAST likely to occur in a patient with a core body temperature of between 89°F (32°C) and 92°F (33°C)? A. bradypnea B. confusion C. stiff muscles D. tachycardia

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1063

9. The body's natural protective mechanisms against heat loss are: A. shivering and vasodilation. B. vasodilation and respiration. C. respiration and vasoconstriction. D. vasoconstriction and shivering.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1063

21. Hypothermia can worsen internal bleeding secondary to: A. cardiac arrhythmias. B. a decreased heart rate. C. severe muscular rigidity. D. blood clotting abnormalities.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1067

29. When the body loses sweat, it also loses: A. plasma. B. nutrients. C. erythrocytes. D. electrolytes.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1070

31. High humidity reduces the body's ability to lose heat through: A. radiation. B. convection. C. conduction. D. evaporation.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1070

32. Common signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. nausea. B. headache. C. tachycardia. D. hot, dry skin.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1071

35. Which of the following medications increases a person's risk of a heat-related emergency? A. Motrin B. Tylenol C. Aspirin D. diuretics

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1072

40. Which of the following statements regarding drowning is correct? A. Hypoxia in the drowning victim initially occurs due to water in the lungs. B. Artificial ventilations can easily be performed in patients with a laryngospasm. C. Large amounts of water enter the lungs in a small number of drowning victims. D. Laryngospasm following submersion in water makes rescue breathing difficult.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1076

45. Most of the serious injuries associated with scuba diving are caused by: A. water temperature lower than 70°F (21°C). B. too rapid of a descent. C. alcohol consumption. D. too rapid of an ascent.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1080

48. The MOST prominent symptom of decompression sickness is: A. tightness in the chest. B. difficulty with vision. C. dizziness and nausea. D. abdominal or joint pain.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1080

56. The venom of a brown recluse spider is cytotoxic, meaning that it: A. suppresses the respiratory drive. B. destroys the body's red blood cells. C. weakens the structure of the bones. D. causes severe local tissue damage.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 1086

5. The tough, fibrous outer meningeal layer is called the: A. pia mater. B. arachnoid. C. gray mater. D. dura mater.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 888

11. A reflex arc occurs when: A. the motor nerves function automatically without receiving a message from the CNS. B. a sensory nerve sends a message to the brain but the motor nerve fails to send the appropriate response to the body. C. the brain interprets sensory information that it receives from peripheral and cranial nerves and sends a signal to the muscles. D. a sensory nerve detects an irritating stimulus and bypasses the brain by sending a direct message to the motor nerve.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 889

8. Which of the following nerves carry information from the body to the brain via the spinal cord? A. motor B. central C. somatic D. sensory

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 889

9. Which of the following statements regarding motor nerves is correct? A. They carry information from the CNS to the muscles. B. They perform special functions such as sight, smell, and hearing. C. They transmit information from the body to the brain via the spinal cord. D. They are part of the CNS and control reflexes.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 889

17. Which of the following statements regarding the cranium is correct? A. The skull is a subdivision of the cranium. B. Thirty percent of the cranium is occupied by blood. C. The cranium protects the structures of the face. D. Eighty percent of the cranium is occupied by brain tissue.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 890

23. Common signs of a skull fracture include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. mastoid process bruising. B. ecchymosis around the eyes. C. noted deformity to the skull. D. superficial scalp lacerations.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 892

33. Which of the following head injuries would cause the patient's condition to deteriorate MOST rapidly? A. cerebral contusion B. subdural hematoma C. cerebral concussion D. epidural hematoma

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 895

39. When caring for a patient with a possible head injury, it is MOST important to monitor the patient's: A. pupil size. B. blood pressure. C. pulse regularity. D. level of consciousness.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 898

22. A 22-year-old male was punched in the abdomen several times. You find him lying on his left side with his knees drawn up. He is conscious and alert and complains of increased pain and nausea when he tries to straighten his legs. His blood pressure is 142/82 mm Hg, his pulse rate is 110 beats/min and strong, and his respirations are 22 breaths/min and regular. In addition to administering high-flow oxygen, you should: A. apply full spinal motion restriction precautions. B. keep him on his side but gently straighten his legs. C. place him supine but allow him to keep his knees bent. D. transport him in the position in which you found him.

Answer: D Question Type: Critical Thinking Page: 975

26. When assessing a patient with a head injury, you note the presence of thin, bloody fluid draining from his right ear. This indicates: A. fractures to the internal structures of the ear following direct trauma. B. a linear skull fracture and a significant increase in intracranial pressure. C. significant pressure and bleeding in between the skull and dura mater. D. rupture of the tympanic membrane following diffuse impact to the head.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 893

29. Rapid deceleration of the head, such as when it impacts the windshield, causes: A. compression injuries and contusions to the anterior, posterior, and lateral aspects of the brain. B. primary impact to the posterior aspect of the brain, resulting in compression injuries, bruising, or torn blood vessels. C. stretching or tearing of the anterior aspect of the brain and compression injuries or bruising to the posterior aspect of the brain. D. compression injuries or bruising to the anterior portion of the brain and stretching or tearing to the posterior portion of the brain.

Answer: D Question Type: General Knowledge Page: 893

Which of the following statements regarding anterior epistaxis is MOST correct?

Anterior epistaxis usually originate from the septal area and bleed fairly slowly.

Which of the following is most likely to cause immediate death?

Aortic rupture

How do you help family of deceased child?

Arrive on Site - Introduce Yourself Resuscitation Attempted - give explanation No Resuscitation - explain why Begin Grieving Process - Learn child's name, let family express emotions, cause of death unknown DO say how sorry you are DON'T say I know how you feel, do answer why or say they will feel better in time

Air bubbles in the arterial blood vessels

Arterial air embolism

Which of the following vessels contain blood under the highest amount of pressure?

Arteries

Which of the following vessels has the thickest muscular walls that allow constriction and dilation?

Arteries

Any bleeding from the vagina in a pregnant woman should be treated how?

