🪩📓Encyclopedia of Counseling📓🪩

Which statement made by a group leader in a residential center for adolescents focuses on product rather than process?

"Ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens."

One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the "glass ceiling phenomenon." Assuming that a counselor's behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position?

"Let's be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality."

Which statement made by a doctoral-level counselor is illustrate of a leader focused on process rather than product?

"You wince whenever Jane raises her voice"

Glasser's theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote

'Schools without Failure'

The statement "bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not" is most closely associated with

Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level

Imprinting - rapid learning during a critical period of development - is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by

Konrad Lorenz

Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?

Konrad Lorenz

Common archetypes include

- persona - animus/anima - self - shadow

The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is

Latency

_________ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development

Lawrence Kohlberg

A career counselor is using a test for job selection purposes. An acceptable reliability coefficient would be _______ or higher.

.80

An excellent psychological or counseling test would have a reliability coefficient of

.90 90% of the score measured the attribute in question, while 10% of the score is indicative of error.

In a lifetime the average person has

10-15 jobs

The mean on the Wechsler and the Stanford Binet Intelligence scales (SB5) is __________ and the standard deviation is ________.

100 ; 15 Wechsler, 16 Stanford Binet

The same test is given to the same group of people using the test-retest reliability method. The correlation between the first and second administration is .70. The true variance (the percentage of shared variance or the level of the same thing measured is both) is

49%

Most experts would agree that an effective adult counseling group has ______________ members

5 or 6 to 8

The Binet stressed age related tasks. Utilizing this method, a 9 year old task would be one which

50% of the 9 year olds could answer correctly

The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a

52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator

Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels.

6, 3

A researcher working with a personality test discovers that the test has a reliability coefficient of .70 which is somewhat typical. This indicates that

70% of the score is accurate while 30% is inaccurate

According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson

80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises and an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes.

We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his peers?

A 13 year old male middle school student

Holland's artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology?

A 33 year old female drill press operator

________________ is a biofeedback device

A bathroom scale

It's easiest to empathize with

A client who is similar to you

A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al at a boys' summer camp near Robber's Cave Oklahoma. The important finding of this study was

A cooperative, or so called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation

Sex-role stereotyping would imply that

A counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client and a male counselor would rate a female client's emotional status differently than he would a male client's

A counselor is screening clients for a new group at the college counseling center. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member?

A first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic.

According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure

A lower probability behavior is reinforced by a higher probability behavior

The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rainer was that

A phobia could be a learned behavior

The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg's theory as

A typing test is to the level of typing skills mastered

Which measure would yield the highest level of reliability?

A very accurate postage scale

A counselor who had an interest primarily in testing would most likely be a member of

AARC (Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling)

The national vocational guidance association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become the

APGA (American Personnel and Guidance Association)

A(n) _______________ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor

African American male

In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that

After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.

John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of

Albert Bandura

Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of

Albert Bandura

Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by

Alfred Adler

_______________ emphasized the drive for superiority

Alfred Adler

Which theorists' work has been classified as a preface to the group movement?

Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis

Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of

Alfred Adler's individual psychology.

The statement "sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction" describes

Alfred Adler's theory

Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud's theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. ____________ and ___________, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.

Alfred Adler; Carl Jung

The first intelligence test was created by

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

The word 'personalism' in the context of multicultural counseling means

All people must adjust to environmental and geological demands

A counselor is conducting a screening for clients who wish to participate in a counseling group which will meet Tuesday nights at his private practice office. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member?

An extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker

An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating (an unconditioned response) when food is presented, is called

An unconditioned stimulus

C. J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as ________ and women to deny their masculine side known as ________.

Anima; animus

The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life

Appeared to be autistic

A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to a "gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent". This creates an

Approach - avoidance conflict

The Black versus White IQ controversy was sparked mainly by a 1969 article written by _______.

Arthur Jensen

An adapt group leader will

Attempt to safeguard clients against risks and work to reduce risks and dangers

The acronym NLP is an abbreviation of

Bandler and Grinder's neurolinguistic programming.

The term 'contextualism' implies that

Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which behavior occurs

A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means

Behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species

In Freud's psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists

Believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior

A counselor who fears the client has an organic, neurological, or motoric difficulty would most likely use the

Bender Gestalt II

Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was

Bordin

John B. Watson's name is associated with

Little Albert

Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?

Little Albert

C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the _______ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the _______ principle.

Logos; Eros

In Pavlov's famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the __________ and the meat was the ___________.

CS;UCS

Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of

Carkhuff and Gazda

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator reflects the work of

Carl Jung

The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of

Carl Jung

A client undergoing gestalt therapy who states "it's difficult to get a job in New York City" would be asked by the counselor to

Change the verbalization to an "I" statement

Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with

Cognition and Attitude formation.

The system of interactive guidance and information (SIGI) and choices are

Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems (CACG)

An African American client tells a white counselor that the dance she went to last night was "bad", though she literally means it was good. The counselor's misunderstanding could best be described as a

Connotative error

In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by

Consequences

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered

Conservation (Piaget)

From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be

Considered and oral character

America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as

Cross-cultural counseling, multicultural counseling, and intercultural counseling.

A counselor can utilize psychological tests to help secure a _______ diagnosis if third party payments are necessary.

DSM or ICD

The decision making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by

David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara

A teenager who has had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by

Denial

The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation treatment is

Donald Meichenbaum

Some exams will split hairs and distinguish a dual-earner household from a dual-career household or family. All the statements below are false except:

Dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families

A dual-career family (or dual-work couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families?

Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working

A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize

EEG feedback

A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on

EMG feedback

The career anchor theory was espoused by

Edgar Schein

B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated

Edward Thornedike's law of effect

A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States. The counselor most likely believes in the

Emic viewpoint

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as

Empiricists

The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be

Epictetus

Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?

Eric Berne, the father of transactional analysis

The term identity crisis comes from the work of

Erikson

The statement "All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different" is based on the

Etic viewpoint

The department chair was further amused by the poodle's tendency to be able to discriminate on CS from another. He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student's Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case

Experimental neurosis set in

A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is _________ cognitive dissonance theory

Festinger's

Super's life-span theory emphasizes ________ life stages

Five

Roe's theory relies on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice

Lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs

Irvin Yalom is a famous existentialist therapist and a pioneer in the group movement. He suggested these four group stages: orientation, conflict, cohesion, and termination. In 1977 Tuckman and Jensen reviewed 25 years of research and came up with five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Which stage in Tuckman and Jensen's paradigm is similar to Yalom's orientation stage?

Forming

___________ did research and concluded that intelligence was normally distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily genetic.

Francis Galton

____________ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues

Frank Parsons, the father of guidance

The word 'eclectic' is most closely associated with

Frederick C. Thorne

A therapist who says to a patient "say whatever comes to mind" is practicing

Free association

A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on

Freud's topographic hypothesis.

________ and __________ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight

Freud; Lorenz

An aptitude test predicts future behavior while an achievement test measures what you have mastered or learned. In the case of a test like the _____ GRE the distinction is unclear.

GRE

_______ factors cause Down syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21

Genetic (conditions passed through genes)

Eric Berne created transactional analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books Games People Play and What Do You Say After You Say Hello? TA therapists are most likely to incorporate _______ in the treatment process.

Gestalt therapy

Eric Berne is to TA as Fritz Perls is to

Gestalt therapy

Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area - who were the first to forsake the matching models - were

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that in general

Girls smile more, using more feeling words by age 2, and are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age

Which theorist was most concerned with material deprivation?

H. Harlow

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is

Harry Harlow

Development is cephalocaudal, which means

Head to foot

Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Is also so side red a personality approach.

Henry Murray

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as

His findings were often derived from observing his own children

When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean

How much heredity or environment interact to influence development

IQ stands for intelligence quotient, which is expressed by

MA/CA x 100

A counselor decides to treat a client's phobia of flying utilizing Wolpe's technique of systematic desensitization. The first step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be

Imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations

The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to

Make the clients aware of their unconscious processes

Prior to the 1960s most counseling took place

In a dyadic relationship

A game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. Games are said to prevent true intimacy. Which other statement is true of games?

In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game

A critical period

Makes imprinting possible and signifies a special time when behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all

In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy

In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help

Piaget's pre operational stage

Includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema

Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as

Instrumental learning

A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final stage

Integrity versus despair

A client who has incorporated his father's values into his thought patterns is a product of

Introjection

Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word 'emic'

Is a "culture-specific" perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language

The statement "Even though my car is old and it doesn't run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low"

Is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions

In a culture-fair test

Items are known to the subject regardless of their culture

Classical conditioning relates to the work of

Ivan Pavlov

The term 'group therapy' was coined in 1931 by

Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama

Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them

Mandalas

A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on

Maslow's higher-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs

In 1908, books by ______________ helped to introduce social psychology in America

McDougall and Ross

Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of

John Crites

The frustration-aggression theory is associated with

John Dollard and Neal Miller

As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing

John Holland

Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of

John Holland

The term 'introversion' and 'extraversion' are associated with

Jung

The Kuder Career Planning System (KCPS) would be appropriate for

K-12, postsecondary, and even adults

Edmund Griffith Williamson's work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the

Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales

The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by

Neal Miller

In the 'Dictionary of Occupational Titles' each job was given a ______________ digit code

Nine

An advertising agency secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center's chemical dependency program. This is the practice of

None of the above (sublimation, repression, and interjection)

The ___________________ are examples of aptitude tests.

O'NET Ability Profiler and the MCAT

A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the

OOH (Occupational Outlook Handbook)

When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to

Occupational Outlook Handbook

marital satisfaction

Often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves the home

Freud postulated psychosexual stages

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stage is

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

What is not an example of Anne Roe's "levels"?

Outdoor

In transactional analysis (TA), the _________ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the _________

Parent; superego

The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with

Parsons and Williamson

A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animalistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to

Piaget's pre operational period, ages 2-7 years

All of these philosophers are existentialists except

Plato and Epictetus

Rogers viewed man as

Positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment

I'm a counseling session, a counselor asked a client to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the

Pre conscious mind

Kohlberg's three levels of morality are

Pre conventional, conventional, and post conventional

When a counselor tells a client that the Graduate Record Exam will predict her ability to handle graduate work, the counselor is referring to

Predictive validity

Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are

Psychosocial

Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr., is to

RBT (rational behavior therapy)

The statement "whites are better than African Americans" illustrates

Racism

In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers

Ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers

William Glass is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis is to

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

The 16 PF reflects the work of

Raymond B. Cattell

Which statement is true of the person-centered approach?

Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice.

Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, interjection, denial and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is

Repression

The client's tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as

Resistance

Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs?

Robert Hoppock

Some support for Roe's theory comes from

Rorschach and TAT (thematic apperception test)

Today the Stanford-Binet is used from ages 2 to adulthood. The IQ formula has been replaced by the

SAS (standard age score)

In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the

Sensorimotor stage

You are counseling a client from a different culture, she cannot move her right arm, but had been examined by some of the finest physicians and they cannot find any physical reason for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and that it has not been an issue to deal with in the counseling sessions. The most likely explanation would be

She has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference

According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger; a woman has an approach-approach conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses the silver watch.

