ENGL 3620 (Module 25- Module 30)

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A language variety associated with a particular situation of use

Slang

A language variety used in situations of extreme informality

What is the term that is used to refer to differences in pronunciation, or more technically, to systematic phonological variation?

Accent

Which dialect of American English contains the following morpho-syntactic features: Absence of possessive -s Absence of third-person singular present -s Absence of plural -s when a quantifier is given Stressed "been" for a state that was begun in the remote past and that is still continuing

African-American English

Which dialect of American English contains the following phonological features: Consonant cluster reduction word-finally Deletion of post-vocalic liquids Changing of word-initial [ð] to [d]

African-American English

In which dialect of English do most speakers have a retroflex [r] in word-final position in words such as "car" and "near," and also preceding a consonant as in "cart" and "beard"?

American English

With respect to post-vocalic [r], which pattern do speakers of Irish and Scottish English follow?

American English pattern

In which dialect of English do speakers pronounce words that end in a fricative, such as "fast," "path," and "half," with [a], the stressed vowel of "father"?

British English

With respect to post-vocalic [r], which pattern do speakers of dialects in New York City, Boston, and parts of the coastal southern United States, including Charleston, South Carolina, follow?

British English pattern

Which dialect of American English contains the following phonological features: Substitution of "ch" [ʧ] for "sh" [ʃ] Substitution of "sh" for "ch," as in "preash" [priʃ] for "preach" and "shek" [ʃɛk] for "check" [ʧɛk] Consonant cluster simplification, as in [ɪs] for "it's," [kaɪn] for "kind," [ol] for "old," and [bɛs] for "best" Devoicing of [z], especially in final position

Chicano English

Which dialect of American English contains the following syntactic features: Omission of the past-tense marker on verbs that end in the alveolars [t], [d], and [n] The use of dialect specific prepositions, such as "out from" for "away from"

Chicano English

A dialect is a variety of language spoken by a group of people that is systematically different from other varieties of the language in terms of phonology, but not in terms of morphology, syntax, or lexicon.

False

All African Americans are fluent speakers of African-American English, and all speakers of African-American English are African Americans.

False

Children in the pre-linguistic stage are unable to distinguish human language sounds from other sounds, such as car engines, dogs barking, etc.

False

In general, people speak and write in virtually the same way in both formal and informal situations.

False

Like slang, jargon is limited to situations of extreme informality and carries rebellious undertones

False

The presence of certain kinds of errors that persist in the speech of adult second language learners is referred to as:

Fossilization

Patients with Broca's Aphasia:

Have an impairment in the ability to speak, but maintain the ability to understand.

Patients with Wernicke's Aphasia:

Have fluent language, but the language makes little sense.

The upshot of hemispheric lateralization is that language functions are predominately localized in which hemisphere?

Left

What is the primary criterion for deciding if two people are speaking two different dialects of the same language or two separate languages?

Mutual intelligibility

Jargon

Specialized terms used by groups with shared specialized interests when engaged in activities surrounding those interests, including talk about them

Argot

Terms associated with "professional" language or activities, but tending to suggest the language of underground or criminal activities

Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area are both found in which part of the brain?

The left hemisphere

Adolescents or adults learning a second language may be more self-conscious than children and may be more hesitant to try out a new language for fear of appearing incompetent.

True

African-American English permits deletion of "be" in the present tense exactly where Standard English allows a contracted form of "be."

True

Appropriate forms of address for the same person may differ from situation to situation.

True

As in Standard English, a construction can be ungrammatical in African-American English or in Chicano English.

True

Children acquire auxiliary verbs in negative sentences before positive ones, producing can't and don't before can and do

True

Generally, speakers of different dialects of the same language can understand each other, although perhaps with some difficulty.

True

In an appropriate situation, anyone of any age and any social standing can legitimately use slang.

True

In general, intellectual, logical, and analytic functions appear to be largely located in the left hemisphere, while the right hemisphere controls functions related to emotional and social needs.

True

In nearly all cases, children's acquisition of language follows a predictable sequence

True

When you find characteristic features of style at one level of the grammar (vocabulary, sentence structure, semantics, phonology), you can expect to find corresponding features at other levels as well

True

Which of the following is not characteristic of legalese (the register of language found in the legal profession)?