As a serious sign and should be treated in the hospital promptly.

A 20 year old male was accidentally shot in the right upper abdominal quadrant with an arrow during an archery contest. Prior to your arrival, the patient removed the arrow. Your assesment reveals that he is conscious and alert with stable vital signs. The entrance wound is bleeding minimally and appears to be superifical. You should: A. carefully probe the wound to determine its depth B. assume that the arrow injured an internal organ C. clean the wound and apply a dry, sterile dressing D. transport only if signs of shock begin to develop.

A 39-year-old male accidentally cut his wrist while sharpening his hunting knife. He is conscious and alert with adequate breathing, but is bleeding significantly from the wound. You should: A. ensure the patient has a patent airway. B. control the bleeding with direct pressure. C. apply oxygen with a nonrebreathing mask. D. apply a tourniquet proximal to the wound.

A 40-year-old unrestrained female impacted the steering wheel of her vehicle with her chest when she hit a tree while traveling at 45 mph. She is conscious and alert, but is experiencing significant chest pain and shortness of breath. Which of the following injuries did this patient likely NOT experience? A. Cardiac contusion B. Head injury C. Multiple rib fractures D. Pulmonary contusion

A 43-year-old man is experiencing a severe nosebleed. His blood pressure is 190/110 mm Hg and his heart rate is 90 beats/min and bounding. Appropriate treatment for this patient includes: A. having the patient pinch his own nostrils and then lie supine. B. pinching the patient's nostrils and having him lean forward. C. placing a rolled 4″ × 4″ dressing between his lower lip and gum. D. packing both nostrils with gauze pads until the bleeding stops.

A 43-year-old man is experiencing a severe nosebleed. His blood pressure is 190/110 mm Hg and his heart rate is 90 beats/min and bounding. Preferred treatment for this patient includes: Select one: A. having the patient pinch his own nostrils and then lie supine. B. pinching the patient's nostrils and having him lean forward. C. packing both nostrils with gauze pads until the bleeding stops. D. placing a rolled 4² × 4² dressing between his lower lip and gum.

A 66 year old male presents with dark red rectal bleeding and abdominal pain. He is conscious and alert, however, his skin is cool and clammy and his heart rate is elevated. Further assessment reveals that his blood pressure is 112/60 mm Hg. Which of the following questions would be MOST pertinent to ask him? A. Do you take any over-the-counter medications? B. Have you experienced recent abdominal trauma? C. Has blood soaked through your undergarments? D. What does your blood pressure normally run?

Signs of a pulmonary blast injury include: A. multiple rib fractures. B. coughing up blood. C. an irregular pulse. D. vomiting blood.

The _______ links the arteries and the venules. A. Aorta B. Capillaries C. Vena cava D. Valves

The ability of a person's cardiovascular system to compensate for blood loss is MOST related to: A. how fast his or her heart beats. B. how rapidly he or she bleeds. C. his or her baseline blood pressure. D. the part of the body injured.

The amount of kinetic energy that is converted to do work on the body dictates the _____ of the injury. A. location B. severity C. cause D. speed

The body will not tolerate an acute blood loss of greater than _______ of blood volume A. 10% B. 20% C. 30% D. 40%

The cervical spine is MOST protected from whiplash-type injuries when the: A. air bag correctly deploys upon impact. B. headrest is appropriately positioned. C. rear end of the vehicle is initially struck. D. patient tenses up at the time of impact.

The driver of a sport utility vehicle lost control and struck a utility pole head-on. The driver was killed instantly. The passenger, a young female, is conscious and alert and has several small abrasions and lacerations to her left forearm. Treatment for the passenger should include: A. transport to a community hospital. B. transport to a trauma center. C. a secondary assessment at the scene. D. a focused exam of her forearm.

The function of the blood is to _______ all of the body's cells and tissues A. Remove oxygen from B. Deliver nutrients to C. Carry waste products to D. All of the above

The index of suspicion is MOST accurately defined as: A. a predictable pattern that leads to serious injuries. B. your concern for potentially serious underlying injuries. C. the detection of less obvious life-threatening injuries. D. the way in which traumatic injuries occur.

The most common sign of significant abdominal injury is: A. pain B. tachycardia C. rigidity D. distention

The quickest and MOST effective way to control external bleeding from an extremity is: A. a pressure bandage. B. direct pressure and elevation. C. a splint. D. a tourniquet.

The smaller vessels that carry blood away from the heart and connect the arteries to the capillaries are called the: A. venules. B. arterioles. C. vena cavae. D. capillary arteries.

When applying a tourniquet to an amputated arm, the EMT should: A. use the narrowest bandage possible. B. avoid applying the tourniquet over a joint. C. cover the tourniquet with a sterile bandage. D. use rope to ensure that the tourniquet is tight.

When assessing a patient who experienced a blast injury, it is important to remember that: A. secondary blast injuries are usually the least obvious. B. primary blast injuries are the most easily overlooked. C. solid organs usually rupture from the pressure wave. D. primary blast injuries are typically the most obvious.

When caring for a patient with severe epistaxis, the MOST effective way to prevent aspiration of blood is to: A. insert a nasopharyngeal airway and lean the patient back. B. tilt the patient's head forward while he or she is leaning forward. C. place the patient supine with his or her head in the flexed position. D. tilt the patient's head forward while he or she is leaning backward.

When treating a patient with an amputation of the penile shaft, your top priority is: A. locating the amputated part B. controlling bleeding C. keeping the remaining tissue dry D. delaying transport until bleeding is controlled

You are dispatched to a store in the downtown mall for an arm injury. When you arrive, you are directed to a small stock room where you find a teenaged girl holding a blood-soaked cloth tightly onto her left forearm. You notice blood droplets high up the wall and on the floor several feet from where she is sitting. "I was opening a shipment with a box-cutter," she says, her skin noticeable pale. "And it slipped and cut my arm." What type of bleeding should you anticipate? A. You should suspect heavy venous bleeding. B. She most likely has arterial bleed. C. Internal bleeding is probably causing her skin to appear pale. D. Very sharp blades usually only cause capillary bleeding.

