Enlightenment Quiz

Inductive Reasoning

proceeding from the particular to the general by using scientific method

Deism

religious philosophy based on reason & natural law

What quote is Descarte famous for?

"I think, therefore I am..."

Rene Descarte

French philosopher who is known as the Father of Modern Rationalism

Elliptical

the pattern in which the planets revolve around the sun

What were the causes to the American Revolution?

1688 Glorious Revolution -Government Change in England = Bill of Rights, Parliament grew in power and had the rights to make laws. Seven Years' War Debt = Leads to taxation without representation -Stamp Act, 1765 = tax on anything printed in the colonies -Boston Massacre, 1770: British soldiers kill colonists that were throwing things at them -Boston Tea Party, 1773: colonist group called the Sons of Liberty dumps million dollars of tea into the water -Coercive (Intolerable) Acts, 1774 -1st Continental Congress = Olive Branch Petition (colonies attempt to prevent war)= DENIED -Battles of Lexington and Concord (first battles -2nd Continental Congress = Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson

Articles of Confederation

America's first attempt at a national government. This was a huge failure because it established a weak central government and the state governments had more power than the national government.

Explain Voltaire's theory of Deism.

Deism was a philosophy that was based on natural law because strongly believed in religious toleration. It is based on reason and natural law. It challenged Church authority

Explain how each of the following inspired Enlightenment thinkers: classical Greece and Rome • the Renaissance • the Reformation • the Scientific Revolution

Classical Greece and Rome: They both made lots of technology that made it easier to build architecture, farm, etc. Greece also had the first democracy which definitely influenced the Enlightenment thinkers. These two civilizations also focused greatly on education, philosophy, and literature. The Renaissance: The Renaissance was a period of learning and thought. Many literary works were made and discoveries made. This made the Enlightenment thinkers want to grow in learning and understanding. They also took time to grow in their knowledge and help other people to grow as well The Reformation: This led to the thinkers being more open to ideas. Having the Church split made people realize that it is okay to have different beliefs and opinions. Now people began to be more accepting of new ideas. The Scientific Revolution: So much change in what we believed happened during the Revolution. So it changed the entire way that we viewed the world. New technologies also allowed the thinkers to do their jobs better.

Considering Copernicus, Galileo and Newton please identify (how did they change Europe)

Copernicus: Challenged the authority of the Church and led to advancement in understanding. The Heliocentric eventually replaced the geocentric theory Galileo: Discovered that there was sunspots, mountains on the moon, and 4 moons revolving around Jupiter. Prompted people to look at things beyond their own world Newton: Gave us a basic understanding of a ton of math and science concepts. It ranged from calculus to the universal law of gravitation.

Briefly describe the Constitution.

Created a Federal System (form of government in which power is shared between the national and state governments) of Limited Government. It stated all the rules and standards of the new government.

Bill of Rights

Created because the Constitution did not explicitly list personal freedoms for individuals. The first ten amendments to the Constitution

What role did women play in the fields of science and math in the 1700's?

During the Scientific Revolution, some women performed research of their own. These women were all upper class, because they had the access to education and science, but they also faced the most opposition from society. Some men and women began to advocate for women's rights. So women were able to do more things. For example, Maria Winkelmann for the first female astronomer who discovered the comet. In Germany, many of the women who were involved in science were astronomers. These women had received the opportunity to become astronomers from working in family observatories where their fathers or husbands trained them. Between 1650 and 1710, women made up 14 percent of all German astronomers.

The Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War. How did things change in Europe from the treaty?

England emerged as the European superpower in North America, and all original territories went back to their owners, and Austria officially recognized Prussia's control of Silesia.

Francis Bacon

English philosopher who invented the Scientific Method

John Locke

English philosopher who stated that people are born with natural rights, and among them are life, liberty, and property, which are given to them by God and cannot be taken away. Believed people were formed by their environment, so if you could change the environment, you could create a new and better society. Also believed that everyone is born with a "tabula rasa" or blank mind.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English philosopher who was an advocate for women's rights

Isaac Newton

English scientist who is considered the greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution, and created the Universal Law of Gravitation

Margaret Cavendish

English writer who challenged the belief that humans were masters of nature in her book "Observations Philosopher in the middle of the 17th century who made many writing pieces. "The Mad Madge."

