ENR BIO BENCHMARK #2

During DNA replication, what do the new strands of DNA look like compared to the original strand?

1 DNA molecule creates 2 new DNA molecules. Each new DNA molecule has: 1 original strand and 1 new strand.

How many alleles are there for each gene in a sex cell/gamete?

1 allele

How many alleles does each parent contribute to one gene? (Example, the eye color gene, B= brown / b= blue. Person has Bb)

1 allele from each parent, for a total of 2 alleles/gene.

What is the cell theory? (3 points)

1. All living things are made up of cells 2. Smallest living unit of structure & function of all organisms is the cell (basic unit of life) 3. All cells arise from preexisting cells

What are the phases in the M phases of the cell cycle?

2 main parts: 1. Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase), 2. Cytokinesis

How do you determine the biological sex of a person using a karyotype? Which number pair do you look at?

23rd pair

How many chromosomes are there in trisomy 21 on a karyotype? Which number pair is it on a karyotype?

3 chromosomes are found in the 21st set on a karyotype = trisomy 21

How many "daughter" cells result from meiosis? Are they identical? Different?

4 different daughter cells

According to Chargaff's rule, which nitrogenous bases have equal percentages in a DNA molecules?

A & T have same percentages - G&C have same percentages in DNA. A= 10%, T=10%, G=40%, C=40%

What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

Adds nitrogenous base pairs to the new strand.

How does cytokinesis differ between an animal and plant cell?

Animal cells: pinches in (cleavage furrow), Plant cell: cell plate forms.

What are the 6 kingdoms of classification?

Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Eubacteria Archaebacteria

Binary fission is what kind of reproduction?

Asexual reproduction

What color eyes would the following people have for the eye color gene, B= brown / b= blue. Bb= ? BB= ? bb= ?

Bb= brown BB= brown bb= blue

What could the use of stem cells potentially do for patients?

Because they can become other cell types, they can replace damaged cells from medical conditions that affect the heart, liver, skin etc.

Describe the direction of diffusion in each circumstance: (Diffusion is going from high to low concentration.) concentration of molecules outside and inside of a cell are the same:

CONTINUALLY moving inside and outside of the cell in both directions.

What part of a cell controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell?

Cell membrane

What are stem cells?

Cells that can become other types of cells (heart cells, brain cells, skin cells etc).

How is the production of proteins related to the central dogma of biology?

Central Dogma = DNA→ RNA→ Protein. DNA (template strand) gets copied to create a complementary mRNA , which is translated to create a protein (made up of amino acids).

Proteins make up which part(s) of the cell membrane that are involved in cell transport?

Channels & pumps

What is a condensed form of DNA called?

Chromosome

What is the role of the mitochondria?

Creates ATP (usable energy) from chemical energy in glucose (food)

What is found in the nucleus of a cell?

DNA

What kind of molecules do chromosomes, histones, and nucleosomes make up?

DNA molecules

During cell division, where and how do daughters receive their DNA?

Daughter cell's DNA is a copy of the parent cell's DNA

What does DNA stand for?

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

What is an example of a disorder that results from a chromosomal mutation?

Down's syndrome (trisomy 21)

What is an example of a disorder that results from nondisjunction in meiosis?

Down's syndrome (trisomy 21)

What is the difference between the diploid and haploid number? Provide an example.

Example: If Diploid number (2n) =6, then the Haploid (n) number = 3

What kind of molecules are transported in facilitated diffusion? Active Transport?

Facilitated diffusion: glucose molecules.

What is the portion of DNA that regulates the production of protein?

Genes

Describe the direction of diffusion in each circumstance: (Diffusion is going from high to low concentration.) concentration of molecules outside of a cell is greater than inside a cell:

INSIDE

Where is DNA located in cells found in prokaryotes? In eukaryotes?

In Prokaryotes: Nucleoid (do not have a nucleus). In Eukaryotes: Nucleus

Where is mitochondria located in a cell?

In the cytoplasm

What are the "rungs" of the ladder of DNA made up of?

Nitrogenous bases (A,C,T,G)

Describe the direction of diffusion in each circumstance: (Diffusion is going from high to low concentration.) concentration of molecules outside of a cell is less than inside of a cell:

OUTSIDE

What process describes the movement of water into and/or out of cells?

Osmosis

Which parts of a cell are only found in plant cells but NOT in animal cells?

Plant Cells only: Cell Wall, Chloroplast, large central vacuole

What is an example of the environment affecting genetic traits?

Soil pH affects plant height or other plant characteristics. Smoking = cancer

What are the differences between DNA and RNA molecules? Similarities?

Sugar= deoxyribose (DNA) & ribose (RNA). Double stranded (DNA) & Single stranded (RNA). Nitrogenous Bases= A,C,G,T (DNA). A,C,G,U (RNA). Both have sugar & phosphates backbone.

What is the "backbone" of DNA made out of?

Sugars & Phosphates

What category of organisms (unicellular or multicellular) have cells that are able to carry out all the roles needed for life?

Unicellular organisms

What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

Unzips DNA strand

What is cell differentiation?

When cells become specialized later on during early development

What are the sex chromosomes of a biological female? Male?

XX = female XY = male

What does tRNA molecule bring to the mRNA molecule to add on to the developing polypeptide chain?

amino acid

What is the definition of cancer?

cells that have uncontrolled cell division

What is the role of cyclins?

controls the timing of the cell cycle.

Where does translation occur in the cells of eukaryotes?

cytoplasm

Which RNA molecule has a codon?

mRNA

What are the 3 types of RNA molecules?

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Where does transcription take place in the cells of eukaryotes?

nucleus

What stages of mitosis are chromosomes condensed and visible?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase

Which macromolecule can help in immunity, make chemical reactions go faster, and help in cell transport?

protein

The purpose of transcription and translation are to eventually produce what kind of macromolecule?

proteins

What kind of macromolecule does an amino acid chain create?

proteins

Which organelles are involved in the path of protein synthesis? And in which order?

ribosomes —> endoplasmic reticulum —> golgi apparatus

Which RNA molecule has an anticodon?

tRNA

What body part does a group of identical cells make up?

tissues

Which process produces the mRNA molecule?

transcription

When do cells know when to stop growing/dividing? (example, during repair- when someone is cut or wounded)

when the cells touch each other