She will read positive reviews on the silver watch — and possibly negative reviews about the gold model — after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance

The statement "the ego is dependent on the id" would most likely reflect the work of

Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory

____________ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior

Social learning theorists

_________________ is associated with obedience and authority

Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist

The department chairman found the poodle's response to his automobile horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original toy bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle was now demonstrating

Stimulus discrimination

Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate to a child's toy horn using Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of students, the poodle elicited a salvation response. What happened?

Stimulus generation or what Pavlov termed irradiation

A master's level counselor lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates

Sweet lemon rationalization

Freud's theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by

Thanatos

______________ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling

The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown vs. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation.

Notes psychotherapy author and scholar Raymond Corsini once referred to the early 1940s as the ''modern era" of group work. In the 1940s the two organizations for group therapy were created and group work became a legitimate specialty. The groups are

The American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) spawned by the work of Jacob Moreno in 1942 and the American Group Psychotherapy Association which resulted from the effort of Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943

All of these statements are ethnocentric except

The Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico

The most controversial aspect of Freud's theory is

The Oedipus Complex

Erikson's middle age stage (35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to

The ability to do creative work or raise a family, the opposite of stagnation, and the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time

Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?

The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.

In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys

The baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother

Equilibration is

The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)

__________ helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement

The civil rights movement

A group participant wants to drop out of a group. Since the group is 'closed' most experts would agree that

The client is allowed to withdraw

According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum's congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if

The client likes the counselor

In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term 'therapeutic surrender' means

The client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts

In 1909, a landmark book entitled 'Choosing a Vocation' was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called

The father of vocational guidance

A group leader with more than one leader is said to utilize coleaders. Coleadership is desirable because

The group can go on even if one leader is absent, two leaders can focus on group dynamics better than one leader, and leaders can process their feelings between sessions

Which statement best depicts a major advantage of group work?

The group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life.

Most experts would agree that peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy (gestalt, behavioristic, reality, etc) was during

The late 1960s

When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to

The prognosis

In a counseling research study two groups of subjects took a test with the same name. However, when they talked with each other they discovered that the questions were different. The researcher assured both groups that they were given the same test. How is this possible?

The researcher gave parallel forms of the same test

A counseling test consists of 300 forced response items. The person taking the test can take as long as he or she wants to answer the questions.

This is most likely a power test

A new IQ test has a standard error of measurement (SEM) of 3. Tom scores 106 on the test. If he takes the test a lot, we can predict that about 68% of the time

Tom will score between 103 and 109

_______________ and ________________ created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy

Truax; Carkhuff

The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is

True according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin

Positive transference is to love it affection, as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to

Uncertainty

What is not an example of Anne Roe's "fields"?

Unskilled

Ethnocentrism

Uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to

Volume or mass

The best IQ test for a 22 year old single male would be the

WAIS-III (the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) is intended for ages 16 and beyond.

The best intelligence test for a sixth grade girl would be the

WISC-IV (the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) is appropriate for kids 6 to 16 years, 11 months.

The best intelligence test for a kindergartner would be the

WPPSI-III is designed for children between 3 and 7 years and 3 months and would be the only possible choice.

One of Adler's students, Rudolph Dreikurs,

Was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice

An expert who had reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that

Watching violence tends to make children more aggressive

All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except

Wolpe

Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage-crisis view theory with several major life transitions. He

Wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man's Life and the 1997 sequel Seasons of a Woman's Life and postulated a midlife crisis for men between the ages 40 and 45 and for women approximately five years earlier.

Frankl is an existentialist. So are

Yalom and May

The term 'reentry woman' would best describe

a 29 year old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast food restaurant

A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that

a Cuban male client in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together.

A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite brand of candy bar. The candy bar is

a back-up reinforcer

The model Krumboltz suggested is

a behavioristic model of career development

Person-centered counseling would prove least effective with

a client who is not very verbal

In terms of diagnosis,

a client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.

A group is classified as secondary. This implies that

a difficulty or disturbance is present

A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. The counselor here is using

a directive

Gestalt means

a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole

Holland believed that

a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities.

Some therapists object to the word 'unstructured' in group work

a group cannot not have structure

A major limitation related to group work is that

a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm

A test battery is considered

a horizontal test

Experts firmly believe that a common weakness in many groups is ___________

a lack of goal setting

According to Eric Berne a life script is actually

a life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life

One distinct disadvantage of an open group is that

a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences

A group has

a membership which can be defined, some degree of unity and interaction & a shared purpose.

Balance theory postulates

a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency & a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.

A reliability coefficient of 1.00 indicates

a perfect score which has no error.

According to the OOH, the highest-paying profession would be

a psychiatrist

Social exchange theory postulates that

a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs

When a counselor reads the journals in this field, it becomes evident that

a researcher/practitioner split exists in group work

Ethnocentrism promotes

a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty and promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age

In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents

a separate culture

Group therapy initially flourished in the United States due to

a shortage of individual therapists during World War II.

Group specialists define role conflict as

a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves

Tests are often classified as speed tests versus power tests. A timed typing test used to hire secretaries would be

a speed test

Today, the Stanford-Binet IQ test is

a standardized measure

The MMPI-2 is

a standardized personality test

Piaget is

a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative.

A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize

a temperature trainer

Test bias primarily results from

a test being normed solely on White middle-class clients

Clients should know that

a test is merely a single source of data and not infallible.

When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means

a treatment model

Francis Galton felt intelligence was

a unitary faculty

Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that

a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college

REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the ____________, B is the _____________, and C is the ______________.

activating event; belief system; consequences

An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, "If you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system." This is the ___________ viewpoint for coping with the environment

alloplastic

There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists

allow clients to work through early conflicts

In Gelatt Model the predictive system deals with

alternatives and the probability of outcomes

According to researchers, groups are effective

although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true.

