Engineering Final Study Guide Questions

Constraint

-1. A limit to a design process. Constraints may be such things as appearance, funding, space, materials, and human capabilities. -2. A limitation or restriction.

Design

-1. An iterative decision-making process that produces plans by which resources are converted into products or systems that meet human needs and wants or solve problems. -2. A plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of something before it is built or made.

What are the 4 best Practices for the Engineering Notebook?

-Be Neat, -be Accurate, -be Legible, -be Thorough.

What needs to be answered in a Design Brief.

-Client / End User / Target Consumer -Problem Statement -Design Statement -Constraints

What is an engineer? What types of work do engineers do?

-Engineering is the application of mathematics and scientific principles to better or improve life. -An engineer is a person who is trained in and uses technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems. -Research, Develop, Design, Supervise, Manage, Production and Construction, Operations, Plant management, and Sales,

A work point is an independent entity whose location is defined in ____. Work points may be placed or projected onto ______, ______, or onto an _______ or _____. Work points can be constrained to the _____ points of arcs, circles, and ellipses.

-Space -Part faces -Linear Edges -Arc -Circle -Center

What is the purpose of a portfolio? How do you decide what information to include in a portfolio?

-The Purpose of a portfolio is to effectively communicate the details of a project. -Title page, working technical drawings and an "exploded" presentation page with a parts list (i.e., whatever is necessary to communicate all the details of a project)

A work axis is a line that extends forever in _______ directions. Work axes are useful for locating the ______of a _____ or ______, are used in the creation of ______ features, and may be _______ to in assembly models.

-Two -Center -Hole -Cylinder -Revolved -Constrained

Work planes are continuous ________ that can be used to establish Sketch______. _______ constraints can also be applied to work planes.

-Two Dimensional planes -planes -Assembly

Angled surfaces may also be dimensioned using the _______ method by specifying _______ location for distance and the angle.

-angular -one

Circles should have a _____mark and are dimensioned with a _____ to identify the _____.

-center -leader -diameter

Importance of Technical Writing: is a type of expository writing that is used to _______ information to a particular _______ for a particular _______or _____ purposes.

-convey -audience -technical -business

Angled surface may be dimensioned using _______ method to specify the ______location distances of the angle.

-coordinate -two

Arcs are dimensioned with a _______ to identify the ______; in some cases, a center mark is included.

-leader -radius

Technical reports communicate ______information and _____about projects to _____, ____, legal authority figures, and other ____.

-technical -conclusions -customers -managers -engineers

Design Process and brief description of each step

1. Define Problem: Identify problem and design brief 2. Generate Concepts: research, brainstorm, and design matrix 3. Develop a Solution: technical drawings 4. Construct and test Prototype: test prototype and test report 5. Evaluate Solution: evaluate solution effectiveness and project recomendations 6. Present Solution: project portfolio, presentation

centroid

3D point defining the geometric center of a solid.

center of gravity

A 3D point where the total weight of the body may be considered to be concentrated.

parametric modeling

A CAD modeling method that uses parameters to define the size and geometry of features and to create relationships between features. Changing a parameter value updates all related features of the model at once.

countersink

A conical-shaped recess around a hole, often used to receive a tapered screw.

fillet

A curve formed at the interior intersection between two or more surfaces.

counter bore

A cylindrical recess around a hole, usually to receive a bolt head or nut.

reference dimension

A dimension, usually without a tolerance, used for information purposes only. A reference is a repeat of a given dimension or established from other values shown on a drawing. Reference dimensions are enclosed in ( ) on the drawing.

datum dimensioning

A dimensioning system where each dimension originates from a common surface, plane, or axis. Also known as baseline dimensioning.

part drawing

A drawing that contains all the information for making one part of the design.

Technical Working Drawing

A drawing that is used to show the material, size, and shape of a product for manufacturing purposes.

multi-view drawing

A drawing which contains views of an object projected onto two or more orthographic planes.

oblique sketch

A form of pictorial in which an object is represented as true width and height, but the depth can be any size and drawn at any angle.

isometric sketch

A form of pictorial sketch in which all three drawing axes form equal angles of 120 degrees with the plane of projection.

perspective sketch

A form of pictorial sketch in which vanishing points are used to provide the depth and distortion that is seen with the human eye.

Prototype

A full-scale working model used to test a design concept by making actual observations and necessary adjustments.

28. Why do designers need to fully dimension a part?

A fully dimension part is required to communicate clearly how the part is to be constructed.