You arrive at the home of a 50-year-old female with severe epistaxis. As you are treating her, it is MOST important to recall that: A. the patient may be significantly hypertensive. B. the patient is at risk for vomiting and aspiration. C. a detailed exam is needed to determine the cause. D. many medications interfere with blood clotting.

You respond to a 33-year-old man who was hit in the ear by a line drive during a softball game. He is complaining of a severe headache, ringing in the ears, and dizziness. He has blood draining from his ear. Why would you not apply pressure to control bleeding? A. It should be collected to be re-infused at the hospital. B. It could collect within the head and increase the pressure on the brain. C. It is contaminated. D. You could fracture the skull with the pressure needed to staunch the flow of blood.

You respond to an 18 year old high school football player who was hit in the right flank with a helmet several hours ago. He is complaining of pain in the area. He is alert and oriented. His airway is open and his respirations are within normal limits. His pulse is regular. He has a radial pulse. He tells you that he is noticing blood in his urine. Based on this information, the patient is likely to have an injury to the: A. liver B. kidney C. gallbladder D. appendix

You should consider bleeding to be serious if all of the following conditions are present except A. Blood loss is rapid B. There is no mechanism of injury C. The patient has a poor general appearance D. Assessment reveals signs and symptoms of shock

Your awareness and concern for potentially serious obvious and underlying injuries is referred to as the: A. mechanism of injury. B. index of suspicion. C. scene size-up. D. general impression.

Your presence is requested by law enforcement to assess a 33 year old female who was sexually assaulted. The patient is conscious and obviously upset. As you are talking to her, you note an impressive amount of blood on her clothes in the groin area. Her blood pressure is 98/58 mm Hg, her pulse is 130 beats/min, and her respirations are 24 breaths/min. You should: A. arrange for a rape crisis center representative to speak with the patient. B. control any external bleeding, administer oxygen, and transport at once. C. visualize the vaginal area and pack the vagina with sterile dressings D. allow her to change her clothes and take a shower before you transport

Your primary concern when dealing with an unresponsive patient with an open abdominal injury is: A. covering the wound with a moist dressing B. maintaining the airway C. controlling the bleeding D. monitoring vital signs

_____ impacts are probably the number one cause of death associated with motor vehicle collisions. A. Frontal B. Lateral C. Rear-end D. Rollover

________ is the circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells current need for oxygen nutrients and waste removal A. Anatomy B. Perfusion C. Physiology D. Conduction

Internal injuries caused by gunshot wounds are difficult to predict because: A. the area of damage is usually smaller than the bullet. B. the caliber of the bullet is frequently unknown. C. the bullet may tumble or ricochet within the body. D. exit wounds caused by the bullet are usually small.

Medium-velocity penetrating injuries may be caused by a: A. knife. B. military assault rifle. C. handgun. D. sling-shot.

Open abdominal injuries are also known as: A. blunt injuries B. eviscerations C. penetrating injuries D. peritoneal injuries

Passengers who are seated in the rear of a vehicle and are wearing only lap belts have a higher incidence of injuries to the: A. lumbar and coccygeal spine. B. thoracic and sacral spine. C. thoracic and lumbar spine. D. lumbar and sacral spine.

Patients suffering from an open wound to the neck may suffer from all of the following EXCEPT: A. significant bleeding. B. air embolism. C. tension pneumothorax. D. subcutaneous crepitation.

Perfusion is MOST accurately defined as: A. the removal of adequate amounts of carbon dioxide during exhalation. B. the intake of adequate amounts of oxygen during the inhalation phase. C. circulation of blood within an organ with sufficient amounts of oxygen. D. the production of carbon dioxide, which accumulates at the cellular level.

Severe abrasion injuries can occur when motorcycle riders are slowed after a collision by road drag. Road drag is most often associated with which type of motorcycle impact? A. Head-on collision B. Angular collision C. Ejection D. Controlled crash

Significant blood loss demands your immediate attention as soon as the _______ has been managed A. Fracture B. Extraction C. Airway D. None of the above

Signs of injury to the kidney may include any of the following EXCEPT: A. bruises or lacerations on the overlying skin B. shock C. increased urgency of urination D. hematuria

The _______ only requires a minimal blood supply when at rest A. Lungs B. Kidneys C. Muscles D. Heart

The energy of a moving object is called: A. potential energy. B. thermal energy. C. kinetic energy. D. work.

The first sign of hypovolemic shock is change in A. Respiration B. Heart rate C. Mental status D. Blood pressure

The most common life-threatening event in a rollover is ____ or partial ejection of the passenger from the vehicle. A. vehicle intrusion B. centrifugal force C. ejection D. spinal cord injury

The phenomenon of pressure waves emanating from the bullet, causing damage remote from its path, is known as: A. conversion. B. congruent. C. cavitation. D. capitation.

The presence of tachycardia following a significant abdominal injury: A. indicates a state of decompensated shock B. should be assumed to be a sign of shock C. is most commonly caused by severe pain D. is always accompanied by hypo tension

The process of blood clotting and plugging the hole is called A. Conglomeration B. Configuration C. Coagulation D. Coalition

The term _______ means constantly adapting to changing conditions A. Perfusion B. Conduction C. Dynamic D. Autonomic

The three collisions in a frontal impact include all of the following EXCEPT: A. car striking object. B. passenger striking vehicle. C. air bag striking passenger. D. internal organs striking solid structures of the body.

Your patient is a 33-year-old man who has a gunshot wound to his right leg and has active, steady, dark red bleeding. He is awake, pale, and diaphoretic. He has a strong radial pulse of 112 per minute, a respiratory rate of 24 breaths per minute, and a blood pressure of 122/82 mmHg. He has no other injuries or complaints. Which of the following is the BEST sequence of steps in the management of this patient?

Direct pressure, high-concentration oxygen, and splinting the leg

Which of the following musculoskeletal injuries would MOST likely result in deformity?