Use of everyday vocabulary that does not carry specialized meaning

A situation where students study a language in school or college, but where the situation provides relatively little opportunity for experience with the spoken language outside the classroom is?

a foreign language

A situation where students acquire a language in a community in which the language is spoken natively and is used for everyday purposes is?

a second language

According to Krashen's Input Hypothesis, a second language is acquired through which type of input (language that is hear/read and understood)?

comprehensible input

According to Anderson's ACT Model, there are two types of long-term memory (LTM), called?

declarative LTM and procedural LTM

Children who acquire a second language before puberty usually speak the second language with a strong accent.

false

In second language acquisition, language use is closely tied to the immediate surroundings and the context of language use.

false

Infants usually have a difficult time learning language because they have already developed strong social identities as to gender, ethnicity, and social status.

false

Second language learners are at a disadvantage because they ordinarily have less linguistic meta-knowledge than first language learners.

false

Small children who experience brain damage from accidents or even experience the removal of a hemisphere of their brain because of disease do not recover with language functions intact.

false

The grammar of an interlanguage is invariably quite identical to the grammar of the target language.

false

babies in the babbling stage tend to produce very different consonant sounds from babies learning a different language

false

children in the two-word stage always include function words and omit content words

false

children only learn how to speak a language because we explicitly teach it to them or because they imitate us

false

The type of language learning motivation in which knowledge of the target language will help learners achieve some other goal such as reading scientific works, furthering a career, or meeting an educational requirement is?

instrumental motivation

When you take up residence in a community that uses the target language in its social interactions, the type of language learning motivation that encourages you to learn the language as a way to become a member of the community is?

integrative motivation

Chomsky's Universal Grammar postulates an innate language facility that limits the extent to which languages can vary. This is known as?

language acquisition device

what kind of rule are children applying when they routinely produce verbs like bringed or goed or nouns like mouses or foots

overgeneralization rule

In Chomsky's Universal Grammar, the part of the core of human languages that posses a limited number of open values which characterize differences between languages are?

parameters

using slower, more exaggerated articulation, intonation, and stress as well as a higher pitch and more pauses, is an example of what?

parentese

In Chomsky's Universal Grammar, the part of the core of human language that is unvarying and applies to all natural languages are?

principles

According to McLaughlin's Information Processing Model (IPM), learners are constrained by limitations of?

short-term memory

According to Krashen, the knowledge system that is the product of application by learners of the same language learning abilities that children use for first language production, that consists of the subconscious knowledge of the second language grammar, like the subconscious knowledge that native speakers have of their first language, is?

the acquired system

According to Krashen, the knowledge system that is typically the only knowledge source that speakers can use in real-time communication, when they are attending to meaning, not to form, is?

the acquired system

Which of Krashen's hypotheses states that various emotional factors (motivation, self-efficacy, anxiety) play a facilitative, but non-causal role, in second language acquisition?

the affective filter

Which of Krashen's hypotheses states that a learner acquires a second language through processing comprehensible input - language that is heard/read and understood?

the input hypothesis

According to Krashen, the knowledge system that is the product of formal instruction (typically classroom language learning) and is comprised of conscious knowledge of the "easy" second language grammar is?

the learned system

According to Krashen, which of the following is not one of the three conditions that must be met before the Learned System is accessible?

the learner must enjoy learning grammar

Which of Krashen's hypotheses encapsulates the relationship between the Acquired System and the Learned System, stating that the Acquired System is the utterance initiator, while the Learned System serves a planning, editing, and correcting function?

the monitor hypothesis

Which of Krashen's hypotheses states that second language rules are acquired in a predictable order, one apparently not determined solely by linguistic complexity, and certainly not in the order in which items appear in teaching syllabuses?

the natural order hypothesis

what is the term that Noam Chomsky uses to claim that the input that is available to children- that is, the language that they hear around them- does not provide enough information alone for the child to learn the complex set of grammatical rules needed to produce and understand language

the poverty of the stimulus

By definition, first language acquisition involves an initial linguistic experience, while a second language is learned by someone who has already mastered another tongue.

true

For many second language learners, the language variety being studied is emblematic of a different social status or different ethnicity from that represented by their first language.

true

Like humans, one hemisphere of the brain of a songbird controls singing.

true

Ordinarily, an adult speaking a second language in a classroom is using it to discuss imaginary or decontextualized events removed from the learning situation.

true

The term "second language" refers to any language that is acquired after one's first language, even though it might be the third or the fourth.

true

The theory of Behaviorism sees language learning as the formation of good habits through stimulus-response pairings.

true

during the two-word stage, the language that children can understand far outstrips their language production ability

true

in general, children are impervious to correction of their language

true

there is evidence that by the time babies exposed to oral language are 2 months old, they can recognized the intonation patterns of their native language

true

virtually all children worldwide are able to acquire an extremely complicated grammatical system by the time they are 4 or 5 years old without direct instruction

true

deaf children exposed to signing babble with their hands and their signs are rhythmic and signed consistently in front of the body

true .

what type of rule are children applying when they use the world kitty for a particular cat, but not for other cats?

underextension rule