Endocrine Hormones

Leptin

Gland: Adipose tissue Target Organ: Hypothalamus Action: Suppression of apetite

Aldosterone

Gland: Adrenal Cortex Target Organ: Kidneys Action: increase renal reabsorption of Na+ and water and accelerate urinary loss of K+ (Regulation of blood pressure and volume)

Glucocorticoids

Gland: Adrenal cortex Target Organ: Most cells Action: Cortisol & corticosterone. The release of amino acids and lipids, promote liver formation of glucose and glycogen, anti-inflammatory response through a means of inhibiting activity of white blood cells.

Epinephrine

Gland: Adrenal gland Target Organ: Most cells Action: Increases cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose levels; releases lipids by adipose tissue

Norepinephrine

Gland: Adrenal medulla Target Organ: Most cells Action: increases cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose levels

TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)

Gland: Anterior Pituitary Target Organ: Thyroid Gland Action: Secretion of thyroid hormones

Growth Hormone

Gland: Anterior pituitary Target Organ: All cells Action: Indirect: Liver responds to GH hormone by synthesizing and releasing somatomedins or insulin-like growth factors. In skeletal muscle fibers, cartilage, or other target organs, this increases the uptake of amino acids and their incorporating into new proteins. Direct: Stimulates stem cell division and differentiation of daughter cells in epithelia and connective tissue. GH stimulates breakdown of stored triglycerides and adipocytes to produce ATP(glucose-sparing effect). Lastly stimulates breakdown of glycogen reserves in the liver.

FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)

Gland: Anterior pituitary Target Organ: Follicle cells and ovaries Action: Secretion of estrogen, follicle development

Prolactin

Gland: Anterior pituitary Target Organ: Mammary glands Action: Production of milk

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Gland: Anterior pituitary Target organ: adrenal cortex Action/Function: Secretion of glucocorticoids(cortisol and corticosterone)

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

Gland: Anterior pituitary Target Organ: follicle cells of ovaries, interstitial cells of testes Action: ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, secretion of progesterone and androgens(testosterone)

Natriuretic Peptides(ANP and BNP)

Gland: Heart Target Organ: Kidneys, Hypothalamus, adrenal gland Action: Increase water and salt loss at kidneys; decrease thirst; suppress secretion of ADH and aldosterone

Somatostatin

Gland: Hypothalamus Target Organ: Anterior Pituitary Action:Also know as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GH-IH), inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion, slows rates of nutrient absorption and enzyme secretion along digestive tract, inhibit growth development

TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone)

Gland: Hypothalamus Target Organ: Anterior pituitary Action: Release TSH

CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone)

Gland: Hypothalamus Target Organ: Anterior pituitary Action: Stimulates the release of ACTH

PIH (Prolactin-inhibiting hormone)

Gland: Hypothalamus Target Organ: Anterior pituitary Action: inhibits prolactions

GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

Gland: Hypothalamus Target Organ: Anterior pituitary Action: release of FSH and LH, stimulates gonads

GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone)

Gland: Hypothalamus Target Organ: Anterior pituitary Action: Stimulates release of growth hormone

Oxytocin

Gland: Hypothalamus(produced) ->posterior pituitary-> Target Organ: uterus, mammary glands, ductus deferens, prostate gland Action: labor contractions, milk ejection, contractions of ductus deferens and prostate gland

Erythropoeitin

Gland: Kidneys Target Organ: Red bone marrow Action: Stimulates red blood cell production in order to deliver more oxygen to peripheral tissues

Estrogen

Gland: Ovaries Target Organ: Most cells Action: Support follicle maturation, female secondary sex characteristics, and associated behaviors

Progesterone

Gland: Ovary(corpus luteum) Target Organ: Uterus and mammary glands Action: prepare uterus for implantation, prepare mammary glands for secretory activity

Glucagon

Gland: Pancreas Target Organ: Liver and adipose tissue Action: mobilizes lipid reserves, elevates blood glucose levels, glycogen breakdown in liver

Insulin

Gland: Pancreas Target Organ: Most cells Action: Facilitates uptake of glucose, stimulates formation and storage of lipids and glycogen

Parathyroid Hormone

Gland: Parathyroid Target Organ: Bones, Kidneys Action: Increase Ca+ concentration in the blood

Melatonin

Gland: Pineal Target Organ: Brain(primarily neural cells) Action: inhibits reproductive functions, protects against damage by free radicals, influences circadian rhythms

Testosterone

Gland: Testes Target Organ: Most cells Action: Secondary male sex characterisitics

Thymosin

Gland: Thymus Target Organ: lymphocytes and other cells of the immune response Action: coordinate and regulate immune response

Thyroid Hormone

Gland: Thyroid Target Organ: Most cells Action: controls rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation

Calcitonin

Gland: Thyroid(C-cells) Target Organ: bone and kidneys Action: Calcitonin (1) inhibits osteoclasts, which slows the rate of Ca2+ release from bone, and (2) stimulates Ca2+ excretion by the kidneys. Decreases Ca2+ concentrations in body fluids. Counteracts PTH.

Angiotensin

Gland: liver Target Organ: Adrenal cortex and blood vessels Action: Stimulates the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex and ADH by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.The combination of aldosterone and ADH retains salt and water by restricting their loss by the kidneys. Angiotensin II also stimulates thirst and elevates blood pressure. For these reasons, drugs known as ACE inhibitors are used to treat hypertension.

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

Gland: posterior pituitary Target organ: kidneys Action/Function: Reabsorption of water, elevation of blood pressure and volume