Displaced fracture

Skull Fracture

Do not attempt to stop blood flow because blood could collect in the head. Loosely cover site with sterile gauze pad.

Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale

EYE OPENING Spontaneously 4 To Speech 3 Painful Stimuli 2 No Response 1 VERBAL Coos 5 Irritable Cry 4 Cries to Pain 3 Moans to Pain 2 No Response 1 MOTOR Normal 6 Localize Pain 5 Withdraws to Pain 4 Abnormal Flexion 3 Abnormal Extension 2 No Response (Flaccid) 1

Which of the following statements regarding the cranium is correct?

Eighty percent of the cranium is occupied by brain tissue.

Your patient is a 12-year-old boy who ran his arm through a glass window and has an eight-inch laceration on his anterior forearm. You have applied a pressure dressing and bandage, but these have become saturated due to continued bleeding. Which of the following should you do now?

Elevate that arm and prepare to apply a tourniquet or consider administering a hemostatic agent.

Which of the following is the LEAST effective method of controlling bleeding?

Elevation

Engorged jugular veins

Which of the following statements regarding electrical burns is correct?

Entrance wounds are small relative to the amount of internal tissue damage.

what layer of the skin forms a watertight, protective seal for the body

Epidermis

Which of the following statements regarding penetrating injuries is correct?

External bleeding may be minimal but internal injuries can be extensive.

An evaluation tool used to determine level of consciousness, which evaluates and assigns point values (scores) for eye opening, verbal response, and motor response, which are then totaled; effective in helping predict patient outcomes

Glasgow Coma Scale

Have you experienced recent abdominal trauma?

Which of the following is NOT recommended when controlling epistaxis?

Having the patient tilt the head backward to elevate the nose

As soon as the infant is born, you should?

He or she needs to be dried off and wrapped immediately in a blanket or towel and placed on one side.

What do you do to open an airway of a non-trauma patient?

Head Tilt Chin Lift Maneuver

What are the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia?

Headache, seeing spots, swelling in the hands and feet (edema), anxiety, and high blood pressure.

Which of the following is the major cause of shock that the EMT will encounter?

Hemorrhage

Why is it especial important to avoid hyperventilating infants + children?

Hyperventilation brings air into stomach. can cause vomit or aspiration.

Which of the following is another name for describing the condition of shock?

Hypoperfusion

Which of the following signifies a failure in the patient's compensatory response to blood loss?

Hypotension

Your trauma patient is anxious, tachycardic, pale, and hypotensive. Which of these signs indicates failure of the body's compensatory mechanisms?

Hypotension

Which of the following statements regarding secondary brain injury is correct?

Hypoxia and hypotension are the two most common causes of secondary brain injury.

In which of the following situations should the EMT splint an injured limb in the position of deformity?

If resistance is encountered or the patient experiences severe pain

Which one of the following is incorrect in the application of a tourniquet?

If possible, the tourniquet should be placed on a joint.

Which of the following statements is true when talking about neurogenic shock?

Neurogenic shock is sometimes caused by spinal injuries.

Are infants afraid of strangers?

No but by 6 months to 1 year they show they want to be with their parents.

What is the hands on ABC tool that allows you to perform a rapid general impression without touching patient?

PAT Pediatric Assessment Triangle Appearance Work of Breathing Circulation to Skin

How has the child's condition changed? What should you do next?

Patient is in respiratory failure. LOC, weakened chest muscles, cyanosis, decreased heart rate. treatment: bag mask device + high flow oxygen + transport. Call ALS backup.

What do you use to obtain a general impression of pediatric?

Pediatric Assessment Triangle Appearance Work of Breathing Circulation of Skin

Which of the following musculoskeletal injuries would pose the greatest threat to a patient's life? Select one:

Pelvic fracture with hypotension

Which of the following BEST describes the delivery of oxygen and nutrients at the body's cellular level?

Perfusion

Is this child experiencing respiratory distress or respiratory failure?

RESPIRATORY DISTRESS can be resuscitated. hypoxia or decreased oxygen, carbon dioxide retention, AMS bradypnea or decreased respiratory rate RESPIRATORY ARREST is deadly. apnea or absent breathing treatment: high flow oxygen This patient is in respiratory distress.

Which of the following is part of the body's compensatory response to shock?

Redirection of blood circulation

Which of the following BEST explains the reason for minimizing on-scene time for the trauma patient with significant hemorrhage or the potential for significant hemorrhage?

Studies have indicated that trauma patients who receive surgery within one hour of injury have better chances of survival.

T/F A prolonged asthma attack that is unrelieved may progress to a condition known as status ashtmaticus.

T/F A rectal temperature is the most accurate for infants to toddlers.

T/F Adolescence is a time for experimentation and risk-taking behaviors.

T/F An oropharyngeal airway should be used for pediatric patients who are unconscious and in possible respiratory failure.

T/F At around 8 to 10 years of age, children no longer require padding underneath the torso to create a neutral position.

T/F Do not examine the genitalia of a young child unless there is evidence of bleeding or there is an injury that must be treated.

T/F EMTs in all states must report all cases of suspected abuse, even if the emergency department fails to do so.

T/F Infants and young children should be kept warm during a transport or when the patient is exposed to assess or reassess an injury.

T/F Some of the risks that adolescents take can ultimately facilitate development and judgment.

T/F Sprains are uncommon in the pediatric population.

T/F Toddlers have a hard time describing or localizing pain because they do not have the verbal ability to be precise.

