endocrine glands

2.Endocrine glands - pituitary and its hormones

A. five hormones anterior pituitary 1. pro-opiomelanocortin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 2. thyrotropin (TSH), 3. growth hormone (GH), 4. prolactin (PRL), 5. gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) B. posterior pituitary hormones 1. ADH (vasopressin) 2. Oxytocin Vasopressin (ADH)-Produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary in response to elevated plasma osmolality or decreased effective circulating volume. Stimulates H2O reabsorption in the collecting duct of the kidney (V2 receptor) by aquaporin channels independent of Na level. V1 receptors in bloodvessels cause vasodilation and low BP. rx that produce too much ADH, cause SIADH. Rx that is used to tx SIADH, cause DI.

1.Endocrine glands - hypothalamus and its hormones

1. -Thyrotrophic-releasing hormone 2. - Growth hormone-releasing hormone 3. - Corticotrophin-releasing hormone 4. - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 5. -prolactin releasing hormones

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

1. hypothalamus 2. pituitary; 3. pineal gland; 4. thyroid; 5. parathyroids 6. thymus; 7. adrenals; 8. pancreas; 9 . testes. 10. ovaries

7.Endocrine glands - aderal gland and its hormones. and diseases? (ref- production adreanl hormone and fat in metabolism of food document)

ADRENAL MEDULLA 1. epinephrine; 2. norepinephrine. ADRENAL CORTEX 1.mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) -regulates water and electrolyte levels inthe blood (regulates blood pressure); 2. glucocorticoid (cortisol) -regulates glucose metabolism; 3. sex hormones ( androgen) that supplement those of the ovary and testis. Pheochromocytoma, by producing too much adrenaline. *Primary hyper*aldosteronism, by creating excess levels of aldosterone. Cushing's syndrome, body levels of cortisol is high. Addison's Disease develops when the adrenal glands do not make enough cortisol. the body also fails to make enough of the hormone aldosterone. *Secondary* adrenal *insufficiency* is caused by impairment of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus which can suppress production of ACTH and lead to adrenal deficiency

4.Endocrine glands - thyroid and its hormones (ref slide 25 of CKD for calcitonin)

1.Thyroid hormone- thyroxine (T4) and triioidothyronine (T3) 2.Calcitonin- high calcium levels increase calcitonin secretion to decrease the the level of Ca. Both hormones are also regulated by negative feedback loops *Myxedema coma *- A life-threatening form of severe and long lasting hypothyroidism (coma with extreme hypothermia, areflexia, and respiratory depression, death). It *coexisting decreased adrenal reserve.* (steroid cause HPA supression). It occurs in the elderly and is usually precipitated by infections (pneumonia, sepsis), MI, congestive heart failure, GI bleeding, cerebrovascular accidents, or drugs that impair ventilation (sedatives). *Thyroid storm or thyrotoxic crisis* is a severe form of thyrotoxicosis . A life-threatening complication of untreated or partially treated thyrotoxicosis. It is usually precipitated by acute illness (infection, stroke, diabetic ketoacidosis, trauma), thyroid or non-thyroid surgery, labor,. pt may have relative adrenal insufficiency

5.Endocrine glands - parathyroid and its hormones (ref slide 24 set CKD for calcitiol and vit D)

PTH- Low blood calcium levels stimulate the production of PTH to raise the Ca. it is regulated by negative feedback loops

6.Endocrine glands - thymus and its hormones

Thymosin is commonly referred to as humoral factors and are important during puberty. The role of these hormones is to make sure a person develops a healthy immune system.

ENDOCRINE GLAND

a gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood stream; a ductless gland.

Exocrine gland

a gland that secretes substances into ducts which then leave the body (i.e. sweat/sebaceous glands) or into a internal space or lumen (i.e. digestive glands). Exocrine glands are not part of the endocrine system!

HORMONE

a very powerful substance secreted by an endocrine gland into the bloodstream, that affects the function of another cell or "target cell

hyper and hypo secretion of GH

hypersecretion of GH- cause giantism or acromegaly (adult with no increase hight since it happen after ossification) depending up on hyper secretion occurs before or after complete ossification of epiphsial plates in skeletal system. hyposecretion of GH- cause dwarfism in childen

3.Endocrine glands - pineal body and its hormones

melatonin, which helps the body recognize when it is time to go to sleep. Researchers continue to learn more about this gland.

8.Endocrine glands - pancrease and its horones

Insulin Glucagone

9.Endocrine glands - overies and testis and its hormones (ref- production sex hormone in metabolism of food document)

OVERIES -Estrogen and progesterone TESTIS -Testosterone