ENGS 2 Quiz 1
James Renwick, Jr.
1818-1895 Born in Manhattan Father was an engineer, architect and philosopher who taught at Columbia University Graduated from Columbia with a degree in engineering Worked for several years as a structural engineer before turning to architecture
Features of Neoclassical
A Neoclassical building is likely to have some (but not necessarily all) of these features: Symmetrical shape Tall columns that rise the full height of the building Triangular Pediment Domed roof
What do architects and engineers need to think about when designing buildings?
user needs and style
Examples of Roman Architecture
Colosseum Pont du Gard
Neolithic architecture
- Also known as "Stone-Age" architecture contains some of the oldest known structures made by mankind - Distinguished by the use of stone tools. - Neolithic cultures have been shown to have existed in southwest Asia as early as 8000 B.C. to 6000 B.C. - The peoples of the Americas and the Pacific region remained at the Neolithic level up until the time of European contact
Egyptian Architecture
- Due to lack of wood most Egyptian architecture was made with mud-brick and stone - Minerals included sandstone, limestone, and granite, which were generally used for tombs and temples - Most ancient Egyptian towns have been lost because they were situated in the cultivated and flooded area of the Nile Valley
What did neolithic architects use to build? How did they decorate their houses?
- Neolithic Architects were great builders who used mainly mud-brick to construct houses and villages - Houses were plastered and painted with ancient scenes of humans and animals - Many of the more famous Neolithic structures were remarkably made by enormous stones
Examples of Baroque Architecture
Alferaki Palace Tarbes Town Hall France Elysee Palace France
Strategies for design thinking
Analogies Speculative Drawing Recombining Transforming and rearranging
Why is architecture an unavoidable art?
Architecture is an unavoidable art because "every moment, awake or asleep" we are confronted by architecture (Roth 3). It shapes our "behavior, conditions, and psychological mood" (3). Unlike the visual arts house, we cannot avoid architecture - it is constantly before us (3). Architecture, in addition to being unavoidable, is necessarily artistic. Humans build, not only to "satisfy a felt need" but also to "give expression to feelings and values" (Roth 5). It is "symbolic expression" and a mode of "symbolic discourse" (5). Ultimately, architecture is not just to be understood as certain buildings, but as the whole "human-built environment": the broad spectrum of building of any period constitutes its architecture (5).
What does Renaissance architecture look like?
Facades are symmetrical around their vertical axis The columns and windows show a progression towards the center Domestic buildings are often surmounted by a cornice Windows may be paired and set within a semi-circular arch Roofs: fitted with flat or coffered ceilings. They are not left open as in Medieval architecture. They are frequently painted or decorated
Post-Modern Architecture
Began as American style whose first examples are generally cited as being from the 1960s Diverse aesthetics, styles collide Postmodernists feel buildings fail to meet the human need for comfort both for body and for the eye Most post-modernists works are small buildings such as houses and stores. BASICALLY, ANYTHING GOES!
Renaissance Architecture
Beginning between the early 15th and the early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe Symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts Orderly arrangement of arches, niches replaced the more complex proportional view of medieval/gothic buildings
The three conditions of building
Commoditie, firmness, and delight
Greek and Roman Architecture
Constructed new structural principles based on the development of the arch and a new building material, concrete. Roman - First to use two forms of roof design, the arch and vault Vault is an arched roof or ceiling (dome) Post-and-lintel system
Baroque (or Second Empire) Architecture
Deliberately complex Mansard roofs and low, square-based domes Ironwork on roof
Architecture
Design thinking applied to space and function
Engineering
Design thinking applied to technical problems and needs
Classical orders
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan/Roman
The steps of design thinking
Drawings Select alternatives Design Prototype and test
What do you see as the difference between architecture and engineering?
Engineers are often the forgotten, yet crucial, link in the process of building great buildings. As Hu explains, "people wonder which architect designed remarkable structures... not which engineer" (407). Moreover, stereotypes of engineers abound: "the engineer makes it stand up, the architect makes it look good" (Namara 7). In some ways, it is true that architects deal more with the aesthetic, and engineers with the technical. But today, architects and engineers are expected to work closer together than ever before because of changes in "technological and social paradigms" (Namara 1). Architects and engineers are now expected to make contributions to all aspects of the built environment. Architecture and engineering are becoming increasingly "interdisciplinary" and collaboration has become "vital" (2, 10). Ultimately, architects and engineers are both working towards a common objective: building "safe, habitable, and beautiful buildings" (Namara 5). Professionals in both fields need a "holistic understanding" of the practices in architecture and engineering (Namara 5).
Examples of Egyptian Architecture
Great Pyramid of Giza or Pyramid of Khufu Temple of Ramesses II
How did collaboration happen at 41 Cooper Union?
In building 41 Cooper Union, architects at Morphosis, structural engineers at John A. Martin, and mechanical engineers at IBE all collaborated at early stages in the design process (Namara 18). Ahrens described these early in person meetings as "absolutely critical" (Namara 21). Architects, who did not have the training and experience to deal with the technical answers to some questions, needed the input of engineers (Namara 21). Oftentimes, in this type of collaboration, "pride can get in the way" - but architects of 41 Cooper Union were not afraid to enter into a process of "exploration." The architects were essentially asking the engineers to "think way outside the box" (Namara 22). There was no easy answer to the questions that the architects were asking the engineers - they were not just doing calculations and thinking through details (Namara 22). In the atrium, for example, the architects wanted the ability to attach steel elements to the stairs without "a lot of ugly imbeds" (Namara 27) - the engineers had to work through the architects in the design process, figuring out ways to make the atrium both safe and beautiful. In addition, 41 Cooper Union used "radiant ceiling," an emerging technology in heating and cooling (Namara 33). Engineers and architects had to work together to make sure the whole thing "went together like a Swiss watch" (Namara 33). Ultimately, to enact their vision, Morphosis had to rely heavily on a team of both engineers and architects (33).