Many of the monarchs of the 18th century used a form of enlightened absolutism. How did their leadership look different from other monarchs of Europe?

Enlightened absolutist monarchs liked to talk about enlightened reforms. They even attempted some, but their priority was maintaining the existing system. The had sole power but fought to have some of the enlightened ideals in their society. They tried to keep rights of individuals important. The even fought for education and art. The eighteenth-century monarchs were concerned with the balance of power. This concept meant that states should have equal power in order to prevent any one from dominating the others. Other monarchs of the time period ruled the kingdom solely. They ruled by their interest in the power and welfare of their state. When they did manage to strengthen their position as rulers, they did not undertake enlightened reforms to benefit their subjects. Rather, their power was used to collect more taxes and thus to create armies, to wage wars, and to gain even more power.

Jean - Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher who developed the concept of the "social contract"

Andreas Vesalius

European scientist who dissected the human body in order to accurately describe all individual organs and the overall structure of the human body

Which two nations started the Seven Years' War in Europe? Who was involved in Indian? And who was involved in North America?

France and Britain started the Seven Years' War because they were fighting for more land. France took Madras (today called Chennai) in India from the British. Madras was returned to Britain after the War of the Austrian Succession. The British and French fought over two main areas in North America. One consisted of the waterways of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which were protected by the fortress of Louisbourg and by forts that guarded French Quebec. The other area they fought over was the unsettled Ohio River valley.

Montesquieu

French philosopher who developed the idea of separation of powers which greatly influenced the writers of the American Constitution

Denis Diderot

French who created the first encyclopedia

Voltaire

French writer who challenged Church authority and developed deism. Supported freedom of speech, freedom of religion, separation of Church and State

Johannes Kepler

German mathematician who stated the planets move in orbit around the sun

Ptolemy

Greek mathematician who created the Geocentric Theory.

Who did Galileo come into conflict with as a result of his scientific findings?

He was excommunicated from the Church because his findings supported the heliocentric theory.

What did Rousseau mean when he suggested that society use a "social contract?"

He was suggesting that the government concept that a society agrees to be governed by its general will not that a government takes over to have power over the people. The social contract also guarantees personal freedoms to the people. I think Rousseau was suggesting that we should never fall into a dictatorship.

Complete this statement from the perspective of each of the people listed below: "My name is ________. I am most famous for ________. I exemplify the ideas of the Enlightenment because _________." Hobbes Montesquieu Locke Rousseau Adam Smith

Hobbes: My name is Thomas Hobbes. I am most famous for my book Leviathan. I exemplify the ideas of the Enlightenment because he fought for rights of individuals, equality, and separation of Church and state. Montesquieu: My name is Montesquieu. I am most famous for my idea of separation of powers. I exemplify the ideas of the Enlightenment because I believe that not one group should become too powerful. Locke: My name is John Locke. I am most famous for saying that people are born with the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. I exemplify the ideas of the Enlightenment because I support many ideas of the Constitution. Rousseau: I am Jean-Jacques Rousseau. I am most famous for my idea of the social contract. I exemplify the ideas of the Enlightenment because he thought that reason and emotion were important when making decisions Smith: I am Adam Smith. I am most famous for writing Wealth of Nations. I exemplify the ideas of the Enlightenment because supported the good of the society and fought for rights of individuals.

If the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment both challenged the church and leadership (monarchy), essentially, they were revolutions, then why are they viewed as positive periods in world history?

In world history they are viewed as positive because it led to so much advancement. Now people were thinking instead of just being told what to think. The church should not be the leader of the government but rather something that people chose to believe.

What are Rene Descartes 3 main beliefs as discussed in class?

Let only you mind influence your opinion. Your mind cannot be doubted, but your body and the world can, so each is radically different. Separation of mind and matter (of mind and body).

Why is Montesquieu and his ideas important to the American government?

Montesquieu came up with the idea of separation of powers and having three branches of government. This is the very system that the United States government uses today. This helps to keep the government balanced and make it not become corrupt (let the power fall into the hand of one person/group). The system of checks and balances helps the branches to keep each other in check.

