English exam
Arthur Miller
1915-2005 Wrote many plays like the Crucible and Death of a Salesmen Accused of being a Communist (McCarthy trials) Attended UofM after working in a warehouse to pay for his tuition Once was married to Marilyn Monroe Wrote The Crucible in inspiration from the McCarthyism
The Crucible (plot) act one:
5 girls of Salem, MA are found dancing in the woods soon two of the girls become sick, everyone believes it is unnatural causes (girls daughters of Reverend Parris and the putnam's) People start to say others in the village are witches, way of revenge Betty states that Abigail that she drank blood to kill John Proctor's wife, Abigail hits her. Abigail talks to the others, getting their stories straight: they danced and Tituba conjured Ruth's dead sisters. If they say anything, she threatens to come to them at night.revealed to reader that abigail and proctor had an affair Mr. Hale enters the story, bought as an expert in withcraft
Conceit
An extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem
Anne bradstreets Relationship With God
Anne Bradstreet portrays her relationship with God through "Upon the burning of our house" by showing her trust in God and that she believes that her treasures are waiting for her in heaven. She believes that God has a plan for everything that happens and she will be rewarded in heaven
Inert
Lacking the ability or strength to move
Charged words
Language intended to produce an emotional response
Parallelism
Use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning, or meter
Ethical appeal (ethos)
Used to establish the writer as fair, open minded, honest, and knowledgeable about the subject matter
american advantages
fighting with purpose knew the terrain guerrilla fight techniques excellent leadership
Themes of Ben Franklin
Ben Franklin was a revolutionary writer that wrote and proofread a lot of the Declaration of Independence. He was known as very persuasive and convincing. Ben Franklin also made many aphorisms that gave a more understandable approach towards life decisions and ideas.
static character
(n) a character that does not change from the beginning of the story to the end
dynamic character
(n) one whose character changes in the course of the play or story
ameliorate
(v.) to improve, make better, correct a flaw or shortcoming
Revolutionary Culture and Literature
- Most writing revolved around politics and the purpose was for political persuasion - Theaters and colleges became established during this time giving America a cultural identity of its own - The documents we read convey American principles as well as excellent literary technique We read: - The autobiography of Ben Franklin - The Declaration of Independence - "The Interesting Life of Olaudah Equiano" - Patrick Henry's Speech to the Virginia Convention
William Bradford
1490-1657 1490-1657 Born at the time of religious upheaval in England. He joined the crusade for religious reform at age 12. He was inspired by the ideals of the puritans, a protestant religious group that wanted to purify the church of England and create a simpler, more democratic ways to worship. at 17 he joined the radical puritans known was Separatist Separatists clashed with the king of England, who was the head of the church at the time. An emigration to North America gave separatist a change for freedom and Bradford help to plan and finance the trip. During the voyage arguments broke out among the group. Bradford step up The Mayflower Compact it was signed by 41 men on board. The compact was an agreement to work together for the good of the entire group
Predilection
A disposition in favor of something; preference
Plot in Devil and Tom Walker
A man named Tom walker and his wife live near a swamp where there is said to be a hidden buried treasure. Tom walker and his wife are both miserable, and geedy. One day as Tom was walking through the swamp he kicked an old Indian fortification and discovers a skull with a tomahawk buried in it. Tom sees the devil in a tree and confirms that the treasure is real and that Tom can have it under one condition; he wants possession of Tom's soul. The devil leaves an imprint of his finger on Tom's forehead. When Tom went to go tell his wife she wants the treasure and tells her husband to make the deal, but he doesn't want to. She decides to go and make the deal herself. She brings all of their expensive belongings. She came back that night with no luck so she set out again. The next night she did not come back. Tom decide to set out to go look for her, he sees her coat in the tree but no sign of her. After this Tom is sad about his loss he tries to reach the devil again. After that he moves to Boston and becomes successful loaner. He shows no mercy for people. He becomes a violent churchgoer and prays often. One hot afternoon one of Tom's clients came in and begged for more time to pay off the money he owed Tom. Tom said "devil take me!" Soon then the devil knocked at the door and put Tom on his horse. The horse galloped away and Tom was never to be seen again. The next day Tom's house burned down. The story is still alive today
Dialect
A particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group
Bias
A particular trend, tendency, inclination, feeling, or opinion, especially one that is preconceived or unreasoned
Allusion
A passing or casual reference
Crucible
A place or occasion of severe test or trial
Rhetorical question
A question that is asked solely to produce an effect or to make an assertion and not to elicit a reply
Allegory
A representation of an abstract or spiritual meaning through concrete or material forms; figurative treatment of one subject under the guise of another
paradox
A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth
Folk tale
A tale of legend originating and traditional among people or folk, especially one forming part of the oral tradition of the common people
Aphorism
A terse saying embodying a general truth
Faction
A unified group within a larger group, usually in disagreement or conflict with the larger group
Anarchy
Absence of government and absolute freedom of the individual, regarded as a political ordeal
Plot progression: falling action
All loose ends of the plot are tied up. The conflicts and climax are taken care of
Military: Britain vs. America
America and Britain had many strengths and weaknesses concerning their army
Anne Bradstreet Poems
Anne Bradstreet uses biblical allusion to portray her puritan faith and in "The Burning Of Our House" she reveals her trust in God and how no matter what happens here on earth that her treasures will be in heaven. And "In My dear and Loving Husband" she subject of Anne Bradstreet's love poem is her professed love for her husband. She praises him and asks the heavens to reward him for his love.
Benjamin franklin's perfection
Benjamin Franklin attempted to achieve perfection by planning his everyday meticulously with deep thought eventhough he knew he could never achieve perfection
Benjamin Franklin Autobiography
Benjamin Franklins autobiography is based on a list of virtues that Franklin created to make himself better. He would work on one virtue and then would move on to the next instead of perfecting them all at once. He uses dual perspective, which is when he is reflecting on the virtues and realizes he can not perfect them all at once. "having a garden to weed does not attempt to eradicate all the bad herbs at once which would exceed his reach and strength but works on one of the herb beds at a time.."(lines 74-75) indicates how he worked on one virtue at a time instead of attacking them all at once.
Background of Plymouth Plantation
By the time the Pilgrims landed at Cape Cod, the local Native American tribes had 100 years of contact ad conflict with the European explorers. Squanto, who became the Pilgrims interpreter, had learned English when he was kidnapped by an English expedition in 1605. The Nauset Indians, who attacked the pilgrims shortly after their arrival, had survived years of skirmishes with English explorers, including a 1609 battle with John Smith of Jamestown fame.
Paranoid
Characterized by suspiciousness and a feeling of being persecuted
Paradox
Contrary to expectations, existing belief, or perceived opinion
Deference
Courteous regard or respect
Vindictive
Disposed to seek revenge or intended for revenge
Quail
Draw back, as with fear or pain
Edward Taylor Poems
Edward Taylor was a minister and is considered to be one of the best-known Puritan poets. His poems were usually aids for his meditations. Taylor would use vivid images from nature and everyday life to help those reading his poems to understand the spiritual world. One of his poems was Huswifery which asked God to make him a spinning wheel.
Olaudah Equiano Autobiography
Equiano was a man that was captured and sold into slavery at the age of 11. During his journey as a slave, he was sold multiple of times in his 21 years of being a slave. He had also started writing about how brutal it was to be one. In 1766, he was able to gain his freedom, so he moved to London and began his business career. Then, in 1773, he went out to sea to begin an expedition to find the northwest passage, and later traveling to Central America and Turkey. Years later, he got involved into antislavery efforts and converted himself into Christianity. He also began to publish his life story about slaves and slave trades. By publishing his story, it made him an important public figure. Ten years after his death in 1797, Britain had abolished slave trade. - He had owned slaves in Central America - Was a wealthy man, who married an English woman and raised two daughters
Imagery in The Devil and Tom Walker
Examples of imagery in The Devil and Tom Walker: On one side of this inlet is a beautiful dark grove; on the opposite side the land rises abruptly from the water's edge into a high ridge, on which grow a few scattered oaks of great age and immense size. (Irving, 3-5) A miserable horse, whose ribs were as articulate as the bars of a gridiron, stalked about a field, where a thin carpet of moss, scarcely covering the ragged beds of puddingstone, tantalized and balked his hunger; and sometimes he would lean his head over the fence, look piteously at the passerby and seem to petition deliverance from this land of famine. (Irving 26-30) Tom's wife was a tall termagant, fierce of temper, loud of tongue, and strong of arm. Her voice was often heard in wordy warfare with her husband; and his face sometimes showed signs that their conflicts were not confined to words. No one ventured, however,to interfere between them. (Irving 31-35)
Immaculate
Free from stain or blemish
Nationalism vs. Sectionalism
In the 1800s many Supreme Court decisions strengthened federal governments power over the states. At the same time John Quincy Adams who was the Secretary of State established a foreign policy guided by nationalism. During this time, writers focused on literature based on their own nation meaning they listened to their own voices and wrote with their own American accent. Slavery and ecomonics challenged nationalism. Until the 1818, the U.S. consisted of 10 free and 10 slave states. From the souths point of view, the North was becoming rich at the Souths expense. Becuase of this sectionalism took place.
Inductive reasoning
Is reasoning in which the premises seek to supply strong evidence for the truth of the conclusion
Satire
The use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, in exposing, denouncing, or deriding vice, folly, ect.
Irony
The use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning
Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence
Jefferson had a certain appetite for reading. He was against slavery and was strong believer in liberty and self government. Although Jefferson denounced slaves he had also owned them, which struck him with a hypocritical image. Be sure to understand the basic concept of the Declaration of Independence and also the structure in which it was written in.
Crucible characterization
John Proctor- cheated on his wife tried to make it up to her. Openly defended her in court. Accused of witchcraft and hanged. Motives: guilt Elizabeth Proctor- husband John cheated on her. Accused of witchcraft by Abby williams, found guilty but never hanged. Motives: Love Abby Williams- lover of John Proctor, when she was refused by him, she launched accusations of witchcraft upon Elizabeth and many others. Motives: Lust
Internal conflict
Mental struggles arising from appoint demands or impulses
Paradox Arthur miller crucible
One example of paradox from The Crucible is hale ask proctor to state the commandments and he forgets to say adultery.
Allusion in Patrick Henry's speech
Patrick Henry uses allusions throughout his speech to the Virginia Convention. One example is "the majesty of heaven". Here, Henry is referencing God and how he made earth and man
Patrick Henry
Patrick Henry was one of the members of the Virginia legislature that protested against British tax on the colonies. In "Speech in the Virginia Convention" Patrick Henry used rhetorical questions, parallelism, repetition, and biblical allusions to persuade people to think negatively about the British. He also contributed to the new date constitution and the Virginia Declaration of Rights. Patrick Henry's famous words from "Speech in the Virginia Convention" are "give me liberty, or give me death!"
Hypocrites
People who pretend to be something they are not of who say one thing and do another
Rhetoric, Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography
Rhetoric-Every argument consists of a speaker, a purpose, and an audience. Surrounding details make up the context. - logos -ethos -pathos Benjamin Franklin used logos in his autobiography because he logically appealed to his audience when explaining how he tried to fix his flaws.
Romanticism vs. Puritanism
Romanticism was based on nature and imagery. Puritanism was more based their writings on God.
Romanticism and the Revolutionary period similarities and differences.
Similarities: They are both against slavery. In The Devil and Tom Walker the main character, Tom Walker says that he would not be a slave trader for the Devil. He is willing to talk to the Devil, but he is not willing to be a slave trader showing that he believes that trading slaves is worse then selling his soul to the Devil. Differences: Romanticism is about imagination, whereas the Revolutionary Period is about logic and reason.
Puritan Period Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathon Edwards themes: Fear hell, act justly to avoid the punishment of hell summary: A sermon that reflects Edwards' opinion on hell and also persuades people to make the right choices tone: fear, pity, enlightening
Abomination
Something that causes disgust of hatred; a feeling of hatred
External conflict
Struggle between a person and an outside force
Subservient
Subordinate in capacity or role; submissively obedient; serving to promote some end
Emotional appeals (pathos)
Targets the emotions of the reader to create some kind of connection with the writer
Age of Reason
The Age of Reason is also known as the Enlightenment. The people valued reason over religious faith. They beloved in the power of reason and science to further human progress. Different from the Puritans, they did not ephasize the afterlife at all. Social contracts started to form the basis of goverment. Around this time people believed that a perfect society is an impossible dream, even though people were good by nature not evil.
The Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party, becasue Britain added a tax on American tea trade also known as the tea act. . People In Boston were furious and dumped large portions of crates full of tea into the harbor. The British benefited from this act because they got a sum of the money. As punishment for dumping all the tea the British parlament passed a series of laws known as the intolerable acts.
The Purtitan Authors' Relationship with God
The Puritan authors believe that some people were predestined or chosen by God to expirence an afterlife with him. Only the "chosen" had a good relationship with God. Pruitans wrote diaries in which they would often find spiritual meaning in what might be considered simple coincidences. The authors also had to: Transform a mysterious God To make him more relevant to the world To glorify God
Repetition
The act of repeating, or doing, saying, or writing something again
Inference
The act or process of inferring
Characterization of Tom walker's wife
The wife of Tom Walker. She is unpleasant and miserly, just like her husband, with a fierce temper and a quick tongue. Like Tom she is enticed by the devil's promise and brings all her valuables to bargain with him, but all does not end well.
The crucible
The crucible was made after the real life situation of McCarthyism, He depicted the people in the play, to have the same personality as the people in real life who was doing this to prove more of a point
Deductive reasoning
The process of reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logically certain conclusion
The shot heard around the world
The shot heard around the world refers to the Boston massacre. This was when the Americans were protesting against the British and then they were fired upon by a squadron of British soldiers killing some of the Americans. This act started the American Revolution forever changing the face of America.
Plot progression: resolution
The story comes to a reasonable ending
Logical appeals (logos)
The strategic use of logic, claims, and evidence to convince an audience of a certain point
Anne Bradstreet
The theme of Anne Bradstreet's Poem " Upon the Burning of Our House " is that spiritual values are more important than material possessions. In the poem "To My Dear and Loving Husband" Bradstreet uses hyperbole and inverted syntax to emphasize the love she has with her husband (made possible by God). Even when they die, their love will live on.
Plot progression: climax
The turning point of the story. Usually the main character come face to face with conflict. The main character will change in some way
Subtext/undertone
The underlying or implicit meaning, as of a literary work
Examples of Bias in "Of Plymouth Plantation"
There is some bias towards the story "Of Plymouth Plantation" by William Bradford. When they first arrive in the new world, they talk about how thankful they are to be alive. They then realize how awful it is in the wilderness, and talk bad about the Native Americans.
Plot progression:rising action
This part of the story begins to develop the conflicts. A building of interests or suspense occurs
Satire in The Devil and Tom Walker
Throughout the story, the author communicates underlying messages to the reader of his opinions. He uses this element of satire to put meaning into the story. Examples of this include when the devil wanted him to be a slave trader, showing that the author disapproves of slavery. Also, the author portrayed Tom Walker's wife as a dominant and nagging spouse, and when Tom wasn't afraid in front of the devil because of his experiences with his wife, it shows his viewpoint on how women should act
Dissemble
To disguise or conceal, deliberately give a false impression
Foreshadow
To show or indicate beforehand; prefigure
Restatement
To state again in a new way
Characterization of Tom walker
Tom Walker is a selfish and greedy man who is married to an abusive wife. He does not have much love for anyone or anything except money and material items. He is very greedy and lazy which causes him to make a deal with the devil to take money from others in a cheap and unfair way.
Plot progression: exposition
Usually occurs at the beginning of a short story. Here the characters are introduced. We learn about the setting on the story. We are introduced to the main conflict
Of Plymouth Plantation William Bradford
William Bradford wrote about his experience of seeing the Native Americans and settling in the Americans. He forge and alliance with the Native Americans. To describe seeing Native Americans for the first time he says "Besides, what could they see but a hideous and desolate wilderness, full of wild beasts and wild men - and what multitudes there might be of them they knew not" Bradford means that the continent is dangerous and unpredictable.
Imagery
Words or phrases that appeal to the senses
Metaphor
a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance
Simile
a figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared
Rendezvous
a gathering place
Tone
an attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience.
Providence
an instance of divine care
Nationalism:
belief that national interest should be placed ahead of regional concerns or interest of other countries
Britain advantages
greatest standing navy well trained navy well supplied well equipped fighting experience great numbers
early romantics
influenced more by the literature of another continent than by that of their own Romanticism had first emerged in Europe in the late 18th century, in reaction to the neoclassicism of the period that had preceded it looked to nature for inspiration Grew out of European tradition, shaping and molding it to fit their unique American identity saw the limits of reason and instead celebrated the glories of the individual spirit, the emotions, and the imagination as basic elements of human nature
Figurative language
language that contains or uses figures of speech, especially metaphors.
american disadvantages
no navy poorly supplied poorly equipped no formal training smaller numbers
Britain disadvantages
old fighting techniques away from home unfamiliar terrain no clear cause red uniforms easy to spot poor leadership
The Crucible (plot) act four:
parris finds a dagger at his door and fears for a rebellion. Asking for hale to get the "witches" to confess. Elizabeth tries to talk Proctor into confessing, court promising to save his life proctor confesses, but can't write it and know it will go on the church door so proctor, sarah good, titbua, rebecca nurse and the putnams are all killed
The Crucible (plot) act three:
revealed that Elizabeth is pregnant, so is unable to be killed Proctor tells the court that Abigail and him had an affair Proctor tells the court to ask his wife because she never lies. when asked she lies trying to protect him. Mary warren changes her story and sides with the girls, saying that proctor made he say these things. asking for abigail's forgiveness
Sectionalism:
the placing of interests of one's own region ahead of the nation as a whole
The Crucible (plot) act two:
the proctor apologize to each other about the affair mary warren gives elizabeth a poppet and says she spent lots of time making it in court Mary warren talks about court and how they have been choose to sit specially in court Elizabeth has only mentioned, but Mary said she had never seen Elizabeth send her spirit out. Abigail accuses her, but mary denies it.Abigail fell to the floor at dinner this evening, and when the Reverend Parris went to her, he drew out a needle stuck deep in her belly. When he asked how she was stabbed, she said it was Elizabeth Proctor's spirit. a needle found in the side of the poppet given to Elizabeth
procure
to get by special effort; to obtain
Tendered
to offer to the family
Thomas Jefferson
wrote the Declaration of Independence. Rhetoric: The speaker is Thomas Jefferson a freedom fighter who is speaking to the audience of fellow freedom fighters who are oppressed by the British. Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence is "an abiding testament to "self-evident" truths for the nation and the world" He uses Ethos by pointing out everything the king has done against the good of the settlers. EX: "He has forbidden his Governors to passing laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained and, and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend them.(Jefferson 30-33)" continued Repetition is also found throughout the Deceleration to persuade the audience. EX: "He has..." starts off many sentences before going into detail on things the king (he) has done against the interest of the settlers.
Olaudah Equiano
wrote the Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano Equiano is writing about the life as a slave. he speaks with a emotional appeal and trys to grab the readers emotions by showing how horrible the life as a slave was. Ex: a multitude of black people of every description chained together, every one of their countenances expressing dejection and sorrow, I no longer doubted of my fate; and, quite overpowered with horror and anguish, I fell motionless on the deck and fainted. He is showing how it felt to be a slave.
