Endospore forming bacteria

C. diff stain? respiration? froms endospores resistant to? present on?

(+) anerobic antibacterial factors all environmental surfaces

Bacillus anthracis stain? respiration? shape? what is issential for virulence?

(+) faculttive anaerobic rod poly-D-glutamic acid

are spores suspectible to •70 % ethanol and most other antiseptics and disinfectants. •

nah bruh

enteric and diarrheal intoxication. chemotherapy? tx>

not indicated since these are intoxication and toxin mediated infections rather than infections. supportive

•Neonatal tetanus results from infection of the? mortality?

umbical stump which can become systemic with 90% mortality

Bacillus anthracis The natural hosts for anthrax are herbivores, therefore it is a? Animals most likely get it from the? Survives indefinitely in the soil as?

veterinary pathogen soil endospores

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea- develops within about a

week after administration.

pseudomembrane colitis what is a big descriptor of this?

white plaques

•Produces the most acutely toxic biological toxin known with a median lethal dose (LD50) of <2.0 ng/kg. As such, it is it is on the CDC Select Agent List of potentially weaponizable microbial poducts

C botulinum

Primarily causative agent of antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal infections

C diff

Tetanospasmin is an? - •one of which is an endopeptidase that inactivates the proteins that regulate release of inhibitory transmitters? The result is?

A-B subunit exotoxin, - gamma ammino-butyric acid and glycine. unregulated excitatory synaptic activity in motor neurons, spastic paralysis.

C botulinum Produces an ______ subunit ________, - one which has _________ activity?

A-B, exotoxin endopeptidase (botulin)

The strict anaerobic spore-forming pathogens include (4)

Clostridium perfringens, C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. difficile

Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus are the ________________spore-forming bacterial pathogens

aerobic/facultative

•Murine tetanus antitoxin protection assay is available if the laboratory can cultivate the agent

anaerobically

C botulinum nerve ending must?

be regenerated since binding is irreversible

•Inhalation botulism is the route by which?

bioweapons are designed to infect.

Clostridium botulinum etilogic agent of? stain? respiration? The spores are? and distend the?

botulism positive anaerobic terminal to subtermial and distend the cell wall

Dx C. tetani

clinical presentation due to extremely anaerobic

Inhalation Anthrax what happens if no proper tx (4) what occurs in a bout 50% of pts? do you see pneumonia?

death, respiratory failure, sepsis and hypovolemic hemorrhagic meningitis no typically

c diff •Primarily causative agent of antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal infections ranging from self-limiting? to? what might solve mild cases?

diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis (very bad) discontinuation of broad spectrum antibiotics

what forms edema and lethal toxin?

edema- protective antigen plus edema factor lethal- protective antigen plus lethal factor

bacillus cereus this causes?

emetic gastroenteritis

bacillus and clostridium stain? morphology? what kind of organisms are they? ubiquitious in (2) so found on all?

gram positive rod structure (bacilli) soil water and air, so found on all exposed enviromental surfaces

bacillus cereus Emetic gastroenteritis is caused by a? while diarrheal gastroenteritis is mediated by? •Serious ocular infections can also occur when the bacterium is introduced thru traumatic penetration of the?

heat stable, proteolysis-resistant enterotoxin heat labile enterotoxin conjuctiva

Inhalation Anthrax incubation period? Alveolar macrophage eventually ingest spores and transfer them to? where they?

highly variable mediastinal lymphatics where they germinate

Anthrax 836 is a? isolated from a bovine in Texas and used by the 2001 Amerithrax (FBI case name) letter murderer. lacks poly-glu capsule and used as vaccine.

highly virulent strain weaponized by former UUSSR for biowarfare. Ames strain sterne strain

•ndosporogenesis necessitates autoclaving for sterilization, incineration for decontamination, and thorough disinfection of?

hospital room (especially bathrooms)

Bacillus anthracis survival tx? vaccines?

immediate empericial chemothreapy with ciproflaxacin or doxycline vaccine for animals

Bacillus anthracis Humans contact it thru (2) person to person?

infected animals and contaiminated animal products no bc bacteria reproduce in the mediastinal lymphatic

This is the most likely route by which inhalation anthrax can be transmitted now in developed countries.

infectious aerosol

Diarrheal form of food poisoning is an infection following? incubation period?

ingestion of tainted food. is longer.

