endocrine system biol 240 ku

Identify the correct statements regarding nervous and endocrine system communication methods. Select all that apply.

- Cells of the endocrine system communicate using chemical signals. - Cells of the nervous system communicate using chemical signals. - Cells of the nervous system communicate predominantly via electrical signals.

Identify the functions of FSH. Select all that apply.

-Development of follicles -Sperm production -Secretion of ovarian hormones

Identify the categories of corticosteroids.

-Glucocorticoids -Mineralocorticoids -Sex steroids

Identify the effects of the secretions from the adrenal medulla. Select all that apply.

-Increase metabolic rate -Increase heart rate -Mobilize glucose resources

Identify the functions of TSH. Select all that apply.

-Increases body temperature -Stimulates an increase in the growth of the thyroid gland -Stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones

Identify the tissues and organs found outside the endocrine system that also secrete hormones. Select all that apply.

-Liver -Heart -Kidneys -Adipose tissue

Which substances are secreted by pancreatic islet cells? Select all that apply.

-Somatostatin -Insulin -Glucagon

Identify the functions of oxytocin. Select all that apply.

-Stimulates flow of milk to the nipple -Stimulates labor contractions -May play a role in propulsion of sperm through reproductive tracts

Identify three actions of luteinizing hormone (LH).

-The secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum -The secretion of testosterone -Ovulation

Identify the hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulate activity of T lymphoctyes. Select all that apply.

-Thymopoietin -Thymulin -Thymosin

Identify the hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Select all that apply.

-Thyrotropin-releasing hormone -Prolactin-inhibiting hormone -Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Identify the layers of glandular tissue that secrete corticosteroids. Select all that apply.

-Zona fasciculata -Zona reticularis -Zona glomerulosa

Identify the two parts of the adrenal gland.

-cortex -medulla

Identify three body systems in which the thymus plays a role.

-endocrine -lymphatic -immune

Identify the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Select all that apply.

-luteinizing hormone -prolactin -follicle-stimulating hormone

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) work with Growth Hormone (GH) to ______. Select all that apply.

-mobilize energy from fat -stimulate protein synthesis -increase levels of calcium

The sex steroids are secreted by the zona ______ of the adrenal cortex. Select all that apply.

-reticularis -fasciculata

Pineal secretion peaks between the ages of ______ years and declines 75% by the end of puberty.

1-5

At what age does the thymus reach its peak size?

5-6 years

How is antidiuretic hormone abbreviated?

ADH

Where is the adrenal medulla?

At the core of the adrenal gland, superior to the kidney

Identify cell type classes found in the anterior pituitary gland. Select all that apply.

Basophils Acidophils Chromophobes

When stimulated, what do chromaffin cells release?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which hormone stimulates the production of sperm or the development of the ovarian follicle?

FSH

Identify the statement that best describes the relationship between the endocrine and nervous systems.

Hormones can affect neurons and neurons can trigger hormone secretion.

This system consists of a network of primary capillaries in the hypothalamus, a group of small veins called portal venules that travel down the stalk, and a complex of secondary capillaries in the anterior pituitary.

Hypophyseal portal system

The abbreviation for insulin-like growth factor is

IGF

Where is the thymus located?

In the mediastinum

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Increases water retention by the kidneys

Gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland are responsible for secreting which hormones? Select all that apply.

LH, FSH

What are neurons that release their secretions into the bloodstream called?

Neuroendocrine cells

Identify the two structures that comprise the pituitary gland.

Neurohypophysis, Adenohypophysis

Identify the statement that correctly describes neurotransmitter and hormone effects.

Neurotransmitters have short-lived effects within a limited area, while hormones exert their effects throughout the body for longer periods of time.

What endocrine gland is located between the cerebral hemispheres, attached to the upper portion of the thalamus near the roof of the third ventricle?

Pineal gland

Which components of the endocrine system exert the most wide-ranging influence on the entire endocrine system?

Pituitary, hypothalamus

Where are the ovaries located?

Retroperitoneal in the pelvic cavity

The follicular cells of the thyroid secrete ______.

T3 and T4

Identify the abbreviation for thyroxine.

T4

What is the primary effect of thyroid hormone (TH)?

TH increases the body's metabolic rate.

The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate other organ systems, but how do they affect each other?

The nervous and endocrine systems are continually regulating each other.

What is the function of the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and the zona reticularis?

These layers secrete corticosteroids.

Which describes neuroendocrine cells?

They release their secretions into the bloodstream.

What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone?

To stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Identify the secretions of the adrenal medulla.