A valid test is _______ reliable.

always

The word dynamic means

always changing

A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely

an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation

A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that

an Asian-American leader and an Asian-American client would sit close together.

The NCE is

an achievement test

Counselors who support John Holland's approach believe that

an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality

Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as

an authority figure

A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, "I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you." In this case the counselor had suggested

an autoplastic method of coping

An interest inventory would be least valid when used with

an eighth-grade male with an IQ of 136

In terms of group risks

an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client.

Your client, who is in an outpatient hospital program, is keeping a journal of irrational thoughts. This would be

an informal assessment technique

A group member who insists on asking other members inappropriate questions is known as a Peeping Tom or

an interrogator

The DOT was first published by the U.S. Department of Labor in 1938. The first three digits in a DOT code referred to

an occupational group

The word 'psychometric' means

any form of mental testing

A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an

approach-approach conflict

The initial group stage has been called forming, orientation, or the pre affiliation stage. This stage is characterized by

approach-avoidance behavior

At its zenith the DOT listed

approximately 20,000 job titles

Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as

archetypes

In a healthy group, members

are flexible and can change roles

Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice

are indicative of neurotic symptoms

A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described

as a displaced homemaker

Carol Gilligan, although she was an assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development

as she felt it was more applicable to males than females

Existentialism is to logotherapy as ________ is to behaviorism.

associationism

Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and

assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes, and assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code

A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply

attacking the system

An eclectic counselor

attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation.

One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach

attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.

In the late 1930s researchers identified three basic leadership styles:

autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire

An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called

aversive conditioning

When an adolescent complains about his or her parents in the group it is best to

avoid taking sides but help him or her see the parents' point of view via a therapeutic technique such as role-playing

When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Gestalt therapy emphasizes

awareness in the here-and-now and dream work.

A client says, "I lost my job and it's the most terrible thing in the world." The client is engaging in

awfulizing and terriblizing, also known as catastrophizing

Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice

based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need

The self directed search is

based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types: self administered, self scored; and self interpreted

Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy

basic, subtractive, and additive

According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will

be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion

A counselor created an achievement test with a reliability coefficient of .82. The test is shortened since many clients felt it was too long. The counselor shortened the test but logically assumed that the reliability coefficient would now

be lower than .82

A displaced homemaker might have grown children or

be widowed and seeking employment or be divorced and seeking employment.

According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may _________ a given psychosexual stage

become fixated at

Group planning occurs

before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group

A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as

behavioral rehearsal

An empiricist view of development would be

behavioristic

A counselor suggests that her client join an assertiveness training group. Most assertiveness training groups are

behavioristic and highly structured

Although behavior therapy purports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the grounds that it is reductionistic, simplistic, and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for

being too vague regarding techniques and procedures

Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client

belongs to a different culture from the helper

A counselor instructs her client to read A Guide to Rational Living by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is an example of

bibliotherapy

TA life positions were made famous by Tom Harris's book, I'm OK—You're OK. The title of the book illuminates a healthy life position. The life position tells the counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes or recognition. A person categorized by the position "I'm OK—You're Not OK";

blames others for misery

A leader who wishes to stop inappropriate discussion should rely on

blocking

In terms of parenting young children

boys are punished more than girls.

The final stage (also called the termination stage) is geared toward

breaking away

A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished

by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention

A client who takes a normative test

can legitimately be compared to others who have taken the test.

Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as

catharsis and/or abreaction

A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores his or her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of

centration

A group therapist is constructing a diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members. This is called

charting a pictorial sociogram

Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory of career focuses on

circumscription and compromise theory

Counselors can more easily advise

clients from their own culture

Counselors often shy away from self-reports since

clients often give inaccurate answers.

In most instances, who would be the best qualified to give the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

clinical psychologist

The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are

close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs

Groups can be open or closed. The two differ in that

closed groups allow no new members after the group begins

Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is

compensation

Key areas that often cause problems for counselor self-image are

competence, power and intimacy

A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as

concrete operations—ages 7 to 11.

John Bowlby has asserted that

conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood.

A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor's verbal response is known as

confrontation

A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as

continuous reinforcement

A TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client. Which technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a plan of action?

contracting

Reality therapy has incorporated

control theory, later referred to as choice theory.

Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the _______ category.

conventional

Freud and Erikson

could be classified as maturationists

A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests

counselor bias based on gender bias

A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of

countertransference

A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable. This technique is called

covert sensitization

Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that

culture provides individuals with standards of conduct

John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to

cure

Culture refers to

customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups; values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group; attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group often passed from generation to generation

Punishment

decreases the probability that a behavior will occur

A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm

describes how people are supposed to act

Glasser's position on mental illness is that

diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick of irresponsible

A true/false test has _____ recognition items.

dichotomous

Most experts would agree that the Wechsler IQ tests gained popularity, as the Binet

didn't seem to be the best test for adults

The ___________ index indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly

difficulty

Simon and Binet pioneered the first IQ test around 1905. The test was created to

discriminate children without an intellectual disability from children with an intellectual disability

A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a one dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of

displacement

The ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention that occurs at D, _____________ leads to E, _____________.

disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence

A counselor who is genuine

does not role-play someone he or she is not, so as to be accepted by the client & does not change his or her true values from session to session.