The late signs of hypovolemic shock

Tachycardia Weakness, fainting, or dizziness at rest Thirst Nausea and vomiting Cold, moist (clammy) skin Shallow, rapid breathing Dull eyes Slightly dilated pupils that are slow to respond to light Capillary refill time longer that 2 seconds in infants and children Weak, rapid (thready) pulse Decreasing blood pressure Altered levels of consciousness

You are dispatched to the local elementary school for an injured student. Upon arrival you find that two 7-year-olds got into a fight and one of them jabbed a pencil in the other's cheek. The pencil is still sticking out of the child's cheek. When you examine the patient, you cannot see the end of the pencil that went through the cheek, as it appears to be stuck in the palate. There is not significant bleeding, and the child is not having any difficulty breathing. The child is very upset and wants you to pull the pencil out. What should you do? a. Stabilize the object, but do not try to remove it. b. Remove the object and put a bandage on the outside of the cheek. c. Call the parents and see what they want you to do. d. Let the child carefully pull the object out.

a. Stabilize the object, but do not try to remove it.

Which of the following is of concern in a patient who received burns to his hand when he grabbed a live electrical wire? a. The extent of tissue damage may be much greater than it appears on the surface. b. The burning will continue for hours, perhaps days. c. The patient remains an electrocution hazard to rescuers for several minutes after being removed from the source of electricity. d. Toxic gases were inhaled.

a. The extent of tissue damage may be much greater than it appears on the surface.

Which of the following is a description of the rule of nines for an adult? a. The rules of nines assigns 9 percent to the head and neck, each upper extremity, the chest, the abdomen, the upper back, the lower back and buttocks, the front of each lower extremity, and the back of each lower extremity, then 1 percent to the genital region. b. The rules of nines assigns 9 percent to the head and neck, as well as each upper extremity; 10 percent to the chest, the abdomen, and the upper back; 8 percent to the lower back and buttocks, the front of each lower extremity, and the back of each lower extremity, then 1 percent to the genital region. c. The rules of nines assigns 9 percent to the head and neck, each upper extremity, the chest, the abdomen, the upper back, and the lower back and buttocks; 8 percent to the front of each lower extremity; and 10 percent for the back of each lower extremity, then 1 percent to the genital region. d. The rules of nines assigns 9 percent to the head and neck; 6 percent to each upper extremity; 12 percent to the chest and abdomen; 9 percent to the upper back, the lower back and buttocks, the front of each lower extremity, and the back of each lower extremity, then 1 percent to the genital region.

a. The rules of nines assigns 9 percent to the head and neck, each upper extremity, the chest, the abdomen, the upper back, the lower back and buttocks, the front of each lower extremity, and the back of each lower extremity, then 1 percent to the genital region.

A wound in which the epidermis is scraped away with minimal bleeding, such as commonly occurs when a child falls on his knees on a sidewalk, is called a(n): a. abrasion. b. contusion. c. avulsion. d. evisceration.

a. abrasion.

The meatus is: a. an orifice of the urethra. b. in a male, the area between the scrotum and the anus. c. the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. d. the canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the exterior of the body.

a. an orifice of the urethra.

An injury in which the epidermis remains intact, but blood vessels and cells in the dermis are injured, is called a(n): a. contusion. b. abrasion. c. concussion. d. avulsion.

a. contusion.

An injury caused by heavy pressure to the tissues, such as when an extremity is trapped under a fallen tree, that results in damage to muscle cells and the accumulation of waste products in the tissue is called a(n): a. crush injury. b. evisceration. c. contusion. d. abrasion.

a. crush injury.

Which of the following patients has the greatest likelihood of being cared for in a burn center? a. A 45-year-old man who has a full thickness burn about 3 inches long by 1/2 inch wide on his posterior arm from backing into a barbecue grill b. A 30-year-old woman who has deep partial thickness burns on her hand and arm as a result of spilling hot cooking oil on herself c. A 12-year-old male with a superficial partial thickness burn involving his forearm as a result of making a torch by lighting aerosol from a can of hairspray d. A 16-year-old female who came into contact with a motorcycle exhaust pipe and has a full thickness burn on her leg about 2 inches in diameter

b. A 30-year-old woman who has deep partial thickness burns on her hand and arm as a result of spilling hot cooking oil on herself

Which of the following is NOT a type of avulsion? a. The skin is partially torn away from the foot. b. A finger is cut off with a butcher's saw. c. An ear is partially torn away from the head. d. The skin is stripped off the hand, like removing a glove.

b. A finger is cut off with a butcher's saw.

Which of the following BEST describes an avulsion? a. An injury caused by a sharp, pointed object b. A flap of skin that is partially or completely torn away from the underlying tissue c. The epidermis that is scraped away by a rough surface d. An accumulation of blood beneath the skin, resulting in swelling

b. A flap of skin that is partially or completely torn away from the underlying tissue

While assessing a patient with partial thickness burns to his chest and neck, what should be your highest priority (even if there are no symptoms presently)? a. None of the choices b. Airway c. Hypothermia d. Bleeding

b. Airway

Your patient is a 25-year-old man who picked up an iron skillet with a very hot handle. He has a reddened area with blisters across the palm of his hand. Which of the following must be avoided in the prehospital management of this wound? a. Application of a dry, sterile dressing b. Application of antibiotic ointment c. Elevation of the wound above the level of the heart d. Keeping the site clean

b. Application of antibiotic ointment

You assess a 35-year-old female patient with a chemical burn to her right forearm and hand. As you assess the burn, you notice a white powder on the burn. What should be your next step? a. Transport the patient immediately to the closest burn center. b. Brush the powder off the patient's arm and hand, and then flush with copious amounts of water. c. Flush the arm and hand with copious amounts of water. d. Brush off the powder, bandage the arm, and transport the patient to the closest trauma center.

b. Brush the powder off the patient's arm and hand, and then flush with copious amounts of water.

Which of the following is NOT an open tissue injury? a. Abrasion b. Contusion c. Avulsion d. Evisceration

b. Contusion

Bleeding from soft-tissue injuries should initially be controlled with which one of the following techniques? a. Application of an ice pack or chemical cold pack b. Direct pressure c. Elevation of the injured part d. Running cold water over the wound

b. Direct pressure

Which of the following is the outermost layer of the skin? a. Dermis b. Epidermis c. Adipose tissue d. Fascia

b. Epidermis

A burn extending into the subcutaneous fat would be classified as which type of burn? a. Deep partial thickness b. Full thickness c. Superficial partial thickness d. Superficial

b. Full thickness

Your patient is a 32-year-old man with a fish hook that has perforated his hand between the thumb and index finger. Which of the following is the best way to manage the situation in the prehospital setting? a. Push the hook through the wound to avoid further damage from the barbed end. b. Leave the hook in place and try not to disturb it. c. Apply a pressure dressing over the hook. d. Pull the hook out from the same direction in which it entered the hand.

b. Leave the hook in place and try not to disturb it.

