Endocrine system

This figure shows an example of regulation of hormone secretion by a negative feedback loop. The large box labeled 1 represents the initial stimulus. Which could be the initial stimulus for this pattern of regulation? A. High blood calcium level B. Low body temperature C. Low blood sugar level D. High WBC (white blood cell) count E. Low RBC (red blood cell) count

B. Low blood temperature

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by A. endocrine dysplasia. B. negative feedback. C. positive feedback. D. neural regulation. E. somatic regulation

B. Negative feedback

Hormones secreted by the thymus gland influence the differentiation, growth, and maturation of A. erythrocytes. B. T lymphocytes. C. osteocytes. D. muscle fibers. E. neurons.

B. T lymphocytes

In which order would blood flow through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? a: Primary plexus b: Secondary plexus c: Hypophyseal portal veins A. a - b - c B. a - c - b C. c - a - b D. b - a - c E. c - b - a

B. a-c-b

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause A. Graves disease. B. acromegaly. C. pituitary gigantism. D. pituitary dwarfism. E. Cushing syndrome.

B. acromegaly

The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by A. thyroid hormone. B. adrenocorticotropic hormone. C. oxytocin. D. antidiuretic hormone. E. luteinizing hormone.

B. adrenocorticotropic hormone

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is A. insulin. B. glucagon. C. glucocorticoid. D. somatostatin. E. epinephrine.

B. glucagon

Where are the target cells for antidiuretic hormone? A. Adrenal cortex and thyroid gland B. Kidney tubules and smooth muscle of arteriole walls C. Ovaries and testes D. Smooth muscle of urinary bladder E. Smooth muscle of male reproductive tract

B. kidney tubules and smooth muscle of arteriole walls

When the oxygen content of the blood becomes too low, the ________ releases _______ to stimulate red blood cell production. A. pituitary gland; follicle-stimulating hormone B. kidney; erythropoietin C. thyroid gland; thyroxin D. stomach; gastrin E. pancreas; insulin

B. kidney; erythropoietin

Which is not a tropic hormone? A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone B. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone C. Adrenocorticotropic hormone D. Follicle-stimulating hormone E. Prolactin

B. melanocyte stimulating hormone

Which anterior pituitary hormone is secreted by cells in the pars intermedia? A. Follicle-stimulating hormone B. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone C. Prolactin D. Luteinizing hormone E. Thyroid-stimulating hormone

B. melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone? A. Thyroid follicles B. Ovaries and testes C. Mammary glands D. Uterus E. Hair follicles

B. ovaries and testes

The three distinct areas of the anterior pituitary are the A. pars nervosa, pars distalis, and pars intermedia. B. pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. C. pars tuberalis, median eminence, and pars intermedia. D. pars tuberalis, pars distalis, and pars nervosa. E. pars intermedia, median eminence, and pars distalis.

B. pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis

The secretory cells of the pineal gland are called A. melanocytes. B. pinealocytes. C. beta cells. D. chief cells. E. principal cells.

B. pinealocytes

Which hormones are formed from chains of amino acids? A. Steroids B. Proteins C. Biogenic amines D. Steroids and biogenic amines E. Proteins and biogenic amines

B. proteins

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by A. adrenocorticotropic hormone. B. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. C. follicle-stimulating hormone. D. growth hormone. E. thyrotropic hormone.

B. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces A. white blood cells. B. sodium chloride. C. pancreatic juice. D. endorphins. E. prostaglandins.

C. pancreatic juice

The thymus gland is located within the mediastinum, ________ to the heart and _______ to the sternum. A. inferior; anterior B. posterior; inferior C. superior; posterior D. superior; anterior E. inferior; posterior

C. superior; posterior

Which is not correct regarding the parathyroid glands? A. There are usually four parathyroid glands in the human body. B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by chief cells. C. The parathyroid glands are embedded in the anterior surface of the thyroid gland. D. Each parathyroid gland is composed of chief cells and oxyphil cells. E. The glands secrete parathyroid hormone in response to low blood calcium levels.