In terms of leisure time and dual-career families/couples,

dual-career families/couples have less leisure time

Aaron T. Beck, an ex-psychoanalytic therapist who created the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), developed an approach known as cognitive therapy. Although cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, Beck insisted that

dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational

A test format could be normative or ipsative. In the normative format

each item is independent of all other items

Multicultural counseling promotes

eclecticism

If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the

ego

Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called

ego defense mechanisms

Construct validity refers to the extent that a test measures an abstract trait or psychological notion. An example would be

ego strength

A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels

ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage.

During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of

egocentrism

In the person-centered approach, an effective counselor must possess

empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a desirable "I-Thou relationship"

The human relations core for effective counseling includes

empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness

Holland's theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be

enterprising

Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called

equilibration

One method of testing reliability is to give the same population alternate forms of the identical test. Each form will have the same psychometric/statistical properties as the original instrument. This is known as

equivalent or alternate forms reliability

A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee, "You can deal with your Asian-American clients the same as you deal with anybody else," is espousing the

etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language

According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as

even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).

Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to

exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class

Rogers' approach is characterized as a(n) ______________ approach.

existential or humanistic

The counselor's social power is related to

expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness

Rogers emphasized congruence in the counselor. Congruence occurs when

external behavior matches an internal response or state.

During a family counseling session, a 6 year old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing

extinction

In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as

extinction, and the salivation will disappear

Counselors who have good listening skills

facilitate therapeutic surrender.

Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development

fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11 to 17), and realistic (age 17 to early 20s).

Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing

fields and levels

Perls suggested ______________ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability.

five layers of neurosis

Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as

fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli

Good multicultural counselors are

flexible

The ACA and the ASGW division recommend screening for potential group members

for all groups

The NCE and the CPCE would be examples of a(n) ____________ test

forced choice

Group cohesiveness refers to

forces which tend to bind group members together

A short answer test is a(n) _______ test.

free choice

Existential counselors emphasize the client's

free choice, decision, and will

A female group member is obviously not participating. A group member playing the _______ is most likely to mention this and urge her to participate.

gatekeeper

The _________________ may secretly wish that he or she was running the group

gatekeeper

A client who says, "I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman," is showing an example of

gender bias

Counselors who work as consultants

generally do not adhere to one single theory.

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?

generativity versus stagnation

In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that

genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice

A new IQ test which yielded results nearly identical to other standardized measures would be said to have

good concurrent validity

Group norms

govern acceptable behavior and group rules

The study of group operations is often called

group dynamics

Experts predict that in the future

group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers

Group IQ tests like the Otis Lennon, the Lorge-Thorndike, and the California Test of Mental Abilities are popular in school settings. The advantage is that

group tests are quicker to administer

Some theorists feel that group therapy differs from group counseling (which is also called an interpersonal problem-solving group) in that

group therapy, also dubbed as a personality reconstruction group, would be of longer duration

In some literature, group cohesiveness, or "we-ness," is known as

group unity

The autocratic or authoritarian leader may give orders to the group, while the laissez faire leader

has a hands-off policy and participates very little, with the group basically taking responsibility for itself

Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling

has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races.

Regardless of culture, the popular individual

has good social skills

A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles

has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development and is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles

A group leader who wishes to assess the impact of the group ideally would

have an outside "observer" sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change

A job test which predicted future performance on a job very well would

have high criterion/predictive validity

Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often

have lower career aspirations than a man.

Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive

have other positive traits

In the case of an individual who purchased a $50,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that

he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $50,000 platinum model and he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models

Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that

he too felt the group activity was very helpful

Viktor Frankl is the Father of logotherapy, which is based on existentialism. Logotherapy means

healing through meaning

In a group, task roles

help solve problems, aid in terms of goal setting and keep the group focused & are seen as positive.

Maintenance roles, like task roles are positive since such roles

help to maintain the group

Coleadership is

helpful when one leader is experiencing countertransference

In the United States, middle- and upper- class citizens seem to want a counselor who

helps them work it out on their own

A colleague of yours invents a new projective test. Seventeen counselors rated the same client using the measure and came up with nearly identical assessments. This would indicate

high reliability

After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov's, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. This is called

higher-order conditioning

Bibliotherapy is a form of

homework

Strategies that approach the group as a whole are known as

horizontal interventions

The standard error of measurement tells you

how accurate or inaccurate a test score is

In the early 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale, which evaluated

how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups

Eric Berne's transnational analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the child, the adult, and the parent. These roughly correspond to Freud's structural theory that includes

id, ego and superego

Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, "I'm the president of the board for the homeless shelter." Jane is engaging in

identification

Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by

identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex

Although task roles and maintenance roles are indeed positive, the group can suffer if the group is not flexible and remains in one or the other too long since

if a group gets stuck in task roles, interaction suffers & if a group gets stuck in maintenance roles, little work (or tasks) will be accomplished

One major disadvantage of a closed group versus an open group is that

if everyone quits, you will be left with no group members

One distinction between flooding (also known as "deliberate exposure with response prevention" in recent literature) and implosive therapy is that

implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination

A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that

in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys & in general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls.

A wealth of research demonstrates that

in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.

A screening for group members can be done in a group or privately. Although private screening interviews are not as cost effective or as time efficient as group screening, many group leaders feel that private screening sessions are superior

in terms of counselor-client interaction

The trait-and-factor approach fails to take _____________ into account

individual change throughout the life span

One advantage of group work is that a counselor can see more clients in a given period of time. One disadvantage is that a counselor can be too focused on group processes and

individual issues are not properly examined

When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as

insight

In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ____________________, while behavior therapy emphasizes ___________________.

instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles

IQ means

intelligence quotient

Which method of reliability testing would be useful with an essay test but not with a test of algebra problems?

inter-rater/inter-observer

To research dilemma of self actualization, Maslow

interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average"

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is

intimacy vs isolation - ages 23-34 years

Holland's psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the __________ type.

investigative

A group leader who is counseling children under 10 years of age could best enhance the treatment process by

involving parents and asking them for input

Ellis feels that __________________ is at the core of emotional disturbance.

irrational thinking at point B

The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US

is .5 or half a second

Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society

is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.