Burns pose a greater risk to infants and children for which of the following reasons? a. Pediatric patients have a greater risk of heart problems associated with the burn. b. Pediatric patients have a greater risk of shock from the burn. c. Infants and children have a greater risk of infection from the burn. d. None of the above

b. Pediatric patients have a greater risk of shock from the burn.

You are dispatched to an auto repair shop for an "accident." You arrive and are told by the owner that one of the workers apparently got his hand in the way while using a high-pressure grease gun and injected the grease into his hand. You find the patient seated in a chair with a coworker applying ice to the injured hand. Your examination reveals a minor round laceration in the hand. The patient is complaining of pain in the area but wants to let the wound take care of itself and go back to work. What should you do? a. The patient is correct. This type of wound will heal on its own and he can go back to work. b. Remove the ice from the wound, then elevate and splint the limb. Transport the patient high priority. c. Continue to apply cold, elevate and splint the limb, and transport the patient high priority. d. Tell the patient that if it does not get better within the next few days he should consult his own doctor.

b. Remove the ice from the wound, then elevate and splint the limb. Transport the patient high priority.

Which of the following layers of the skin is the most important in insulating the body against heat loss? a. Parietal layer b. Subcutaneous layer c. Epidermis d. Subdural layer

b. Subcutaneous layer

You are examining a 48-year-old patient who has been burned. You decide to use the rule of palm to measure the extent of the burn. What does this mean? a. The palm of your hand represents 1 percent of the body's surface area. b. The palm of the patient's hand equals about 1 percent of the body's surface area. c. The palm of the patient's hand equals 9 percent of the body's surface area. d. You can only use the rule of palm for children, so you would use the rule of nines instead.

b. The palm of the patient's hand equals about 1 percent of the body's surface area.

Which of the following is required in the management of all open soft-tissue injuries? a. Provision of high-concentration oxygen b. Use of Standard Precautions by the EMT c. Cervical spine precautions d. Application of a disinfectant solution

b. Use of Standard Precautions by the EMT

What are common causes of seizures?

child abuse electrolyte imbalance fever hypoglycemia infection ingestion lack of oxygen medication poisoning seizure disorder recreational drug use head trauma idiopathic

Your patient is a 40-year-old male who has been exposed to a dry chemical powder and is complaining of severe pain on both of his hands, the site of the contact. He is working in an illegal chemical manufacturing plant and there is no decontamination shower on site. Which of the following would be the BEST way to manage this situation? a. Have the fire department connect to a hydrant and spray down the patient from head to toe. b. Brush away as much powder as possible and then pour a bottle of sterile saline solution over his hands. c. Brush away as much of the powder as possible and then have the patient hold his hands under running water from a faucet or regular garden hose. d. Brush away the powder and bandage the hands in a position of function.

c. Brush away as much of the powder as possible and then have the patient hold his hands under running water from a faucet or regular garden hose.

You are dispatched to an industrial plant for a burn. You arrive and find a 60-year-old male who came in contact with a broken steam line and appears to have partial thickness burns on both hands and arms. He is lying on the ground and coworkers are gently spraying him with water from a nearby hose. What should you do? a. Because of his age, immediately put him in your ambulance and transport him to a burn center. b. Call for air transport and continue to pour water on the burns until transport arrives. c. Care for the burn and do a complete patient assessment, including cervical spine precautions. d. Before doing treatment, call the local burn center for instruction.

c. Care for the burn and do a complete patient assessment, including cervical spine precautions.

While assessing a 78-year-old male patient who escaped an apartment fire with partial thickness burns to both arms, the EMT must be aware of which of the following? a. Being involved in a crime makes the patient part of the chain of evidence, requiring a police officer to ride with you to the hospital. b. The burn is the most serious injury to the patient. c. Medical conditions may be aggravated by the burn. d. The patient may need to be questioned by police and fire officials about the cause of the fire.

c. Medical conditions may be aggravated by the burn.

Your patient is a 55-year-old male who was found in the parking lot behind a tavern. He states that he was assaulted and robbed by three individuals. He is complaining of being "hit in the face and kicked and punched in his ribs and stomach." Your examination reveals contusions and swelling around both eyes, bleeding from the nose, a laceration of his upper lip, and multiple contusions of the chest, abdomen, and flanks. Which of the following should cause the greatest concern regarding the prehospital care of this patient? a. The presence of any defensive wounds the patient may have sustained b. The swelling around his eyes, which may be reduced by applying a cold pack c. Potential internal injuries d. Getting a description of the assailants

c. Potential internal injuries

Which type of wound has a small opening into the skin, but may be quite deep, and is often caused by instruments such as nails, ice picks, or pencils? a. Avulsion b. Laceration c. Puncture d. Incision

c. Puncture

Which of the following is recommended when caring for an amputated part? a. Rinse away debris with saline solution and place the part in a container of ice. b. Wrap the part in aluminum foil to preserve body temperature. c. Seal the part in a plastic bag and place it in a pan of water cooled by an ice pack. d. Always transport the amputated part with the patient.

c. Seal the part in a plastic bag and place it in a pan of water cooled by an ice pack.