C. the parathyroid glands are embedded in the anterior surface of the thyroid gland

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas? A. Insulin B. Glucagon C. Somatostatin D. Pancreatic polypeptide E. Pancreatic lipase

A. Insulin

Which hormone induces ovulation? A. Luteinizing hormone B. Prolactin C. Follicle-stimulating hormone D. Growth hormone E. Oxytocin

A. Luteininzing hormone

Which of these hormone pairs have antagonistic (opposite) effects? A. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone B. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine C. Oxytocin and follicle-stimulating hormone D. Melatonin and insulin E. Antidiuretic hormone and growth hormone

A. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from A. cholesterol. B. glycerol. C. amines. D. polypeptides. E. nucleic acids.

A. cholestrol

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by A. chromaffin cells. B. oxyphil cells. C. chief cells. D. C cells. E. gamma cells.

A. chromaffin cells

Which is not a glucocorticoid? A. Hydrocortisone B. Cortisol C. Corticosterone D. Aldosterone E. All of the choices are correct.

D. Aldosterone

Which hormone is secreted by modified cells in the heart wall in response to high blood volume or pressure? A. Renin B. Angiotensin I C. Angiotensin II D. Atriopeptin E. Erythropoietin

D. Atriopeptin

Which is not correct regarding growth hormone (GH)? A. GH affects most body cells. B. GH stimulates cell growth and mitosis. C. GH is also known as somatotropin. D. GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin. E. GH is a tropic hormone.

D. GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels? A. Pancreatic polypeptide B. Somatostatin C. Glucagon D. Insulin E. Somatotropin

D. Insulin

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids? A. Zona reticularis B. Zona glucose C. Zona papillarosa D. Zona fasciculata E. Zona glomerulosa

D. Zona fasiculata

This figure shows an example of regulation of hormone secretion by a negative feedback loop. The large box labeled 1 represents the initial stimulus. What hormones are represented by the small boxes labeled a, b, and c? A. a = TSH, b = TRH, c = TH B. a = TIH, b = TSH, c = TH C. a = TRH, b = TSH, c = TIH D. a = TRH, b = TSH, c = TH E. a = TSH, b = TH, c = TRH

D. a = TRH, b = TSH, c = TH

Which are target organs for parathyroid hormone (PTH)? A. Bone and muscle B. Stomach and large intestine C. Heart and liver D. Bone and kidney E. Skin and thyroid gland

D. bone and kidney

Which hormone stimulates processes that decrease the concentration of calcium ions in the blood? A. Parathyroid hormone B. Thyroid hormone C. Thymosin D. Calcitonin E. Thyroglobulin

D. calcitonin

You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem? A. Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone B. Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone C. Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone D. Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone E. Hyposecretion of calcitonin

D. hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

The "master control center" of the endocrine system is the A. pituitary gland. B. cerebral cortex. C. spinal cord. D. hypothalamus. E. adrenal cortex.

D. hypothalamus

Which is not secreted by the kidneys? A. Renin B. Calcitriol C. Erythropoietin D. Inhibin E. All of the choices are correct.

D. inhibin

Which is not involved in the feedback loop regulation of thyroid hormone secretion? A. Hypothalamus B. Thyroid stimulating hormone C. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone D. Parafollicular cells E. Thyrotropic cells

D. parafollicular cells

Which endocrine gland is small, cone-shaped, and attached to the posterior region of the epithalamus? A. Hypothalamus B. Thymus gland C. Pancreas D. Pineal gland E. Pituitary gland

D. pineal gland

What is the function of epinephrine and norepinephrine? A. Regulate blood calcium levels B. Stimulate synthesis of glycogen for long-term energy reserves C. Regulate blood volume and blood pressure D. Prepare the body for emergency situations and prolong fight-or-flight response E. Block target cell receptors to prevent binding of secondary hormones

D. prepare the body for emergency situations and prolong fight-or-flight response

Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system? A. Target cells have hormone receptors B. Slow reaction time C. Long-lasting effects D. Rapid, immediate recovery to prestimulation state E. Hormones are released into the bloodstream

D. rapid, immediate recovery to prestimulation state

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland? A. Regulate glucose levels in the blood B. Act as secondary sex hormones C. Stimulate metabolism of lipids D. Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids E. Stimulate metabolism of proteins

D. regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids

Oxytocin A. is produced and secreted by cells in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. B. is produced only in females. C. secretion is regulated by a negative feedback loop. D. stimulates ejection of milk from the breasts. E. All of the choices are correct.