Normal Distribution

A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph.

Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

A government organization whose mission is to assure the safety and health of America's workers by setting and enforcing standards; providing training, outreach, and education; establishing partnerships; and encouraging continual improvement in workplace safety and health.

Histogram

A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data

virtual team

A group of people that rely primarily or exclusively on electronic forms of communication to work together in accomplishing goals.

Brainstorm

A group technique for solving problems, generating ideas, stimulating creative thinking, etc. by unrestrained spontaneous participation in discussion

object line

A heavy solid line used on a drawing to represent the outline of an object.

blind hole

A hole that does not go completely through the work piece.

cutting plane line

A line drawn on a view where a cut was made in order to define the location of the imaginary section plane.

hidden line

A line type that represents an edge that is not directly visible.

phantom line

A line used to show the alternate positions of an object or matching part without interfering with the main drawing.

center line

A line which defines the center of arcs, circles, or symmetrical parts

dimension line

A line which represents distance

parts list

A list of materials or parts specified for a project. Also referred to as a bill of materials or BOM.

location dimension

A location dimension that defines the relationship of features of an object.

Median

A measure of center in a set of numerical data

Calipers

A measuring instrument having two adjustable jaws typically used to measure distance or thickness

Orthographic Projection

A method of representing three-dimensional objects on a plane.

Invention

A new product, system, or process that has never existed before, created by study and experimentation.

numeric constraint

A number value or algebraic equation that is used to control the size or location of a geometric figure.

Design Statement

A part of a design brief that challenges the designer, describes what a design solution should do without describing how to solve the problem, and identifies the degree to which the solution must be executed.

component

A part or element of a larger whole

physical model

A physical representation of an object. Prototypes and appearance models are physical models.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

A private, non-profit organization that coordinates the development and use of a voluntary consensus standards in the United States.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

A professional engineering organization that is known for setting codes and standards for mechanical devices in the United States.

parameter

A property of a system whose value determines how the system will behave.

rhythm

A regularly recurring sequence of events or actions.

rib

A relatively thin flat member acting as a brace support. Also called a web.

pattern

A repeated decorative design.

broken-out section

A section of an object broken away to reveal an interior feature for a sectional drawing

half section

A sectional drawing based on a cutting plane line that cuts through one-quarter of an object. A half section reveals half of the interior and half of the exterior.

full section

A sectional drawing based on a cutting plane line that extends completely through an object.

What does it mean when a sketch is over dimensioned?

A sketch is over dimensioned when the same measurement/dimension is on 2 or more of the views: such as the over all width is placed in both the front and top views. This can cause confusion and increase the probability of the part being constructed incorrectly

pictorial sketch

A sketch that shows an object's height, width, and depth in a single view

tangent

A straight or curved line that intersects a circle or arc at one point only.

What is a subassembly? How is it useful in the assembly of a complex product that involves multiple parts?

A subassembly is when some of the parts of a product are put together, and then those subassemblies are put together in one total assembly

aligned dimension

A system of dimensioning which requires all numerals, figures, and notes to be aligned with the dimension lines so that they may be read from the bottom (for horizontal dimensions) and from the right side (for vertical dimensions)

bilateral tolerance

A tolerance in which variation is permitted in both directions from the specified dimension.

unidirectional dimension

A tolerance in which variation is permitted in both directions from the specified dimension.

circumscribe

A triangle located round a polygon such as a circle. To draw a figure around another, touching it at points but not cutting it.

acute triangle

A triangle that contains only angles that are less than 90 degrees.

right triangle

A triangle that has a 90 degree angle.

obtuse triangle

A triangle with one angle that is greater than 90 degrees.

solid modeling

A type of 3D CAD modeling that represents the volume of an object, not just its lines and surfaces.

technical writing

A type of expository writing that is used to convey information for technical or business purposes.

detailed view

A view that is used to show a magnified view of features that are too small to adequately specify in another view.

auxiliary view

A view that is used to show features that is located on an inclined surface in true size and shape.

model

A visual, mathematical, or three-dimensional representation in detail of an object or design, often smaller than the original.

Design Brief

A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved, its criteria, and its constraints. Used to encourage thinking of all aspects of a problem before attempting a solution.

How can we use technology to make the design and manufacture of a product more efficient and less prone to error?