You are dispatched to the local high school for a "person struck with a baseball." You arrive on the scene and find a 16-year-old male sitting on the bench. Apparently he was the pitcher and was struck in the abdominal area by a line drive ball that was hit very hard. He states that nothing is hurting except he has some mild pain in the area where he was struck. He is upset that the ambulance was called and wants to go back into the game and continue pitching. Your exam reveals nothing remarkable except mild pain when you palate the injured area. Vital signs are normal. What is the next step? a. Have the coach apply cold to the area and let the pitcher back in the game if he does not get worse in the next 15 minutes. b. Have the patient walk to the ambulance and take him to the ED. No other care needs to be provided, as there is really no significant sign of any injury. c. Take appropriate Standard Precautions, apply high-concentration oxygen by nonrebreather mask, and transport the patient ASAP, carefully monitoring the patient during transport. d. Tell the coach the patient is okay and he can go back into the ball game.

c. Take appropriate Standard Precautions, apply high-concentration oxygen by nonrebreather mask, and transport the patient ASAP, carefully monitoring the patient during transport.

shaken baby syndrome

child abuse wipe lash causes coma, seizures, increased intracranial pressure due to tearing of cerebral veins, bleeding in brain

What is the difference of a child's airway or adult?

child's airway is smaller + easily obstructed

You are treating the amputation of three fingers on a 40-year-old male. The fingers were torn off while he was cleaning his snow blower. You have stopped the bleeding. What should you do with the amputated fingers? a. Fingers cannot be reattached so you can discard them in red bag trash. b. Because it is cold out, you merely need to wrap them in a 5 x 9 dressing and give them to the staff at the ED. c. Wrap them in a sterile dressing, put them in a plastic bag, and keep them cool. d. Place the fingers directly on ice or use cold packs, as they must be kept very cold.

c. Wrap them in a sterile dressing, put them in a plastic bag, and keep them cool.

You are caring for a 23-year-old female who fell off of a bicycle and sustained a severe laceration on the inside of her upper thigh. Her slacks are torn, and you can see most of the wound. What is the next step? a. You can treat the wound without total exposure as exposing a wound in that area of the body could be embarrassing. b. You need to expose the wound completely because you need to clear away any embedded particles and debris from the wound. c. You need to expose the wound completely, control bleeding, clean the surface by simply removing large pieces of foreign matter if any, and dress and bandage the wound. d. You need to make sure the wound is very clean before trying to control bleeding by exposing the wound completely and cleaning it with alcohol.

c. You need to expose the wound completely, control bleeding, clean the surface by simply removing large pieces of foreign matter if any, and dress and bandage the wound.

When caring for a patient with a possible fracture of the scapula, the EMT should:

carefully assess the patient for breathing problems

When caring for a patient with a possible fracture of the scapula, the EMT should:

carefully assess the patient for breathing problems.

A 50-year-old male was splashed in the eyes with radiator fluid when he was working on his car. During your assessment, he tells you that he wears soft contact lenses. You should:

carefully remove the contact lenses and then irrigate his eyes with saline.

central pulses

carotid femoral apical

What artery do you palpate for children older than one year?

carotid artery

in contrast to animal bites, the bite of a human

carries with it a wide variety of virulent bacteria and viruses

In contrast to animal bites, the bite of a human:

carries with it a wide variety of virulent bacteria and viruses.

The venom of a brown recluse spider is cytotoxic, meaning that it:

causes severe local tissue damage.

Coordination of balance and body movement is controlled by the:

cerebellum.

A temporary loss or alteration of part or all of the brain's abilities to function without physical damage to the brain MOST accurately describes a(n):

cerebral concussion.

The MOST common and serious complication of a significant head injury is:

cerebral edema.

Pediatric Assessment Triangle information you obtain while evaluating appearance?

cerebral perfusion central nervous system

The _________ contain(s) about 75% of the brain's total volume.

cerebrum

The five sections of the spinal column, in descending order, are the:

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

Breathing requires the use of the _________ muscles and diaphragm.

chest

_________ __________ are recommended to relieve a severe airway obstruction in an unconscious pediatric patient.

chest compressions

common signs and symptoms of an airway burn include all of the following except

chest pressure

Common signs and symptoms of an airway burn include all of the following, EXCEP

chest pressure.

For which of the following patients should the EMT carefully continue to monitor the patient's ventilatory status throughout treatment and transport due to the greatest risk of respiratory failure? a. A 17-year-old male with a blistering sunburn on his face b. A 34-year-old male who opened the radiator of his car and had hot fluid spray on his chest, resulting in redness and pain in an area about the size of the patient's hand c. A 28-year-old male who spilled a strong industrial acid on his legs d. A 16-year-old male whose shirt caught on fire, resulting in circumferential burns of his chest

d. A 16-year-old male whose shirt caught on fire, resulting in circumferential burns of his chest

Which of the following injuries requires the use of an occlusive dressing? a. An open wound to the neck b. An open wound to the abdomen from which a loop of intestine is protruding c. An open wound to the chest d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a consideration in determining a burn's severity? a. Other illnesses or injuries the patient may have b. Body surface area involved in the burn c. The type of agent that caused the burn d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a major function of the skin? a. Excretion of wastes b. Protection from the environment c. Temperature regulation d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is of concern with a puncture wound? a. An object that remains impaled in the body b. Hidden internal bleeding with minimal external bleeding c. A strong possibility of contamination d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is true concerning lacerations? a. They may indicate deeper underlying tissue damage. b. They may be caused by penetrating trauma. c. They may be caused by blunt trauma. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is NOT appropriate in caring for a patient with closed soft-tissue injuries and a significant mechanism of injury? a. Treat for shock if you think there are internal injuries even if the patient's vital signs are normal. b. Anticipate vomiting. c. Splint any swollen, deformed extremities. d. All of the above are appropriate.

d. All of the above are appropriate.

Your patient is a 35-year-old female who spilled a cup of hot coffee on herself. She has an area about twice the size of the palm of her hand on her right thigh that is red and painful, but without blisters. When caring for this injury in the prehospital setting, which of the following is appropriate? a. Apply an antibiotic ointment. b. Apply a lotion containing a topical anesthetic and aloe vera. c. Apply a plastic bag full of ice to the skin. d. Apply a dry sterile dressing.

d. Apply a dry sterile dressing.

