Endocrine Hormones Extended

Effects of thyroid hormones on peripheral tissues include:

1. Elevates rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption 2. Increase heart rate and force of contraction leading to high blood pressure 3. Increases sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation 4. Stimulates activity in other endocrine tissues 5. Stimulates red blood cell formation and thus enhances oxygen delivery

Acromegaly characteristics

1. Excess GH 2. Enlargement of bones of face, hands, and feet 3. Increased release of glucose 4. Internal organs increased in size 5. results from loss of feedback control of growth hormone

pituitary gigantism characteristics

1. Excess GH 2. Excessive growth 3. Increased blood sugar 4. Enormous internal organs 5. Death at an early age if untreated

The release of growth hormones has the distinct effects. What are they? Refer to release and inhibition of GH and how it affects target cells/tissues

1. Glucose-sparing effect 2. Growth effects 3. Diabetogenic effects

calcitonin appears to have a function in decreasing blood calcium concentrations by:

1. Inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, bone cells that release calcium into the circulation by degrading bone matrix 2. Increasing osteoblastic activity 3. Decreasing calcium absorption in the intestines 4. Increasing calcium loss in the urine

Growth Hormones target which type of cells (4) (broad answer)

Bone cells, muscle cells, nervous system cells, immune system cells

Lypolysis

Breakdown of triglycerides (fat) for energy

Which hormones are collectively referred to as "Tropic Hormones" ? (because they turn on or off the function of other endocrine glands.)

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

a disorder (in adults) that results in the growth of bones in the face, hands, and feet in response to excessive levels of GH in individuals who have stopped growing.

Acromegaly

What inhibits ADH release, which explains why people make frequent visits to the bathroom when consumed?

Alcohol

Growth effects of GH

Enhances cellular proliferation (cell growth) and reduces apoptosis (cell death). Increases uptake of amino acids from the blood

Diabetogenic effect

GH stimulates liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose, fueling growth effects.

GH levels are controlled by the release of ________ and ___________ (also known as somatostatin) from the hypothalamus.

GHRH, GHIH

1. Explain why maternal iodine deficiency might lead to neurological impairment in the fetus

Iodine deficiency in a pregnant woman would also deprive the fetus. Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which contribute to fetal growth and development, including maturation of the nervous system. Insufficient amounts would impair these functions.

pro-opiomelanotropin is a large molecule that produces ACTH, ___________, ________________, ________________

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, lipotropin, B endorphin

Which endocrine glands secrete a variety of hormones that control the development and regulation of the reproductive system. There are 3

Pituitary gland, Adrenal cortex, Gonads

B endorphins

Regulation of body temperature, food intake, and water balance

When T3 and T4 cannot be produced, _________________ is secreted in increasing amounts. As a result of this hyperstimulation, thyroglobulin accumulates in the thyroid gland follicles, increasing their deposits of colloid

TSH

anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroid hormones (also called corticotropin)

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

also called corticotropin, stimulatesthe adrenal cortex (the more superficial "bark" of the adrenal glands) to secrete corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol.

hypothalamic hormone that is stored by the posterior pituitary and that signals the kidneys to reabsorb water

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

In response to signals from the same hypothalamic neurons, the hormones are released from the ___________ terminals into the ____________.

axon terminals, bloodstream

Calcitonin is released in response to a rise in ___________ _____________ levels

blood calcium

When levels of T3 and T4 hormones are excessive, this effect accelerates the heart rate, strengthens the heartbeat, and increases ________________

blood pressure

GH stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose, which is then deposited into the _________. The name "diabetogenic" is derived from the similarity in elevated blood glucose levels observed between individuals with untreated ____________ mellitus and individuals experiencing GH excess.

blood, diabetes

The thyroid gland also secretes a hormone called ___________________ that is produced by the parafollicular cells (also called C cells)

calcitonin

peptide hormone produced and secreted by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland that functions to decrease blood calcium levels

calcitonin

Calorigenic Effect of Thyroid Hormones

cell consumes more energy and generates more heat

These proteins (IGFs) enhance _____________ _____________ and inhibit ________________, (programmed cell death). IGFs stimulate cells to increase their uptake of ________ acids from the blood for protein synthesis. (Skeletal muscle and cartilage cells are particularly sensitive to stimulation from IGFs.)