Allows us to investigate the properties digitally before it is built physically.

chain dimensioning

Also known as point-to-point dimensioning where dimensions are established from one point to the next.

exploded asembly

An assembly drawing in which parts are moved out of position along an axis so that each individual part is visible

Engineering Notebook

An engineering notebook is a book in which an engineer will formally document, in chronological order, all of his/her work that is associated with a specific design project.

Why Keep an Engineering Notebook?

An engineering notebook is recognized as a legal document that is used in patent activities to... -Prove the origin of an idea that led to a solution -Prove when events or ideas occurred -Prove diligence in turning the idea into a solution -Prove when an idea became a working solution ("reduced to practice")

scale model

An enlarged or reduced representation of an object that is usually intended for study purposes.

Innovation

An improvement of an existing technological product, system, or method of doing something.

What is an offset and how is it used?

An offset is used when constraining two parts and you don't want to constrain them completely flush (you might offset one part so that it sticks out from another part).

Back Matter

Appendices, List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Acronyms

What is the most effective way to generate potential solutions to a problem? How many alternate solutions should you generate?

Brainstorming with a group, research and testing possible solutions

Statistics

Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, organizing, summarizing, and presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on data.

geometric constraints

Constant, non-numerical relationships between the parts of a geometric figure. Examples include parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity.

Baseline Dimensioning System

Dimensioning in which all dimensions are placed from a datum and not from feature to feature.

working drawings

Drawings that convey all of the information needed to manufacture and assemble a design

working drawings

Drawings that convey all of the information needed to manufacture and assemble a design.

What makes a product aesthetically pleasing or eye-catching?

Elements of design: Color, value, form, shape, texture, line, point, balance; symmetry, radial, and asymmetry, emphasis, contrast, rhythm, proportion, unity, and economy,

How might we create the best possible solution to a problem?

Engineers try to think "outside the box" in order to solve new problems or find ways to improve current solutions.

Why do engineers need to understand the design principles and elements when designing or innovating a produce?

Engineers use Color, value, form, shape, texture, line, point, balance; symmetry, radial, and asymmetry, emphasis, contrast, rhythm, proportion, unity, and economy to make it as aesthetically pleasing, while still being functional, as possible

How is a geometric constraint different from a numeric constraint in the inventor program?

Geometric constraint "bonds" two geometric parts (surfaces, edges, centers) together (i.e., mate, flush). A numeric constraint is a measurement or distance and constrains an object to be a certain length.

taper

Gradual diminution of width or thickness in an elongated object

form

Having the three dimensions of length, width, and depth. Also referred to as a solid. The organization, placement, or relationship of basic elements, as volumes or voids in a sculpture, so as to produce a coherent image.

15. What are the 3 spatial Dimensions?

Height, Width & Depth

Why is detailed documentation important in the design of a product?

If documentation is incomplete, the part cannot be produced as it was intended to be made.

How can you use units help you solve a problem?

If the Units are all the same communication of size and shape are understood with out confusion.

Why would you have to know how to convert measurements when looking at a technical drawing?

If they are not in the units preferred by the engineer, they will need to change them

Why do engineers generally adhere to a set of dimensioning standards and guidelines?

In manufacturing, a part must be dimensioned fully and correctly and to the proper precision. Otherwise, the part may not function properly or may not fit into an assembly as intended. Dimensioning errors can lead to a delay in production time, increased design and manufacturing costs, and a potentially unsafe product.

Why is it important to perform a physical property analysis prior to producing a part?

In order to find the weight and density.

What constraint would you use to place a pin inside a hole?

Insert Constraint

How does the material chosen for a product impact the design of the product?

It determines the products weight and density, its durability, etc.

What is Central Tendency?

It is the Center of a distribution: Mean, Median or Mode.

What advantages do CAD sketches have over freehand sketches?

It is usually faster to produce and more accurate. Can be looked at in 3 dimensions and seen at different angles.

clearance fit

Limits the size of mating parts so that a clearance always results when mating parts are assembled.

construction line

Line lightly drawn lines to guide drawing other lines and shapes.

leader line

Line which indicates dimensions of arcs, circles and detail.

extension line

Line which represents where a dimension starts and stops.

cabinet pictorial

Oblique pictorial where depth is represented as half scale compared to the height and width scale.

Explain the concept of proportion.

Paying close attention to the underlying basic shapes and the relative proportions of various features of the object will allow you to more accurately reflect the true shapes and proportions of the object in your sketch.

What is dimensional analysis and how can it help solve problems involving quantities?