A 37-year-old male was hit by a trolley and his foot was almost severed. It is only connected by some skin and crushed bone. What should you do? a. Immediately apply a tourniquet to control bleeding. b. Complete the amputation. It will make the injury much easier to handle. c. Because of the seriousness of the injury, wait for ALS before providing any care. d. Apply a pressure dressing to control bleeding, stabilize the foot by splinting, apply oxygen, and transport as a priority patient.

d. Apply a pressure dressing to control bleeding, stabilize the foot by splinting, apply oxygen, and transport as a priority patient.

In caring for a 27-year-old male who has a large laceration on his anterior forearm, you have noticed that your pressure dressing has become saturated with blood. Which of the following should you do next? a. Remove the saturated dressings and apply a large trauma dressing. b. Apply an ice pack over the original dressing. c. Apply a tourniquet. d. Apply additional dressing material over the top of the original dressing and bandage it in place.

d. Apply additional dressing material over the top of the original dressing and bandage it in place.

Your patient is a 14-year-old male who crashed his bicycle, landing prone and sliding along a gravel trail. He has deep abrasions to his hands, arms, chest, and knees. The patient has small pieces of gravel, twigs, and dirt embedded in the abrasions. Which of the following is the best way to manage this situation after taking cervical spine immobilization? a. Use your fingers to pick embedded debris from the wound, bandage with moist saline dressings in place, and transport. b. Do not attempt to remove any debris, apply pressure dressings over the embedded material if necessary, apply high-concentration oxygen, and transport. c. Use a tongue depressor to scrape large pieces of debris out of the wounds, place the patient on high- concentration oxygen, and transport. d. Assess for additional injuries, flush away large pieces of debris with a sterile dressing, place dressings on the abrasions, bandage them in place, and transport.

d. Assess for additional injuries, flush away large pieces of debris with a sterile dressing, place dressings on the abrasions, bandage them in place, and transport.

Which of the following is not considered soft tissue? a. The skin b. Muscles c. Membranes d. Cartilage

d. Cartilage

You are assessing a 30-year-old male patient that had his arm caught in a piece of machinery. By the time you arrive he has been freed. The patient tells you that he does not understand why you were called, but as you inspect the injured limb you notice a small puncture wound. You should have a high index of suspension of which of the following injuries? a. Puncture b. Crush injury c. Chemical burn d. High-pressure injection

d. High-pressure injection

Which of the following statements is not true concerning the proper transport of an avulsed ear? a. It should be labeled with the patient's name, as well as the date and time it was bagged. b. It should be kept as cool as possible. c. It should not be immersed in cooled water or saline. d. It should be in a dry sterile dressing.

d. It should be in a dry sterile dressing.

A 36-year-old man has accidentally shot a nail into his thigh while using a nail gun. Under which of the following circumstances should the EMT remove the nail from the injury site? a. The nail is less than 2 inches in length. b. The patient's distal pulse, motor function, and sensation are intact. c. Bleeding from the wound is minimal. d. None of the above

d. None of the above

When the body loses sweat, it also loses:

electrolytes.

You are dispatched to a local industrial plant for an "electrical injury." You arrive on-scene and find a 46-year-old male lying supine in front of an electrical panel. You are told he was attempting to make a repair and somehow received an electrical shock and was thrown to the ground. The scene is safe and the electricity is off. Your initial exam reveals a conscious person, breathing adequately. Vital signs are normal and there are no obvious signs of burns. Coworkers state that he was unconscious until your arrival. What is the next step? a. Load and go—conduct any other care in the ambulance en route due to the potential seriousness of the burns. b. Put the patient on oxygen and help him into your ambulance. c. Stay with the patient awhile, and if he does not appear to be in distress, encourage him to refuse care. d. While on the scene, rapidly do a complete assessment, provide oxygen, provide care for potential spine injuries, and transport as soon as possible after the exam.

d. While on the scene, rapidly do a complete assessment, provide oxygen, provide care for potential spine injuries, and transport as soon as possible after the exam.

You are treating a 5-year-old for extensive burns. You know that burns pose a greater risk to infants and children. The reason for this is: a. the parents' interference with your assessment and treatment can delay your response. b. the child will likely be upset and crying and therefore hard to evaluate. c. child abuse is usually the reason for the burns. d. their body surface area is greater in relation to their total body size.

d. their body surface area is greater in relation to their total body size.

Drowning is MOST accurately defined as:

death from suffocation after submersion in water.

SIDS sudden infant death syndrome

death of an infant that remains unexplained

The slowing of an object

deceleration

How does the pediatric patient's airway + respiratory system differ from an adult's?

decreased oxygen reserve, increased oxygen demand larger head, tongue, epiglottis smaller airway + lungs

Common signs and symptoms of a sprain include all of the following, EXCEPT:

deformity.

The MOST significant hazard associated with splinting is:

delaying transport of a critically injured patient.

burns are classified according to

depth and extent

a partial thickness burn involves the outer layer of the skin and a portion of the

dermal layer

A partial-thickness burn involves the outer layer of skin and a portion of the:

dermal layer.

How do you insert a nasopharyngeal airway?

determine correct size comparing nostrils place airway next to face lubricate airway insert tip into naris with bevel pointing toward septum move tip forward until flange rests against the outside of the nostril reassess the airway

When assessing a conscious patient with an MOI that suggests spinal injury, you should:

determine if the strength in all extremities is equal.

How do you insert an oropharygeal airway?

determine right size place next to pediatric face position airway with appropriate method open mouth insert airway until flange rests against the lips reassess airway

Difficulty breathing and a sunken appearance of the anterior abdominal wall is MOST indicative of a ruptured:

diaphragm.

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the

diaphragm.

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the:

diaphragm.

Bleeding from soft-tissue injuries to the face is MOST effectively controlled with:

direct pressure using dry sterile dressings

Bleeding from soft-tissue injuries to the face is MOST effectively controlled with:

direct pressure using dry, sterile dressings. Correct

The disruption of a joint in which the bone ends are no longer in contact is called a:

dislocation.

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