A counselor reading this book says, "I couldn't care less about passing my comprehensive exam." This

is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension

The fear of death

is greatest during middle age.

The tendency to affiliate with others

is highest in firstborns and only children

A counselor Perseus a testing catalog in search of a test which will repeatedly give consistent results. The counselor

is interested in reliability

When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference

is interpreted as therapeutic resistance

During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor

is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution

Early vocalization in infants

is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe

Midlife career change

is not that unusual

Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and

is not the same thing as punishment

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles

is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.

In the dual career family, partners seem to be more self sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual career household, the woman

is typically secure in her career before she has children

The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al.

is very behavioristic

Cohesiveness, or group unity, is desirable. It promotes bonding and a sense of "we-ness" between group members. When cohesiveness is strong, nevertheless, it also can be negative as

it can stunt creativity & it can boost conformity

In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender,

it is easier to trust people from one's own culture, lower-class people often don't trust others from a higher social class and lower-class clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class.

One major advantage of a closed group versus an open group is

it promotes cohesiveness

In a spiral test

items get progressively more difficult

A 37-year-old white male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client's

job or position

According to Glasser, a positive addiction might be

jogging

Gender issues impact career counseling such as career segregation. Men are overrepresented in _____ positions while women often have _______

labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs

Coleadership, also referred to as cofacilitation, can be a disadvantage when

leaders are working against each other; this can fragment the group leaders are intimate with each other leaders question each other's competence

A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ___________ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture

less

Most experts would agree that an effective counseling group for children has

less members than an adult group

Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce

less-aggressive children

The relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is

like that of a friend who asks what is wrong

When a leader attempts to relate one person's predicament to another person's predicament, it is known as

linking

Face validity refers to the extent that a test

looks or appears to measure the intended attribute

Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates

lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization

Doing cross-cultural counseling

makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences

Most scholars would assert that Freud's 1900 work entitled 'The Interpretation of Dreams' was his most influential work. Dreams have

manifest and patent content

Which of these factors is not delineated by Irvin Yalom as a curative factor?

manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind

Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that

many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint

A major advantage of group work versus individual work is that

members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less (i.e., they are more economical) than individual counseling sessions

In terms of research related to affiliation

misery loves company, firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later and people affiliate in an attempt to lower fear

A group therapist must make

more decisions than an individual therapist

The number of people in an open group is generally

more stable than in a closed group

The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that

most jobs are not advertised

In regard to an individual's behavioral style or so called modal orientation, Holland believed that

most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI)

According to the concept of occupational sex segregation

most women hold low paying jobs with low status

Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor's diagnosis

must be done within a cultural context

Shoulds and oughts are _______ according to Ellis.

musturbations

Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by

national culture

A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the Polar Regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be

national culture and ecological culture

In a projective test the client is shown

neutral stimuli

Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (the meat) before the CS (the bell). This usually results in

no conditioning

The school of counseling created by Carl R. Rogers has undergone three name changes. Initially it was called ___________, then ________________, and in 1974 it changed to ______________.

non-directive; client-centered; person-centered

The following goes along with whatever the rest of the group thinks. From a personality standpoint the follower is

nonassertive

A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying

normal behavior within the context of her culture

A reliable test is _______ valid.

not always

Berne suggested three ego states: the Parent, the Adult, and the Child (P-A-C). The Parent ego state is composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood. TA therapists speak of two functions in the Parent ego state, the _______.

nurturing parent & critical parent

A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered

object permanence and representational thought

The National Counselor Exam is a(n) ___________ test because the scoring procedure is specific.

objective

TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions

occur where vectors of communication run parallel

A counselor doing multicultural career counseling should be aware

of his or her own ethnocentric biases

Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an affective treatment that

often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns

Statistics reveal that

on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.

According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as the concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests

one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape

Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist's new animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process since

only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord)

Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles

paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson

A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselor's own words is using

paraphrasing

A neophyte counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing. He thus keeps repeating the client's statements verbatim when he responds. This is known as

parroting and is not recommended

Gerald Corey, who has written extensively on group therapy, believes _______ is necessary for an effective group leader.

participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group (even if the individual is well-educated and is licensed and certified)

In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures,

passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner, a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice, assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate

The 1971 famous Stanford Prison experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated that

people conform to social roles

The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for ____________, rather than _________ like the id

perfection; pleasure

Floyd Henry Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will

perform better if he or she is part of a group

Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as _______ theorists.

personality

Existentialists speak of three worlds, the 'Umwelt' or the _________ world, the 'Mitwelt' or the __________ world, and the 'Eigenwelt' or the ___________ world.

physical; relationship; identity

Internal verbalizations are to REBT as _______________ are to Glasser's choice theory

picture in your mind

Both the Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are projective tests. The Rorschach uses 10 inkblot cards while the TAT uses

pictures

A gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a client's projection via

playing the projection technique

The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the

pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst

Johnny just loves M&Ms but doesn't do his homework. The school counselor thus instructs Johnny's mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he finishes his homework. This is an example of

positive reinforcement

When something is added following an operant, it is known as _________________, when something is taken away it is called a _______________.

positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

An aptitude test is to ________________ as an achievement test is to ______________.

potential; what has been learned

A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as "the fuel of the decision." The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems

predictive, value, and decision

R. K. Conyne suggested that group intervention is intended to

prevent, correct, or enhance behavior

Primary groups are

preventive and attempt to ward off problems.