Preforming a dimensional analysis on a part will assure that all needed dimensions to create the part have been included. This will insure the part is made correctly.

norms

Principles of right action, binding upon the members of a group and serving to guide, control, or regulate proper and acceptable behavior.

What is the role of models in the design process?

Provides a visual for all to see and helps them to see the viability of the idea.

Why would the ability to create realistic sketches make a person a more competent designer?

Representing existing objects and new ideas with sketches can make the design process more effective and efficient and greatly enhance the ability of others to understand your ideas. Allows them to communicate their ideas more clearly.

Describe the process of reverse engineering.

Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of taking something apart and analyzing its workings in detail, usually with the intention of understanding its structure, function, and operation.

What feature would be used to create a 3D representation of a baseball or softball bat that was created on a wood lathe?

Revolve

Why is placement of your dimensions so important?

So they can be read clearly without confusion

emphasis

Special importance, value, or prominence given to something.

53. What 3D CAD functions could be used to create a wire paper clip?

Spline

How can statistical and analyzed data be used to inform, justify, and validate a design or process?

Statistics are commonly used in manufacturing processes to control and maintain quality. A statistical analysis is used to determine measures of central tendency and variation of the data.

Text

Summary, Introduction, Methods, Assumptions, and procedures, Results & Discussion, conclusion, References

radial symmetry

Symmetry about a central axis.

asymetry

Symmetry in which both halves of a composition are not identical. Also referred to as informal balance.

Why is it important to perform a physical property analysis prior to producing a part?

The Mathematics is important for you to determine the volume, density, mass, weight and size of the object you are developing.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The US federal agency with a mission to protect human health and the environment

tolerance

The acceptable amount of dimensional variation that will still allow an object to function correctly.

market research

The activity of gathering information about consumers' needs and preferences.

What advantage do Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CAD) provide over traditional paper and pencil design?

The advantage of CAD is that it is easily modified, and reproducible. Usually faster to produce. Can be looked at in 3 dimensions and seen at different angles

interference

The amount of overlap that one part has with another when assembled

volume

The amount of three-dimensional space occupied by an object or enclosed within a container.

graphic design

The art of combining text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, books, etc.

symmetry

The correspondence in size, shape, and relative position of parts on opposite sides of a median line or about a central axis. Also referred to as formal balance.

Accuracy

The degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to the actual (or accepted) value.

Precision

The degree to which repeated measurements show the same result.

normal size

The designation of the size established for a commercial product.

Significant Digits

The digits in a decimal number that carry meaning contributing to the precision or accuracy of the quantity

texture

The feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface, substance, or fabric.

limit dimensions

The largest and smallest possible boundaries to which a feature may be made as related to the tolerance of the dimension.

value

The lightness or darkness of a color in relation to a scale ranging from white to black.

prinicipal axes

The lines of intersection created from three mutually perpendicular planes, with the three planes' point of intersection at the centroid of the part.

45. What are physical properties and why are they important to the design of a product?

The material it is made of, its mass, density, etc.

density

The measure of mass density is a measure of mass per volume.

ethics

The moral principles governing or influencing conduct.

mathematical modeling

The process of choosing and using appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze empirical situations, To understand them better, and to improve decisions.

reverse engineering

The process of taking something apart and analyzing its workings in detail.

color

The property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way it reflects or emits light.

ratio

The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other.

proportion

The relationship of one thing to another in size, amount, etc. Size or weight relationships among structures or among elements in a single structure.

Tonal Shading

The representation of light and shade on a sketch or map.

contrast

The state of being noticeably different from something else when put or considered together.

ergonomics

The study of workplace equipment design or how to arrange and design devices, machines, or workspace so that people and things interact safely and most efficiently.

Research

The systematic study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

allowance

The tightest possible fit between two mating parts.

shape

The two-dimensional contour that characterizes an object or area, in contrast to three-dimensional form.

Mode

The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set

How are principles and elements of design used with engineering practice to develop a successful product?

They are incorporated into the Visual, Functional and Structural Analysis to develop a product that is not only aesthetically pleasing but also economical reproducible that solves the problem.

section lines

Thin lines used in a section view to indicate where the cutting plane line has cut through material.

International Organization for Standardization (IOS)

This is a worldwide organization that creates engineering standards.

Front Matter

Title Page, Abstract, Table of Contents, List of Tables & Figures

annotate

To add explanatory notes to a drawing

inscribe

To draw a figure within another so that their boundaries touch but do not intersect.

section view

Used to show "inside" details not apparent on the exterior of the part

What do you need to know in order to perform a physical property analysis?