_Norepinephrine -Dopamine -Epinephrine

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract is best described as ______.

a bundle of nerves that connect the hypothalamus and the posterior lobe

The anterior 3/4 of the pituitary gland is called the _______.

adenohypophysis

Name the target organ for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

adrenal cortex

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the _____.

adrenal medulla

Which hormone stimulates the release of glucocorticoids?

adrenocorticotropic hormone

The primary secretion of the zona glomerulosa is ______.

aldosterone

The steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that acts on the kidneys to promote sodium retention and potassium excretion is _____.

aldosterone

Which cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon?

alpha

Which adrenal cortical hormones are responsible for the growth of pubic and axillary hair during puberty?

androgens

The adenohyophysis is the ______ portion of the pituitary gland.

anterior

Acidophils and basophils are classes of cells found in the ______ gland.

anterior pituitary

FSH, LH and prolactin are all produced in the ______.

anterior pituitary

The pineal gland is located ______.

attached to the roof of the third ventricle

Which pancreatic cells secrete insulin?

beta

The pancreas produces insulin as well as digestive enzymes. This means that the pancreas has _______ functions.

both endocrine and exocrine

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete _____ in response to rising blood calcium

calcitonin

The hormone that stimulates osteoblast activity, and thus prevents an increase in blood calcium levels, is _____.

calcitonin

In regards to their effects on target cells, hormones and neurotransmitters ______.

can produce identical effects on the same target cells

The cells in the adrenal medulla that are essentially sympathetic postganglionic neurons, which release their products directly into the bloodstream are the _______ cells.

chromaffin

The part of the adrenal gland that produces more than 25 steroid hormones, known collectively as the corticosteroids, is the adrenal _____.

cortex

Any steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, such as aldosterone, cortisol, and sex steroids is categorized as a(n) _____.

corticoid

The most potent of the glucocorticoids is .

cortisol

Somatostatin is produced by the _____ cells in the pancreatic islets.

delta

Mineralocorticoids regulate the body's ______.

electrolyte balance

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

embedded in the thyroid gland

A ductless gland that secretes hormones is called a(n) ______ gland.

endocrine

Glands that are ductless and release their secretions into the bloodstream are categorized as ______ glands.

endocrine

Responds more slowly, but has longer lasting effects. This statement best describes the effects of the ______ system.

endocrine

The effects of the ______ system stimulate organs throughout the body and are widespread.

endocrine

The glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones constitute the ___ system.

endocrine

Which signaling systems has the longest lived effects?

endocrine

Chemical signals are the primary method of communication of the _____ system and electrical signals are the primary method of communication of the _____ system.

endocrine, nervous

The study of the glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones and of the diagnosis and treatment of their disorders is called ______.

endocrinology

A family of steroid hormones known especially for producing female secondary sex characteristics and regulating various aspects of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy is called _______.

estrogens

Glands that secrete their products by way of a duct onto an epithelial surface such as the skin or the mucosa of the digestive tract are categorized as ______ glands.

exocrine

True or false: Hypothalamic hormones are described as releasing hormones if they suppress pituitary secretion.

false

True or false: Organs can have only endocrine OR exocrine functions, not both.

false

True or false: The inner core of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex.

false

The middle layer of the secretory glandular tissue of the adrenal cortex is the zona _____.

fasciculata

Endocrine glands contain a type of capillary that has large pores and allows easy passage of proteins and other substances. These are called ______ capillaries.

fenestrated

The outer (superficial) layer of the secretory glandular tissue of the adrenal cortex is the zona _____.

glomerulosa

The outer (superficial) layer of the secretory glandular tissue of the adrenal cortex is the zona ______.

glomerulosa

The hormone of the adrenal cortex that affects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism is a(n) ______.

glucocorticoid

The hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulate the metabolism of glucose and other organic fuels are collectively called _____.

glucocorticoids

The zona fasciculata secretes ______ in response to ACTH from the pituitary.

glucocorticoids

A chemical messenger that is secreted into the blood by an endocrine gland or isolated gland cell and triggers a physiological response in distant target cells is a ___

hormones

Compounds produced in one cell or tissue that are transported in the blood and affect cells in distant locations are called ______.

hormones

Axons run from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary bundled together as the ______.

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

Many of the functions of which organ are carried out by way of the pituitary gland, which is closely associated with it both anatomically and physiologically?

hypothalamus

The endocrine organ that regulates primitive functions of the body, ranging from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth is the ______.

hypothalamus

Which endocrine gland is located in the floor of the third ventricle?

hypothalamus

Which endocrine tissue produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and prolactin-inhibiting hormone?

hypothalamus

Which structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

infundibulum

Hypothalamic hormones are described as ______ hormones if they suppress pituitary secretion.

inhibiting

Pancreatic beta cells secrete _____ during and immediately following a meal.

insulin

The hormone that antagonizes the effects of glucagon by suppressing the breakdown of glycogen is _____.

insulin

Which pair of hormones acts antagonistically to one another?

insulin and glucagon

A small cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secretes insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and other intercellular messengers is a pancreatic _______.

islet

The two lobes of the thyroid gland are joined by a narrow bridge of tissue called the _____.