•Rapid onset then of non-specific flu-like symptoms with fever, massive edema, and lymphadenopathy of the mediastinal lymph nodes.

inhalation of anthrax

•protease) acts to stimulate macrophages to release proinflam- matorylymphokines leading to tissue damage and shock? adenylate cyclase) causes edema?

lethal toxin edema toxin

Generalized tetanus first leads to?

lock jaw due to contraction of facial muscles (risus sardonicus) with drooling, sweating and constant back spams (opisthotonos)

c diff tx for severe diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis (2) •Virulence factors include ability to survive adverse conditions due to? production of heat labile? (2)

metronidazole (biocide) or vancomycin endosporulation enterotoxins A and B which damage the epithelial lining of the bowel.

C. difficile can be a human gut?

microbiome commensal ("a bad bacterium")

Inhalation Anthrax •Virulent strains possess the __________ that carries genes for three protein toxin components which are only toxic in _________

pXO1 plasmid, combination. lecthal factor, protective antigen and edema factor

C tetani most common methods of transmissio (2) virulence factors?

parenteral and direct contact tetanospam exotoxin

bacillus antracis the capsule protects from? the protease (aka) acts in an unknown manner to stimulate macrophages to release? the adenylate cyclase (aka) causes?

phagocytosis lethal toxin, proinflammatory lymphokines edema toxin, edema

Zoonotic pulmonary infections contracted from inhalation of endospores and involve? (2) often accompained by? Ideal microorganism for development as a?

pleural effusions and hemorrhagic mediastinitis hemorrhagic meningitis bioweapon

A second virulence factor involves the? It is coded for by three genes located on an additional plasmid designated? -function

poly-D-glutamic acid capsule pXO2, protects organisms from phagocytosis

Clostridium tetani stain? respiration? extremely sensitive to?

positive anaerobic molecular oxygen

•Profuse abdominal cramping and diarrhea with fever and concomitant severe inflam- matory response.

pseudomembrane colitis

Emetic disease is an intoxication caused by ingestion of? incubation period is then? does cooking kills the spores??

rice contaminated with the heat-stable toxin. only hours and duration is about one day. cooking only kills the vegetative cells and not the spores.

Clostridium perfringens may simply colonize as a commensal in the gastrointestinal tract, cause a _______? or cause high morbiditu? Soft tissue infections resulting from (2) tx (2)

self limiting gastroentertis gas gangrene (closteridial myonecrosis) wound or localized trauma contamination surgical debridement or high dose chemotherapy

C botulinum The organism is ubiquitous in (2) foodborne botulism rare or common? usually linked to> Infant botulism is more common and is usually contracted by ingestion of? (3) what do you not feed to kids under 12 months?

soil and water rare. inproper prepared or canned goods. contaminated food, dirt or dust. honey as they can contain endospores

C. tetani where is the organism found (3) usually contracted by?

soil as well as GI tract of animals and humans wound contamination. (deep wound since the organism is anerobic)

Clostridium difficile (5 trigger words)

spore former enterotoxin A and B pseudomembrane colitis antibiotic associated diarrhea fecal carriage

C botulinum Prevention of germination by? (2) •Patient is treated by monitoring respiratory function, ventilation support if needed, gastric lavage, chemotherapy, and (2) recovery does not result in? vaccine?

storing food at 4 C. inactivation toxin with heat (adequate cooking) trivalent or heptavalent antitoxin to inactivate unbound toxin. protective immunity not to public only lab people

C. tetani symptoms are treated until? Treatment involves (4)

sypnatic transmission is recovered debridement of wound, penicillin, passive immunization with tetanus immnoglobolin for unbound toxi and vaccination with tetanus toxoid

C. Tetani• is used to vaccinate using a repeating cycle of booster doses.

tetanus toxoid

C botulinum endopeptidase (botulin)- inactivates? , thereby blocking? - this results in?

the proteins that regulate the relase of acetylcholine. neurotransmission at peripheral cholinergic synapses. flaccid paralysis

C botulinum Foodborne diagnosis is reached upon detection of Infant disease is diagnosed on the basis of the toxin being detected in

toxin in food or feces, serum or gastric fluid. •feces or serum, or a positive fecal culture.

B. anthracis is it easy to isolate from tissues? microscopy? cultivate hemolysis on blood agar? do you see endospore in clinical samples?

yes no nah bruh bc the spores germinate to vegetive cells before tooxin production

Cutaneous Anthrax type of diease? contracted from? (2) referred to as? tx?

zoonotic infected animals or contaminated products thru cuts or puncture wounds in the skin woolsorters diease amoxicillin

Bioassay confirmation employs a

•murine antitoxin protection test.

endosporogenesis needs: for sterilization? decontamination?

•necessitates autoclaving for sterilization and incineration for decontamination due to the extreme heat resistance of bacterial endospores