Energy Density of Food and Portion Sizes (FINAL)

What are the three factors that influence the energy density of food?

-Dietary fat -Fiber -Water (moisture in food)

How does dietary fiber influence the energy density of food? Explain.

-Dietary fat: most dense macronutrient

In the Combo Study, rank the 4 factors according to the influence they each had on energy intake (kcal), ending with the Overall Hunger Rating.

-Energy density of food: r=0.35 -Entree taste ratings: r=.10 -Portion size: r=.08 -Overall hunger rating: r=0.65

Given the findings of the combo study, which variable did the authors recommend be manipulated and which factor did they indicate might not be manipulated? Why?

-Energy density of foods are more effective in reducing energy intake and less noticeable than reductions in portion size

When adults are informed that they are eating low energy density foods, do they compensate and eat more food?

-Energy density of meal can influence energy intake, even when subject is informed about energy density

According to the Kral Study, how did energy density of food (low, medium, and high) influence food intake (g)? What about energy intake (kcal)?

-Informed and uninformed consumed 22% fewer calories when eating low energy density meals compared to the high energy density meals -Consuming low energy density meals results in lower cal consumption

In the Salad Study, how did portion size of the salad influence total energy intake?

-Main determinant -Ingredients and the energy content matter

What happens to kcal intake if dietary fat is covertly manipulated up or down?

-Manipulated up: more kcals consumed? -Manipulated down: ?

In the Ello-Martin (weight loss) study, the reduced fat + fruits and vegetable group ate more food but lost more weight. How did this occur? How much weight did they lose over six months (rounded to the nearest whole number)?

-Reducing dietary energy density is achieved by increasing fruits and veggies in diet -Reducing energy density of diet is a very effect way to lose weight while controlling hunger -Lost 19.6 pounds

In Roll's Combo Study on portion size and energy density, how did the two factors influence intake collectively? Which factor negated or strengthened the other? Explain.

-Reductions in both portion size and energy density led to significant and sustained decreases in energy intake -Effects of portion size and energy density on intake were independent and additive

In the Combo Study, how did energy density influence the amount of food eaten?

-Reductions in portion size and energy density led to significant and sustained decreases in energy intake

How many calories per gram do "very low" and "low" energy density foods have? What about "medium" density and "high energy dense" foods?

-Very low: 0-0.6 kcal/g -Low: 0.6-1.5 kcal/g -Medium: 1.5-4 kcal/g -High: 4-9 kcal/g

In Roll's Sandwich Study about portion sizes, how did the length of the "subway" sandwich influence energy intake?

-When the sandwich size doubled (from 6" to 12") females consumed 31% more energy and males consumed 56% more energy

Explain the fallacy regarding low energy dense foods and protein?

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In the Sandwich Study, how did the energy density of the sandwiches play a role in the findings?

All had the same energy density, portion size was the biggest determinant?

Explain what happens to the prevalence of obesity as the percent of kcal of a diet increases in dietary fat.

As kcal percentage is increased in the diet obesity increases

How does fiber influence the energy density of food?

Dietary fiber increases and energy density decreases

How does the energy density of food relate to weight loss?

Eating mostly very low and low energy density foods can help weight loss

In Roll's Salad Study, how did the energy density of the first course of the meal influence the total kcal consumed during the meal?

Energy density of the first course meal was the main determinant of overall energy intake

How have portion sizes changed over the past 20-30 years?

Greatly increased

In the above study, how did portion size and the energy density of the salad change perception of fullness?

Large portion increase satiety and reduce meal energy intake

In Roll's Salad Study, which of the 7 groups consumed the fewest kcal? Explain.

Large, low-density salad decreased meal intake

In the Combo Study, how did the 4 different groups differ in hunger and satiety?

No differences in the ratings of hunger and satiety

Which of Ello-Martin's two groups reported less hunger? Why?

Reduced fat and fruit+veggie group reported significant less hunger

Is the relationship between portion size and energy intake linear? Explain.

They are independent of one another

According to the Sandwich Study, to what extent do adults compensate by eating less when they are served a large portion size?

When served bigger portions, participants override their level of hunger and satiety to accommodate greater energy intakes