D. stimulates ejection of milk from the breasts

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells. A. colloid B. thyroxine C. triiodothyronine D. thyroglobulin E. tetraiodothyro nine

D. thyroglobulin

Which endocrine gland is paired (meaning that there are two in the body)? A. Pancreas B. Thyroid C. Pineal D. Thymus E. Adrenal

E. Adrenal

Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex? A. Corticosteroids B. Glucocorticoids C. Mineralocorticoids D. Gonadocorticoids E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct

Which is not a cell type found in the pancreatic islets? A. Alpha cell B. Delta cell C. Beta cell D. F cell E. C cell

E. C cell

Which is not correct regarding the pancreas? A. It is located posterior to the stomach, between the small intestine and the spleen. B. It is a heterocrine, or mixed, gland. C. It is elongated in shape, spongy, and nodular. D. The majority of cells in the pancreas are pancreatic acini. E. It does not begin to secrete its hormones until puberty.

E. It does not begin to secrete its hormones until puberty

Which is not correct regarding the development of the endocrine system? A. The adrenal medulla develops from neural crest cells. B. The hypophyseal pouch and neurohypophyseal bud combine to form the pituitary gland C. The thyroid gland becomes functional by weeks 1012 of development. D. The thyroid gland initially forms as a mass that is part of the developing tongue. E. The adrenal cortex has portions derived from all three embryonic germ layers.

E. The adrenal cortex has portions derived from all three embryonic germ layers

The metabolic condition called ___________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response. A. Type 2 diabetes B. gestational diabetes C. beta cell diabetes D. insulin-independent diabetes mellitus E. Type 1 diabetes

E. Type 1 diabetes

Endocrine glands A. are ductless glands. B. are the organs of the endocrine system .C. secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. D. help maintain homeostasis .E. All of the choices are correct.

E. all of the choices are correct

How does aging affect the endocrine system? A. Secretory activity of endocrine glands decreases. B. Normal levels of hormones, particularly growth hormone and sex hormones, often decrease. C. Aging reduces the efficiency of endocrine system functions. D. Endocrine system imbalances can lead to weight gain or muscle loss. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. all of the choices are correct

The hypothalamus influences endocrine activity by A. secreting regulatory hormones that influence the anterior pituitary gland. B. producing hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland. C. overseeing the autonomic nervous system. D. stimulating hormone secretion by the adrenal medulla. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. all of the choices are correct

The secretion of ___________ by the anterior pituitary gland is not under the control of a hypothalamic regulatory hormone. A. growth hormone B. prolactin C. thyroid-stimulating hormone D. follicle-stimulating hormone E. melanocyte-stimulating hormone

E. melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Digestion of ________ in the digestive tract stimulates the release of pancreatic polypeptide by the pancreatic islets. A. fat B. carbohydrate C. mineral D. vitamins E. protein

E. protein

All hormone secretion is under the direct control of the hypothalamus

False

Pancreatic hormones are secreted directly into the pancreatic duct for rapid transport to the small intestine.

False

Somatostatin suppresses the release of pancreatic polypeptide.

False

Steroids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the three classes of hormones

False

The parathyroid gland consists of oxyphil cells, alpha cells, and beta cells.

False

The thymus gland grows rapidly during puberty, reaching its maximum size when a person is about 21 years of age.

False

The disease called ___________ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce the features known as "moon face" and "buffalo hump". A. Cushing syndrome B. Addison disease C. androgenital syndrome D. pheochromocytoma E. Graves disease

A. cushing syndrome

The anterior pituitary gland develops from the embryonic pharynx.

True

The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions

True

The posterior pituitary does not produce its own hormones but stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

True

The target cells for melanocyte-stimulating hormone are the cells that produce melanin in the skin

True

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland? A. Hypothalamic regulatory hormones pass to the anterior pituitary via blood vessels. B. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are not physically connected, but instead communicate through the blood via hormones. C. Neurons originating in the hypothalamus store their hormones, ADH and oxytocin, in the anterior pituitary. D. The network of blood vessels connecting the hypothalamus and pituitary gland is called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.