cellular proliferation, apoptosis, amino

The follicles are made up of a central cavity filled with a sticky fluid called

colloid

The solute ____________ of the blood, or blood _____________, may change in response to the consumption of certain foods and fluids, as well as in response to disease, injury, medications, or other factors This is an example of _____________ stimulation

concentration, osmolarity Humoral

Alcohol consumption inhibits the release of ADH, resulting in increased urine production that can eventually lead to _______________and a hangover

dehydration

A disease called ______________ insipidus is characterized by chronic underproduction of ADH that causes chronic dehydration. Because little ADH is produced and secreted, not enough water is reabsorbed by the kidneys.

diabetes

FSH also promotes follicular growth; these follicles then release _____________ in the female ovaries

estrogens

stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells, or gametes, including ova in women and sperm in men

follicle-stimulating hormone

anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

The gonadotropins include which two glycoprotein hormones

follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone

The tissue of the thyroid gland is composed mostly of thyroid ______________

follicles

is a disorder in children that is caused by the secretion of abnormally large amounts of GH, resulting in excessive growth.

gigantism

ACTH specifically targets cells that produce

glucocorticoids

T3 and T4 initiate the transcription of genes involved in _____________ oxidation

glucose

Glucocorticoids affect

glucose metabolism

Blood glucose levels rise as the result of a combination of _____________ -sparing and ____________ effects

glucose, diabetogenic

As a result of Lypolysis, many tissues switch from ____________ to __________ as their main __________ source, which means that less glucose is taken up from the __________________.

glucose, fatty acids, energy, bloodstream

The accumulation of colloid increases the overall size of the thyroid gland, a condition called a _____________ (accumulation of mass in the throat)

goiter

Puberty is initiated by what releasing hormone?

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

hormones that regulate the function of the gonads

gonadotropins

The endocrine system regulates the growth of the human body, protein synthesis, and cellular replication. A major hormone involved in this process is ____________

growth hormone (GH)

anterior pituitary hormone that promotes tissue building and influences nutrient metabolism (also called somatotropin)

growth hormone (GH)

The posterior pituitary gland does not produce _______________, but rather stores and secretes hormones produced by the ______________

hormones, hypothalamus

network of blood vessels that enables hypothalamic hormones to travel into the anterior lobe of the pituitary without entering the systemic circulation

hypophyseal portal system

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), is a hormone produced and secreted by the

hypothalamus

the condition is characterized by a low metabolic rate, weight gain, cold extremities, constipation, reduced libido, menstrual irregularities, and reduced mental activity In contrast, _______________—an abnormally elevated blood level of thyroid hormones—is often caused by a pituitary or thyroid tumor. (can lead to an increased metabolic rate, excessive body heat and sweating, diarrhea, weight loss, tremors, and increased heart rate)

hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism

stalk containing vasculature and neural tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus (also called the pituitary stalk)

infundibulum

protein that enhances cellular proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and stimulates the cellular uptake of amino acids for protein synthesis

insulin-like growth factors (IGF)

Dietary _____________ deficiency can result in the impaired ability to synthesize T3 and T4, leading to a variety of severe disorders.

iodine

The medial region, called the __________, is flanked by wing-shaped left and right lobes. Each of the thyroid lobes are embedded with ____________________ glands, primarily on their posterior surfaces.

isthmus, parathyroid

The target cells of ADH are located in the tubular cells of the_____________ Its effect is to increase epithelial permeability to, _____________ allowing increased water _______________. The more water reabsorbed from the filtrate, the greater the amount of water that is returned to the blood and the less that is excreted in the _____________ A greater concentration of water results in a reduced concentration of _____________.

kidneys, water, reabsorption, urine, solutes

A glucose-sparing effect occurs when GH stimulates ____________ or the breakdown of adipose tissue

lipolysis

triggers ovulation in women, as well as the production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries. AND stimulates production of testosterone by the male testes.

luteinizing hormone

anterior pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation and the production of ovarian hormones in females, and the production of testosterone in males

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Prolactin: During pregnancy, it contributes to development of the ________________ glands, and after birth, it stimulates the ________________ glands to produce breast ___________

mammary, mammary, milk

Local production of MSH in the skin is responsible for ______________production in response to UV light exposure.

melanin

The thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, are often referred to as ______________ hormones because their levels influence the body's basal metabolic rate, the amount of energy used by the body at rest.

metabolic

oxytocin is necessary for the __________ejection reflex in breastfeeding women.

