endocrine system

organs with secondary endocrine functions

heart. thymus. digestive tract. kidneys. gonads

Prolactin (PRL)

hormone produced in the anterior pituitary that targets mammary glands for milk production

Tropic hormones

hormones of the anterior lobe are called this because they "turn on" endocrine glands or support the functions of other glands.

c cells

produce calcitonin

glucagon

produced by alpha cells in the pancreas. raises blood glucose levels.

insulin

produced by beta cells in the pancreas. lowers blood glucose levels

parathyroid glands

secrete a hormone important to the regulation of calcium ion concentrations in body fluids.

Adrenal glands

secrete hormones involved with mineral balance, metabolic control, and resistance to stress

F cells

secrete pancreatic polypeptide which regulates the release of pancreatic digestive enzymes

regulatory hormones

secreted by the hypothalamus. special hormones that control endocrine cells in the pituitary gland.

Hypothalamus

secretes hormones involved with fluid balance, smooth muscle contraction, and the control of hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

secretes hormones that affect metabolic rate and calcium levels in body fluids

Pituitary gland

secretes multiple hormones that regulate the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex, thyroid gland, and reproductive organs, and a hormone that stimulates melanin production

Pineal gland

secrets melatonin

Delta cells

specialized cells in the islets of langerhans of the pancreas that produce growth-hormone inhibiting hormone, which inhibits the production and release of glucagons and insulin and slows the rate of digestive absorption

Releasing hormones (RH)

stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at the anterior lobe.

Growth hormone (GH)

stimulates cell growth and reproduction by accelerating the rate of protein synthesis

Oxytocin (OXT)

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. It also causes milk to flow from the mammary glands after childbirth. An example of neuroendocrine reflex. Functions during sexual activity are unclear. Posterior Pituitary hormone.

Pancreatic islets

those parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions: secrete insuling & glucagon into blood, control sugar metabolism

MSH

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the degree of pigmentation in melanocytes.

Cyclic-AMP (cAMP)

A second messenger activated in target cells in response to synaptic or hormonal stimulation. one of the two most important second messengers, the other being calcium ions.

Gonadotropins

Anterior pituitary topic hormones FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing homeon) that stimulates the gonads (testes and ovaries) to produce gametes and to secrete sex steroids.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

This hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. It targets the kidney tubules, increasing their permeability to water, and thus increasing water retention by the body. Also raises blood pressure by inducing moderate vasoconstriction. Also called arginine vasopressin.

melatonin

affects reproductive function and helps establish circadian rhythms

calcitonin (ct)

aids the regulation of calcium ion concentrations in body fluids

G protein

an enzyme complex coupled to a membrane receptor.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes

somatomedins

compounds that stimulate tissue growth by increasing amino acid uptake.

Endocrine pancreas

consists of small groups of cells scattered among the exocrine cells in the pancreas.

first messenger

Extra cellular chemical messenger may bind to a membrane bound receptor that open/close specific ion channel or may transfer signal to an intracellular Second messenger that in generated in large amounts multiplying the signal throughout cell achieving cellular response

Exocrine pancreas

Gland and duct cells secrete large quantities of an alkaline, enzyme rich fluid that reaches the lumen of the digestive tract through one or two pancreatic ducts. 99% of the organ's volume.

Inhibiting hormones (IH)

Prevent the synthesis and secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH

Produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland & bind to receptors on cells of the thyroid gland, which in turn stimulates the synthesis of thyroxin. Regulated through a negative feed back loop. It is released in response to TRH

Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH

Released from the anterior pituitary gland to target the ovaries & testes. In females it stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries and in males it promotes the development of sperm cells (and stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone).

adrenocorticotrpoic hormone ACTH

Specifically targets cells that produce hormones that affect glucose metabolism. Stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex. Release occurs under the stimulation of CRH from the hypothalamus