isthmus

The hormone that stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production by the testes in males is ______ hormone.

luteinizing

The part of the adrenal gland that has a dual nature, acting as both an endocrine gland and a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system, is the adrenal _____.

medulla

The tissue deep to the cortex of the adrenal gland is known as the adrenal _____.

medulla

The zona glomerulosa secretes a category of hormones called ______.

mineralocorticoids

the adrenal cortex regulates the body's electrolyte balance through the secretion of ______.

mineralocorticoids

The effects of the ______ system stimulates only one organ. Its effects are precisely targeted and relatively specific.

nervous

When stimulated, which system responds more quickly?

nervous

In response to a stimulus, the ______ system responds within milliseconds, while the ______ system takes much longer to act.

nervous, endocrine

When a stimulus ceases, the ____ system stops responding almost immediately, whereas effects of the ___ system effects may persist for several days or even weeks.

nervous, endocrine

The posterior one-quarter of the pituitary is called the ______.

neurohypophosis

This structure is composed of nervous tissue (nerve fibers and neuroglia), rather than glandular tissue.

neurohypophysis

The hormone that stimulates labor contractions in childbirth and stimulates the flow of milk from the mammary gland to the nipple in lactating women is ______.

oxytocin

The is an elongated, spongy gland located below and behind the stomach, and is primarily an exocrine digestive gland.

pancreas

Which endocrine gland also acts as an exocrine gland?

pancreas

Calcitonin is produced and secreted by which type of cells in the thyroid gland?

parafollicular

The thyroid gland contains areas of C (clear) cells, also called _____ cells, between the follicles.

parafollicular

The abbreviation PTH stands for _____ hormone.

parathyroid

The establishment of 24 hour circadian rhythms is due in part to secretions of the the _____ gland.

pineal

The gland that synthesizes melatonin is the _____ gland.

pineal

the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis are both part of the ___ gland.

pituitary

Which endocrine gland is housed in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?

pituitary gland

A target cell is best described as a cell ______.

possessing a hormone receptor

The part of the pituitary gland that is composed of nervous tissue (nerve fibers and neuroglia), not epithelial tissue, is the ______ pituitary gland.

posterior

Which endocrine gland stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone?

posterior pituitary

Describe the location of the pancreas.

posterior to the stomach

The pancreas is located retroperitoneally and ______.

posterior to the stomach

The mammary glands are stimulated to synthesize milk by the hormone _____.

prolactin

The action of glucagon is best described as ______.

promoting glycogenolysis

Parathyroid hormone plays an important role in ______.

raising blood calcium

Hypothalamic tropic hormones are described as _____ hormones if they stimulate pituitary cells to secrete hormones of their own.

releasing

Thyroid follicles are best defined as ______.

sacs in the thyroid filled with thyroglobulin

One commonality between the kidneys, skin, and stomach is the function of:

secreting hormones

The process of involution refers to the ______ of an organ or gland.

shrinkage

The neurotransmitter, norepinephrine and hormone, glucagon have _____ effects on target cells in the liver.

similar

Because of their foamy appearance, cells of the zona fasciculata are referred to as _____.

spongiocytes

The adrenal glands are located ______.

superior to the kidney

The adrenal glands are found ______.

superior to the kidneys

Secretions from the adrenal medulla mimic the effects of the _______ nervous system.

sympathetic

A cell acted upon by a nerve fiber, hormone, or other chemical messenger is called a(n) ______ cell.

target

Which endocrine organ is located in the scrotum?

testis

Weak adrenal cortical androgens, which possess little biological activity, are converted to the much more potent androgen called ______.

testosterone

The name of the thyroid hormone with four iodine atoms is ______.

tetraiodothyronine

The endocrine system may be defined as ______.

the glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

The _____ organ that plays a role in three systems: endocrine, lymphatic, and immune systems.

thymus

The gland that is a site of maturation for T lymphocytes is the ______.

thymus

Which endocrine gland secretes several hormones that stimulate lymphatic organs and T cell activity?

thymus

Parafollicular cells are located in the ______.

thyroid

The largest endocrine gland in adults, weighing about 25 g, is the _____.

thyroid

Two similar hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, synthesized from iodine and tyrosine, can be generally classified as ______ hormones.

thyroid

What is the largest endocrine gland in the adult?

thyroid

T3 and T4 are produced by the ______.

thyroid follicular cells

The calorigenic effect is most directly associated with ______.

thyroid hormone

The primary effect of ______ is to increase the body's metabolic rate.adre

thyroid hormone

The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and secretion of thyroid hormones is ______.

thyroid-stimulating hormone

The thyroid hormone that is secreted in greatest quantity, with four iodine atoms, is called ______.

thyroxine

What is the function of growth hormone?

to stimulate mitosis and cell differentiation

Hormones that target another endocrine gland and stimulate that gland to produce more hormones are called ______ hormones.

trophic