Gothic Architecture
Mainly flourished in western Europe from the 1100's to 1400's Thinner walls and lighter piers Piers extended several stories high and into the roof area making individual columns like ribs on an open umbrella Ribbed vaults are a distinguishing characteristic of Gothic architecture
What does Marc Kushner believe about architecture?
Marc Kushner explains that today, when architects design structures that are "wild and radical," the media often galvanizes around them. Quickly, forms like the Bilbao Guggenheim Museum have come to mean culture and tourism. To Kushner, architecture is about visceral, emotional reactions to the places we occupy. We have always had opinions about the architecture that surrounds us. But today, when you apply media to architecture, we can give architects our nearly instantaneous reactions to their designs. I agree with Kushner: digital media seems to have changed our relationship with buildings. When an architect builds a building, he has access to millions of examples of experimentation and innovation via the Internet. Because of the speed of communications technology and the increasingly globalized layers of connection, no building is too small for innovation. Ultimately, as Kushner explains, architects "have just been waiting for all of you to want [buildings]." On the Internet, anyone can give their input about anything, and architecture - so acutely present in every area of our lives - will, from now on, always be a topic of discussion.
Examples of Romanesque Architecture
Maria Laach Abbey Germany Tum Collegiate Church Poland
Romanesque Architecture - Description
Massiveness, thick walls, round arches, large towers and arcading Symmetrical Simple
Examples of Postmodern
Nationale-Nederlanden Building Prague Designed by: Vlado Milunic and Frank Gehry Guggenheim Museum - Bilbao Designed by Frank Gehry
Neoclassical Architecture
Neoclassical style produced by the neoclassical movement during the 18th century Neoclassical, or "new" classical, architecture describes buildings that are inspired by the classical architecture of ancient Greece and Rome
What does Gothic architecture look like?
Pointed arches, stained-glass windows, flying buttresses Pointed arch was introduced for both visual and structural reasons. Gothic cathedrals could be highly decorated with statues and paintings
Art Deco Architecture
Popular design movement from 1920 until 1939 Popular themes in art deco were trapezoidal, zigzagged, geometric, and jumbled shapes, which can be seen in many early pieces Materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, lacquer, etc. Bold use of stepped forms, and sweeping curves, symmetry and repetition Art Deco style celebrates the Machine Age through explicit use of man-made materials (particularly glass and stainless steel)
Examples of Gothic Architecture
Reims Cathedral France
Features of modern architecture
Rejection of historical styles as a source of architectural form (historicism) Adoption of the principle that the materials and functional requirements determine the result Adoption of the machine aesthetic Rejection of ornament Simplification of form and elimination of "unnecessary detail"
Roman Architecture
Romans built more kinds of structures than any earlier civilization In addition to houses, temples, and palaces, Romans constructed aqueducts, public baths, shops, theaters, and outdoor arenas
Examples of Art Deco
San Antonio Public Library
Examples of Renaissance Architecture
Sant'Agostino Rome Church San Lorenzo The Palazzo Farnese, Rome Designed by Sangallo and Michelangelo.
Modern Architecture
Simplification of form and the elimination of ornament Dominant architectural style, particularly for institutional and corporate building, for several decades in the 20th century Use materials such as iron, steel, concrete, and glass The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support Modern architecture seen in most skyscrapers
Examples of Neolithic Architecture
Skara Brae Island off coast of Scotland Tomb Brittany Stonehenge
Architectural style
a way of classifying architecture by form, techniques, materials, and design features
What kinds of Egyptian architecture has survived? What were most examples of Egyptian architecture?
Temples and tombs have survived: Built on ground unaffected by the Nile flood Constructed of stone Egyptian architecture is based mainly on its religious monuments such as Pyramids Monumental buildings are post and lintel constructions, with flat roofs constructed of huge stone blocks supported by the external walls and the closely spaced columns
What is structural art?
The core of both engineering and architecture is shaping "man-made structures" (Hu 408). Structural art is composed of innovative structural forms - when the structural engineer becomes an artist (Hu 413). Since the late 18th century, some engineers have consciously become artists (Billington 4). Though structural art is all around us, it has normally been ignored by structural engineers today (414). There are certain ideals underlying structural art. Understandings of structural principles and the efficient use of construction materials are two necessary qualities for an engineer in becoming an artist (Hu 408). Ultimately, the designer must think aesthetically for structural form to become structural art. All of the leading artists of structure thought about the appearance of their designs (Billington 20). Hu ultimately argues that structural artists are rare - and those who obtain the skills of architecture, engineering, and artistry are even rarer still (Hu 411).
Examples of Neoclassical
U.S. Capitol
Examples of modern architecture
Villa Savoye Designed by: Le Corbusier (Swiss Architect) France Robie House Designed by: Frank Lloyd Wright Chicago The Wainwright Building Designed by: Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler St. Louis
What matters in the design process?
prototyping matters Diverse skills matter