The adult ego state

processes facts and does not focus on feelings.

Your supervisor wants you to find a new personality test for your counseling agency. You should read

professional journals, the Buros Mental Measurements Yearbook, classic textbooks in the field, as well as test materials produced by the testing company.

_______________ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window

projection

Gestalt therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the here and now incorporates

psychodrama

The counselor who favors projective measures would most likely be a

psychodynamic clinician

Stage theorists assume

qualitative changes between stages occur.

In terms of research and the group leader's personality,

qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree

A client remarks, "Hey, I'm African American and it's nearly impossible to hide it." This is illustrative of the fact that

race is not the same as ethnicity

Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called

rackets

The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender:

rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure

The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the _____________, based on the number of responses and the ______________, based on the time elapsed.

ratio; interval

Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is

reaction formation (the person acts the opposite of the way they actually feel.)

Group members assume roles within a group. Which of the following is not a group role?

reactive schizophrenia

You are uncertain whether a test is intended for the population served by your not-for-profit agency. The best method of researching this dilemma would be to

read the test manual included with the test

A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's _____ typology

realistic

Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to

reality therapy

Short answer tests and projective measures utilize free response items. The NCE and the CPCE uses forced choice or so called ____________ items.

recognition

When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to

recommendations

Coleadership

reduces burnout and helps ensure safety.

Respondent behavior refers to

reflexes

Therapeutic cognitive restructuring really refers to

refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones

Mores are beliefs and social customs

regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior

Systematic desensitization consists of these orderly steps:

relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.

Suppression differs from repression in that

repression is automatic and involuntary.

According to gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wife for leaving him, and who makes a suicide attempt, would be engaging in

retroflection

A group leader who utilizes an abundance of group exercises is

running a structured group

The strong interest inventory is based on John Holland's theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience

satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests

A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as

secondary reinforcement

The most effective method adults use to find jobs in the United States is

securing information via ads in the newspaper

In Albert Ellis' rational-emotive behavior therapy, the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as

self talk and internal verbalizations

Weight Watchers is a

self-help or support group as is AA.

_____________ is behavioral sex therapy.

sensate focus

The final stage suggested by theories of group stages generally deals with issues of

separation and termination

During the initial session of a group the leader explains that no smoking and no cursing were permitted. This is known as

setting ground rules

According to the foot-in-the-door compliance technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client's home

should ask to come in the home

Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor's training

should be broad and interdisciplinary

A career counselor who is helping a client design a resume

should emphasize the importance of a cover letter

Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is

sibling rivalry

Most experts would agree that _____________ is the most threatening for clients as well as counselors

silence

Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized

since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern

Holland categorized _______ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments.

six

The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would most likely progress _____________ than the relationship a client would have with a Rogerian counselor.

slower

Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely

social

Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as

social connectedness

One problem with interest inventories is that the person often tries to answer the questions in a socially acceptable manner. Psychometricians call this response style phenomenon

social desirability (the right way to feel in society)

In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized

social factors

Critics of the Rogerian approach feel that

some degree of directives is needed after the initial phase of counseling and more confrontation is necessary, though Rogers did encourage caring confrontations

A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of "F" in physical education that marred his fourth year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as "straight A students are eggheads." This demonstrates

sour grapes rationalization

A client from another culture will

speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.

A monolingual U.S. counselor

speaks only English

A client who likes her flower arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as

spillover

In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate

stimulus generalization

The anal retentive personality is

stingy

Most experts would agree that overall

structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques.

Some research demonstrates that

structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members.

Studies indicate that

students want more vocational guidance than they receive.

A test can be defined as a systematic method of measuring a sample of behavior. Test format refers to the manner in which test items are presented. The format of an essay test is considered a(n) _______ format.

subjective

Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these except:

subjective units of distress scale

Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings. When using his technique, the acronym SUDS stands for

subjective units of disturbance scale

A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing _______ according to Brill's theory of career choice.

sublimation

An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying

sublimation

Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized _______ as an ego-defense mechanism.

sublimation

Glasser felt the responsible person will have a _______ identity.

success

When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on

successful behaviors.

When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client

suffers from fixation

A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely

suggest a site visit to a work setting

In the general U.S. population

suicide rates tend to increase with age.

When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counselors sessions he or she is using

summarization

A group leader who asks each group member to recapitulate what he or she has learned during a given session is promoting

summarization, the act of briefly stating what has transpired or discussed

Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the

superego

A counselor who works primarily with older adults needs to be aware that

surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment

A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girlfriend. The counselor responds, "Oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible! How can you go on living?" This is an example of

sympathy

All reinforcers

tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur

One method of testing reliability is to give the same test to the same group of people two times and then correlate the scores. This is called

test-retest reliability

The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that

testing is an important part of the counseling process and that a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job

Piaget felt

that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation

Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts

that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up

Frankl's experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him

that you can't control the environment, but you can control your response.

The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by

the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development

You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be

the Bureau of Labor Statistics website

A counselor is told by his supervisor to measure the internal consistency reliability (i.e., homogeneity) of a test but not to divide the test in halves. The counselor would need to utilize

the Kuder-Richardson coefficients of equivalence

Empathy is

the ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client

According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels,

the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs.

Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which

the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction

At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, "The client's disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work." This technically implies

the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds

All of these statements regarding reality therapy are true except

the client's childhood is explored.

Existentialists focus primarily on

the client's perception in the here and now

A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomenon is best described as

the compensatory effect

In order to diagnose clients from a different culture

the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture

A neophyte counselor discovers that her clients invariably give yes and no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely that

the counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions

Genuineness, or congruence, is really

the counselor's ability to be himself or herself.