A. hypothalamic regulatory hormones pass to the anterior pituitary via blood vessels

What brain structure directly controls the secretion of hormones by the adrenal medulla? A. Hypothalamus B. Anterior pituitary gland C. Pineal gland D. Posterior pituitary gland

A. hypothalamus

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? A. Melatonin B. Insulin C. Melanin D. Cortisol E. Oxytocin

A. melatonin

Which of the following situations is most likely to result in stimulation of the adrenal medulla by the hypothalamus? A. Running from a bear B. Relaxing after a big meal C. Walking on a beach D. Taking an afternoon nap

A. running from a bear

Growth hormone is secreted by __________ cells in the anterior pituitary. A. somatotropic B. gonadotropic C. thyrotropic D. mammotropic E. cortic otropic

A. somatotropic

The primary androgen released by the testes is A. estrogen. B. inhibin. C. progesterone. D. testosterone. E. follicle-stimulating hormone.

A. testosterone

The hormones secreted by the thymus gland are A. thymopoietin and thymosins. B. thymotropin and thymostatin. C. thymopoietin and thymotropin. D. thymostatin and thymosins. E. thymopoietin and thymostatin.

A. thymopoietin and thymosins

Where is the pituitary gland located? A. Within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone B. Between the cerebrum and cerebellum, inferior to the occipital lobe C. On the posterior surface of the thyroid gland D. On the tracheal surface, inferior to the larynx E. Within the third ventricle of the brain

A. within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes ______ different hormones, while the posterior pituitary stores and secretes only ______ different hormones. A. 9; 5 B. 6; 4 C. 7; 2 D. 8; 3 E. 8; 4

C. 7,2

Which is not a correct association of an endocrine gland with a hormone it secretes? A. Pancreas - glucagon B. Adrenal cortex - glucocorticoids C. Anterior lobe of the pituitary - melatonin D. Adrenal medulla - epinephrine E. Thyroid gland - calcitonin

C. Anterior lobe of the pituitary - melatonin

Which is not correct regarding the adrenal medulla? A. It is derived from embryonic neural crest cells. B. It is red-brown in color due to its extensive vascularization. C. It consists of clusters of cells called oxyphil cells. D. It secretes the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. E. Its cells are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic axons.

C. It consists of clusters of cells called oxyphil cells

Which is not correct regarding the adrenal cortex? A. The adrenal cortex synthesizes over 25 different steroid hormones. B. Its yellow color is due to the presence of stored lipids. C. It consists of four different layers, or zones. D. Each zone of the adrenal cortex synthesizes a different group of hormones. E. Corticosteroid synthesis is controlled by the anterior pituitary.

C. It consists of four different layers or zones

Which is not true about the thyroid gland? A. It requires iodine to synthesize thyroid hormone. B. It is located on the anterior surface of the trachea, inferior to the thyroid cartilage. C. It has two lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure. D. It secretes thyroid hormone in response to stimulation by TSH. E. An enlargement of the thyroid gland is called a goiter.

C. It has two lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure

Which is not correct regarding the posterior pituitary? A. It is derived from nervous tissue B. It is connected to the hypothalamus by the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract C. It is composed of the pars intermedia and the infundibular stalk D. It stores oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone E. It releases its hormones in response to nervous stimulation

C. It is composed of the pars intermedia and the infundibular stalk

This figure shows an example of regulation of hormone secretion by a negative feedback loop. The large box labeled 1 represents the initial stimulus. What endocrine glands are indicated by the letters d and e? A. d = hypothalamus, e = posterior pituitary B. d = thalamus, e = anterior pituitary C. d = hypothalamus, e = anterior pituitary D. d = hypothalamus, e = thyroid gland E. d = thalamus, e = posterior pituitary

C. d = hypothalamus, e = anterior pituitary

Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins? A. Prolactin and oxytocin B. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin C. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone D. Follicle-stimulating hormone and melanocyte-stimulating hormone E. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone

C. follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Somatostatin is also known as A. somatotropin. B. growth hormone-releasing hormone. C. growth hormone-inhibiting hormone. D. thyrotropin. E. erythropoietin.

C. growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

Hyperthyroidism can be treated by surgical removal of the thyroid gland or by intravenous injection of radioactive iodine

True

Parathyroid hormone stimulates calcitriol synthesis in the kidney and is therefore a tropic hormone.

True

Which is not correct regarding the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system? A. The system includes two capillary plexuses. B. The system carries venous blood. C. The system is the circulatory connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. D. The system is drained by the anterior hypophyseal veins. E. The system transports hypothalamic hormones

c. the system is the circulatory connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary