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So that thus it is, that natural men are held in the hand of God, over the pit of hell; they have deserved the fiery pit, and are already sentenced to it; and God is dreadfully provoked, his anger is as great towards them as to those that are actually suffering the executions of the fierceness of his wrath in hell; and they have done nothing in the least to appease or abate that anger.

have not been touched by the spirit of God.

"My own line of reasoning is to myself as straight and clear as a ray of light." Paine most likely uses this language to convince his audience that

he is completely confident in his reasoning.

In paragraph three of Common Sense, why does Paine use the phrases "precariousness of human affairs," "while we have it in our power," and "time and chance"?

to evoke in colonists the need for urgency in their quest for independence

Sermons such as "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" were written largely in response to

the rejection of religion in favor of rationalism by some colonists.

The conflict between the right-handed brother and left-handed brother described in "The World on Turtle's Back" shows that the Iroquois most likely believed

there is an eternal battle between good and evil.

"Ye that oppose independence now, ye know not what ye do; ye are opening a door to eternal tyranny by keeping vacant the seat of government." Paine repeats the word "ye" in order to

grab the attention of colonists who may not understand the urgency of his cause.

Without knowing it, the right and left-handed twins built balance into the world. The plant-eating animals created by the right-handed twin balanced out the meat-eating animals created by the left-handed twin. And so the world thrived, and this was good. Which statement best describes the purpose of this excerpt?

to explain how balance came to exist in the natural world

"'Tis the business of little minds to shrink; but he whose heart is firm, and whose conscience approves his conduct, will pursue his principles unto death." Which best describes the purpose of this excerpt?

to inspire colonists to join the fight for independence

You will know certainly that you must wear out long ages, millions of millions of ages, in wrestling and conflicting with this almighty merciless vengeance; and then when you have so done, when so many ages have actually been spent by you in this manner, you will know that all is but a point to what remains. So that your punishment will indeed be infinite. Oh who can express what the state of a soul in such circumstances is! Edwards uses the phrase "Oh who can express what the state of a soul in such circumstances is!" in order to

illustrate that this type of suffering is unimaginable.

"Let it be told to the future world, that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive, that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet and to repulse it." In this excerpt, Paine uses hyperbole to

inspire his readers to persevere.

Is it not a reasonable thing to fright a person out of a house on fire? What is the purpose of this sentence in Edwards's sermon?

It justifies Edwards's strategy of scaring people into accepting God.

Based on "The World on Turtle's Back," which statement best describes the Iroquois attitude toward nature and the environment?

The Iroquois revered nature and valued the plants and animals that sustained them.

Enlightenment thinking placed value on scientific knowledge and thought. Based on "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," which best describes the relationship between Enlightenment thinking and the thinking of Edwards's followers?

The beliefs of the two groups directly opposed each other.

Which sentence from "The World on Turtle's Back" best illustrates why the story is considered a creation myth?

The woman placed the dirt on Turtle's back and performed a ritual to create the earth.

One day, when the girl had become a woman, a man appeared. No one knows where this man came from. Perhaps he was sent from the Gods above. The girl was so filled with wonder to see this strange man, she lost her senses and fainted. The man yielded two very different arrows, and laid them across the body of the girl in opposite directions, then he disappeared. Which statement best describes the significance of the arrows?

They represent the twins that the woman will bear.

"To talk of friendship with those in whom our reason forbids us to have faith . . . is madness and folly." Paine uses the words "madness and folly" to emphasize that the colonists

are unwise in attempting to achieve a positive relationship with Britain.

Which quotation from "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" uses a rhetorical device to show that people have a fragile hold on life?

Unconverted men walk over the pit of hell on a rotten covering, and there are innumerable places in this covering so weak that they won't bear their weight, and these places are not seen.

According to "The World on Turtle's Back," which best demonstrates the Iroquois view of women?

Women were respected because they helped create and sustain the world.

In the Sky-World was a man who aimed to please his pregnant wife. His wife told him that she wanted some bark from the roots of the Great Tree. Though the husband knew it was wrong, he dug up the roots of the tree for his wife. In doing so, he broke a hole in the floor of the Sky-World, and was shocked to find empty space underneath. He was terrified and told his wife what he did. Which words in this excerpt support the idea that the husband was very devoted to his wife?

a man who aimed to please his pregnant wife

Based on "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," which best describes Edwards's feelings toward his congregation?

compassionate

"The World on Turtle's Back" is a creation myth because it

explains how the Iroquois believe that the earth was created.

Which image is used throughout "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" to provoke fear in the audience?

fire

The right-handed twin accused his brother of murdering their mother and their quarrels continued until it was time to bury their mother. With the help of their grandmother, they made her a grave. From her head grew the three sister plants, corn, beans, and squash. From her heart grew tobacco, which people still use to give thanks in ceremony. She is called "our mother" and the people dance and sing to her to make the plants grow. The excerpt suggests that the Iroquois believed that

sometimes good can come from tragedy.

"I call not upon a few but upon all—not on this state or that state, but on every state—up and help us. . . . Let it be told to the future world that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive, that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet and repulse it." Paine's purpose in issuing this plea is to

unite the colonists in support of continuing the fight for independence.

In paragraph six of "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," what does Edwards suggest about spiritual reform?

He suggests that good works alone will not save a person from damnation.

Which statement best explains why Edwards repeats the image of fire throughout "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"?

He wants to increase his audience's fear of hell.

"Not a man lives on the continent but fully believes that a separation must some time or other finally take place, and a generous parent should have said, 'If there must be trouble, let it be in my day, that my child may have peace.'" Which phrase in the excerpt is an emotional appeal to the reader?

"that my child may have peace"

The conflict between the twins continued, and for some reason, the grandmother favored the left-handed twin. The right-handed twin became angry and resentful. He was the truthful twin who always did the right thing. The left-handed twin was deceitful and did everything backward. You could never trust him. The twins represented the two ways of the world which are in all people. The Indians did not call these good and evil. They called them the straight mind and the crooked mind, the righteous man and the devious man, the right and the left. The main purpose of this excerpt is to

clarify what the Iroquois considered the two different sides of human nature.

The birds of the sea joined together to save the woman and they broke her fall. The great sea turtle floated in the ocean and received the woman on his back without harm. The frightened woman looked around and all she could see was water and sky. She felt helpless, but the animals were determined to save her. She told them that if they could find some soil, she could plant the roots from the Great Tree that were still tangled in her hands. Based on the animals' behavior toward the woman, it is reasonable to conclude that the animals

felt compassion for the woman because she was scared.

"Some Massanello may hereafter arise, who, laying hold of popular disquietudes, may collect together the desperate and the discontented, and by assuming to themselves the powers of government may sweep away the liberties of the continent like a deluge." In the excerpt, Paine compares a deluge—a torrential downpour—to the actions of a group of men to illustrate their

force

The animals thought that perhaps there was dirt at the depths of the ocean, but they had never tried to reach the bottom before. One by one they tried to swim down, but their attempts were futile. Finally, the muskrat disappeared into the cold depth of the ocean. After a lengthy amount of time, he drifted to the surface with a tiny speck of earth in his hand. He appeared to be dead, but the animals prayed and chanted, and finally he stirred. The Earth-Diver was successful in bringing forth the soil to make the earth grow. Which sentences from the excerpt best support the idea that the Iroquois valued sacrifice by one for the good of all?

After a lengthy amount of time, he drifted to the surface with a tiny speck of earth in his hand. He appeared to be dead. . . .

Yea, God is a great deal more angry with great numbers that are now on earth; yea, doubtless with many that are now in this congregation, who it may be are at ease, than he is with many of those that are now in the flames of hell. What does this excerpt suggest about Edwards's opinion of society?

He feels society in general, including many members of the congregation, is more sinful now than ever.

The devil is waiting for them, hell is gaping for them, the flames gather and flash about them, and would fain lay hold on them, and swallow them up; the fire pent up in their own hearts is struggling to break out; and they have no interest in any Mediator, there are no means within reach that can be any security to them. In short, they have no refuge, nothing to take hold of. Which word has a similar connotation to the word "swallow" in this excerpt?

devour

"There are injuries which nature cannot forgive; she would cease to be nature if she did." Paine uses this language to show that

the king's oppressive actions against the colonies are inexcusable.