Maria Winkelmann

Most famous female astronomer who discovered the comet

What were Galileo's 3 astronomical discoveries?

Mountains on Earth's moon 4 moons revolving around Jupiter Sunspots

What are the 5 steps of the Scientific Method?

Observe Hypothesize Experiment Analyze Results Draw Conclusions

What factors promoted the growth of science in the 1500s?

People started to take interest in the world around them. Rome and Greece focused on education and discoveries. People started to come up with observations about the world around them and started to question things. The Renaissance and Reformation were a time that people tried to discover new things and study. People began to focus on literature and gaining knowledge. Many books were published during the time period. Aristotle and other philosophers pushed for people to think. All of these factors pushed for the growth of science.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish mathematician who created the Heliocentric Theory

Who were the main philosophes of the Enlightenment and how do their ideas still influence our world today? Name at least six men and their ideas.

Rene Desecrates: Still greatly influences philosophers today with his ideas. "I think therefore I am..." Isaac Newton: His ideas are such a huge influence of our science and math today. For example, calculus and the three laws of motion are still used today John Locke: The rights of life, liberty, and property were included in the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson except instead of property he said the pursuit of happiness Voltaire: Supported freedom of speech, religion, and separation of Church and state which are all included in the Constitution Montesquieu: Separation of powers was used in the US Constitution and is still in our government as of today. We still use three branches of government and checks and balances is still used to help keep the power of the government in check. Francis Bacon: His idea of the Scientific Method is still used in science today

How did the ideas of the Scientific Revolution transform Europe?

Scientists apply humanism to their work and use reason to discover truth. Scientists make observations to form conclusions which led to new findings. New texts from Greek philosophers and scientists emerged that presented conflicting messages from what the Church had stated about the universe. New technology such as the telescope, microscope, and printing press. Improvements in math and exploration.

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher who characterized three ideas or roles for government in his book titled "Wealth of Nations" in 1776.

What is the Scientific Method and how did Descartes and Bacon contribute to its development?

The Scientific Method is a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence using inductive reasoning. Francis Bacon was the English philosopher who created the Scientific Method. Rene Descartes has been called the father of modern rationalism. This system of thought is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge. The Scientific Method is based on reason to find knowledge so Descartes ideas influenced the development of this system

Why did foreign nations support the Americans in their war for independence from the British?

They supported the Americans because the British had ruled so much land for so long so they wanted to take them down. After the Battle of Saratoga, France believed that the colonies had a chance at winning the war so they joined. Spain later joined also. Both countries hoped to gain land and take down the best army in the world.

What was the main role of philosophy?

To change the world.

Identify four ways the Enlightenment transformed Europe. Circle the two effects you think are the most important and explain why for each.

Top 2: Scientists make observations to form conclusions which led to new findings. New findings allow us to gain understanding of why the world is they way it is. We should continue to learn daily so that we gain understanding and change the way we think about the world. New technology such as the telescope, microscope, and printing press. This new technology made people's lives easier. For example, the printing press allowed for books to be more widespread and more people were able to read now. Other 2: Scientists apply humanism to their work and use reason to discover truth. New texts from Greek philosophers and scientists emerged that presented conflicting messages from what the Church had stated about the universe.

Stamp Act

an act passed by the British parliament in 1765 that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc. (anything printed in the colonies).

Laissez-Faire

economic principle that the state should not impose government regulations on the economy, but should leave the economy alone

Universal Law of Gravitation

every object in the universe is attracted to other objects by a force called gravity

Separation of Powers

form of government in which the executive, judicial, legislative branches limit and check each other through a system of checks and balances

Antoine Lavoisier

invented the system for naming chemicals and is considered the Father of modern chemistry

Tabula Rasa

literally meaning blank mind, coined by John Locke. States that human behavior is formed by the behaviors humans live

Galileo Galilei

made three revolutionary astronomical discoveries using a telescope

William Harvey

proved that blood circulates from the heart, not the liver

Heliocentric Theory

says that the sun is the center of the universe

Ptolemaic

system of the universe in which the main belief is the geocentric theory

Scientific Method

systematic procedure for collecting & analyzing evidence

Philosophe

term used to describe philosophers of the French Enlightenment

Social Contract

the concept that a society agrees to be governed by its general will