When comparing the autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire styles,

the democratic, or what Sam Gladding called a facilitator, is the most desirable

Behavior therapists often shy away from punishment because

the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression

Freudians refer to the ego as

the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle

A client would generally feel the most suspicious of the others in group in the __________________

the group formation/exploratory stage.

The SDS score will reveal

the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types.

Super's life-span theory includes

the life-career rainbow

A man yells at his wife and then slaps her, stating that she does nothing around the house. The woman begins crying and he puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying and says that he doesn't know how he can continue doing all the housework because it is too difficult. A TA therapist who analyzes the situation using Stephen Karpman's drama triangle would say

the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role

Group content refers to material discussed in a group setting. Group process refers to

the manner in which discussions and transactions occur

The Child ego state is like the little kid within. The child may manifest itself as

the natural child, the adapted child, or the little professor

In terms of the labor market

the number of employees that employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up and the number of employees willing to work for an employer goes up as the salary increases

Existential theorists speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client's internal personal experience of events, and ontology, which is

the philosophy of being and existing

Appraisal can be defined as

the process of assessing or estimating attributes

Ginsberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that

the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span career choice is reversible

Group norms refer to

the range of acceptable behavior within the group.

Existential counselors as well as Rogerian person-centered counselors adhere to what Martin Buber called the I-Thou relationship, which asserts that

the relationship is horizontal

Everybody picks on

the scapegoat

Fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occur in

the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage

The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes

the self-concept

A hierarchy, or pecking order, among members occurs in

the stage of storming, also known as the power-control stage

The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to

the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment

When comparing a tertiary group with a primary or secondary group

the tertiary group is more likely to deal with severe pathology

All of the following are difficulties with career testing except

the tests all take at least three hours to administer.

When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean

the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations

A major group dynamic is group development. This is usually expressed in terms of

theories of group stages

Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that

these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed

Interest inventories are positive in the sense that

they are reliable and not threatening to the test taker

Coleaders are apt to work at cross purposes when

they do not meet between group sessions.

One major criticism of interest inventories is that

they emphasize professional positions and minimize blue-collar jobs

Self-serving or individual roles are negative inasmuch as

they work against the group & they serve the individual and not the group.

J.P. Guilford isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence. He also is remembered for his

thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking

Rogers felt that ______________ for client change to occur.

three conditions are necessary

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested

three levels of morality

Most experts in the field of group counseling would agree that the most important trait for group members is the ability

to trust

The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts of

top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique

T-groups often stress ways employees can express themselves in an effective manner. The "T" in T-groups merely stands for

training

Occupational aptitude tests like the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) and the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test (ASVAB) grew out of the

trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling

When a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called

transference

A person-centered therapist would

treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles.

Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as _______ is to Erikson.

trust versus mistrust

When a group member is speaking, it is best for the counselor to

try to face the group member

Although the length of group counseling sessions will vary, most experts would agree that _______ is plenty of time even when critical issues are being examined.

two hours per session

An achievement test measures maximum performance or present level of skill. Tests of this nature are also called attainment tests, while a personality test or interest inventory measures

typical performance

Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as _______________ is to topographical theory

unconscious, preconscious, conscious

A counselor with a master's degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the field is a victim of

underemployment

In gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as

unfinished business

Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by

universal culture

A client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands each time she talks about the probability of marriage. A gestalt therapist would most likely

urge the client to stay with the feeling

A man says, "My life has been lousy for the past six months." The counselor replies, "Can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months?" The counselor is

using concreteness

An adept multicultural counselor

usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity

In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy

utilizes fewer sessions per week, does not utilize the couch and is performed face to face.

Which is more important, validity or reliability?

validity

The most critical factors in test selection are

validity and reliability

The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the

variable ratio

Attending behavior that is verbal is also called

verbal tracking

Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group are known as

vertical interventions

The zone of proximal development

was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky

A counselor doing research decided to split a standardized test in half by using the even items as one test and the odd items as a second test and then correlating them. The counselor

was testing reliability via the split-half correlation method

Groups promote the concept of universality, which suggests that

we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem

In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective

when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session

The in basket technique would be best

when you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position

In the field of testing, validity refers to

whether the test really measures what it purports to measure

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor

which evolves primarily during the oral age.

Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child

will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.

The group IQ test movement began

with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in World War I.

According to the concept of sex-wage or gender-wage discrimination

women make less than men for doing the same job

Lifestyle includes

work, leisure & style of living.

Counseling generally occurs in a clinical setting while consultation generally occurs in a ___________ setting.

work/organizational

A woman who is being robbed

would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases

In an ipsative measure the person taking the test must compare items to one another. The result is that

you cannot legitimately compare two or more people who have taken an ipsative test

In a cyclical test

you have several sections which are spiral in nature

Most experts in the field of counseling agree that

no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories

A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?

organicism

Jean Piaget's idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is

Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear heels is best explained by

Sex-role socialization

Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by

A desire to live up to society's expectations and a desire to conform

Elementary school counseling and guidance services

A fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s

Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage

Abstract things emerges and problems can be solved using deduction

Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing

An apparatus known as a visual cliff

The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of

Bowlby

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that

Each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was

Erik Erikson

Trust versus mistrust is

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development

Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual

Has self-imposed morals and ethics

Development

Is a continuous process which begins at conception

Freud's Oedipus complex or Oedipus stage

Is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur and occurs during the phallic stage

In adolescence

Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more

The schema, mental representation of the world, of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the

Sensorimotor stage - birth to 2 years.

In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as

The Electra complex

John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with

bonding and attachment