milk

When T3 and T4 bind to intracellular receptors located on the _______________, they cause an increase in ______________ breakdown and the use of oxygen to produce ATP

mitochondria, nutrient

hypothalamic sensory receptor that is stimulated by changes in solute concentration (osmotic pressure) in the blood

osmoreceptor

Blood osmolarity is constantly monitored by __________

osmoreceptors

When fetal development is complete, the peptide-derived hormone _____________ stimulates uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix.

oxytocin

hypothalamic hormone stored in the posterior pituitary gland and important in stimulating uterine contractions in labor, milk ejection during breastfeeding, and feelings of attachment (also produced in males)

oxytocin

the "let-down" of milk occurs in response to stimulation from what hormone?

oxytocin

The paraventricular nuclei produce the hormone _____________, whereas the supraoptic nuclei produce _____________

oxytocin, ADH

The posterior pituitary is actually an extension of the neurons of the _____________ and _____________ nuclei of the hypothalamus

paraventricular,supraoptic

Abnormally low levels of GH in children can cause growth impairment—a disorder called

pituitary dwarfism

disorder in children caused when abnormally low levels of GH result in growth retardation

pituitary dwarfism

bean-sized organ suspended from the hypothalamus that produces, stores, and secretes hormones in response to hypothalamic stimulation (also called hypophysis)

pituitary gland

In response to high blood osmolarity, which can occur during dehydration or following a very salty meal, the osmoreceptors signal the __________ pituitary to release _______________

posterior, antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

ACTH come from a precursor molecule known as __________________________

pro-opiomelanotropin

promotes lactation (milk production) in women

prolactin

In a non-pregnant woman, prolactin secretion is inhibited by ____________________, which is actually the neurotransmitter __________________, and is released from neurons in the hypothalamus.

prolactin-inhibiting hormone, dopamine

GH indirectly mediates growth and ____________ synthesis by triggering the liver and other tissues to produce a group of proteins called _________________

protein, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

osmoreceptors

respond to the osmolarity of the blood (water homeostasis) specialized cells within the hypothalamus that are particularly sensitive to the concentration of sodium ions and other solutes.

The Anterior Pituitary produces ____#___ hormones. These hormones are:

seven Growth hormone (GH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Beta endorphin, Prolactin

growth hormone (GH) is also called __________________, a protein hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

somatotropin

Glucose-sparing effect

stimulates adipose cells to break down stored fat, fueling growth effects.

anterior pituitary hormone that triggers secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland (also called thyrotropin)

thyroid-stimulating hormone

The activity of the thyroid gland is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), also called ________________. TSH is released from the anterior pituitary in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the _______________.

thyrotropin, hypothalamus

In the colloid, peroxidase enzymes link the iodine to the tyrosine amino acids in thyroglobulin to produce two intermediaries:

thyroxine (T4), triodothyronine (T3)

growth hormones promote protein synthesis and ____________ building through direct and indirect mechanisms

tissue

In high concentrations ADH also causes

vasoconstriction

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also known as

vasopressin

an endocrine disorder characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels

Diabetes mellitus

1. Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true? A. It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx. B. The parathyroid glands are embedded within it. C. It manufactures three hormones. D. all of the above 2. The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________. A. TSH from the hypothalamus B. TSH from the anterior pituitary C. thyroxine from the anterior pituitary D. thyroglobulin from the thyroid's parafollicular cells 3. The development of a goiter indicates that ________. A. the anterior pituitary is abnormally enlarged B. there is hypertrophy of the thyroid's follicle cells C. there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles D. the anterior pituitary is secreting excessive growth hormone 4. Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________. A. simple diffusion B. facilitated diffusion C. active transport D. osmosis

D, B, C, C

T3 and T4 are the major secretory products of the ______________ gland

Thyroid

disorder in adults caused when abnormally high levels of GH trigger growth of bones in the face, hands, and feet

acromegaly

The primary function of ADH is to

act on the kidneys to retain water and decrease urination

vasoconstriction

the constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.

Hormones are produced in the colloid when atoms of the mineral iodine attach to a glycoprotein, called ______________________, that is secreted into the colloid by the follicle cells

thyroglobulin

A butterfly-shaped organ, the ____________ gland is located anterior to the trachea, just inferior to the larynx

thyroid

Surrounded by a wall of epithelial follicle cells, the colloid is the center of _______________ hormone production, and that production is dependent on the hormones' essential and unique component: ______________

thyroid, iodine