What material it is made of and dimensions of the object.

Describe how important it is to have good interpersonal communication skills in a technically related field, such as engineering and design.

You must be able to communicate clearly and succinctly with the people with whom you work in-order for them to understand how your design is going to solve the problem at hand.

Standard Deviation

a measure of the spread of data values

orthographic projection

a method of representing 3-D objects on a plane having only length and depth.

A Drum cylinder serves as a storage for used grease in a restaurant. The cylinder has a height of 3.25 feet and a diameter of 2 feet. The weight density of Steel iron is 0.2836 lbs/in3. Use this information to answer the following questions. (WATCH THE UNITS OF MEASURE) • What is the volume of the cylinder? Precision = 0.00 • What is the surface area of the cylinder? Precision = 0.00 • What is the weight of the cylinder? Precision = 0.00 •What will the total cost be to ship the 30,000 cylinders from the factory to a facility for distribution to area restaurants at $4.25 per pound?

a. V = r2h V = (3.14)(12)(3.25) = 10.205 ft3 b. SA = (2r)h + 2(r2) SA= (2)(3.14)(1)(3.25) + (2)(3.14)( 12) = 20.41 + 6.28 = 26.69 ft2 c. W = VDw W = (10.205)(.2836) = 2.894138 lbs d. Shipping Cost = # of Cylinders x Weight x Shipping Cost per lb. Shipping Cost = (30,000)(2.894138)(4.25) = $369,002.60

A wood board is one of a 6 different parts in a shelf kit. The width, depth, and height dimensions of the board are 42 inches x 8 inches x .75 inches, respectively. The board is made from southern yellow pine, which has an air dry weight density of .021 lbs/in.3. (WATCH THE UNITS OF MEASURE) • What is the volume of the wood board? Precision = 0.00 • What is the surface area of the wood board? Precision = 0.00 • What is the weight of the wood board? Precision = 0.00 • If one gallon of paint will cover 35,000 square inches, how many gallons would be needed to give two coats of paint to 15,000 boards? Round your answer to the nearest gallon

a. V = wdh V= 42 x 8 x .75 = 252in3 b. SA = 2(wd + wh + dh) SA = 2((42 x 8) + (42 x .75) + (8 x .75)) SA = 2(336 + 31.5 + 6) SA = 2(373.5) = 747 in2 c. W = VDw W = 252 x .021 = 5.292 lbs d. # of gallons of paint needed = (SA x # of Boards)/# of sq. ins 1 gallon covers # of gallons of paint needed = (747 x 15,000)/35,000 = 11,205,000/35,000= 320.14 gallons

Convert the following - Show work, conversion faction and units. a. 2,375 trillion Meters to Giga-meters b. 23,439 milliliters to liters. c. 13 thousand microseconds to seconds. d. 9.25 yards to feet. e. 1.15 feet to inches. f. 5 ft - 6 ½ in. to inches. g. 4 ft - 3 inches to decimal feet. h. 67.5 cm to inches. i. 1.7 yards to inches.

a. 2,375,000,000 x10-9= = 2.375 Giga-meters b. 23,439 x .001 = 23.439 liters_____ c. 13,000 x 1-6_= .13 seconds__ d. 9.25 x 3 = 27.75 feet______ e. 1.15 x 12 = 13.8 in_____ f. (5 x 12) + 6.5 = 66.5 inches___ g. 4 + (3/12) = 4.25___________ h. 67.5 x .393701 = 26.5748175 in_______ i. 1.7 x 36 = 253__________

Technical reports

communicate technical information and conclusions about projects to customers, managers, legal authority figures, and other engineers.

What is in a technical report?

front matter text back matter

tapped holes

has internal threads

cavalier pictorial

projection

balance

proportions. There are three types of visual balance: symmetry, asymmetry, and radial.

What is the purpose of sketching your ideas?

provide a means through which one can quickly and clearly communicate ideas

Arcs and circles are dimensioned in views that _____.

show the arc or circle

Range

the difference between the largest and smallest values that occur in a set of data.

Mate

two surfaces face to face.

Flush

two surfaces side by side or two edges side by side.

Decision matrix

used to compare design solutions against one another, using specific criteria that are often based on project requirements.

What considerations should be made in when reverse engineering?

• Visual Analysis • Functional Analysis • Structural Analysis

Why do engineers perform reverse engineering on products?

• to learn how it operates and how internal parts were constructed. • Documentation • Discovery • Investigation • Product Improvement