ENS 332/333 Exam 1

Transcutaneous procedure (e.g. heart valve surgery)

"A procedure in which either the mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary, or aortic valves of the heart (or a combination of the four) are replaced or repaired due to their inability to open or close properly while the heart is beating, resulting in the backup of or inadequate delivery of blood to the peripheral vessels." "A procedure when the valves of your heart are replaced because they are not working properly. "

Pulmonary Disease

"Lung disease is any problem in the lungs that prevents the lungs from working properly. There are three main types of lung disease: Airway diseases, Lung tissue diseases, Lung circulation diseases" "Lung disease is any problem in the lungs that prevents the lungs from working properly. There are three main types of lung disease: Airway diseases, Lung tissue diseases, Lung circulation diseases"

cardiac disease

Disorders of the heart and blood vessels that affect their function, including acute coronary syndromes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarctions, and peripheral artery disease umbrella term for any disease of the heart or blood vessels

Destination therapy

Implantation of circulatory assist devices as a permanent alternative to heart transplantation Treatment for patients with heart failure who cannot get heart transplantation

Pulsatile LVAD

Surgically implanted device to assist the heart, using a pulsatile pump to mimic the heart's natural activity a device that increases or decreases arterial beating which mimics a pumping mechanism of the heart

Cardioprotective medications

Term describing all drugs that are important in the treatment of patients at risk for or with documented cardiovascular disease. Beta-blockers, one of the most commonly prescribed, are indicated after acute coronary syndromes, stable coronary artery disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Medications consisting of beta-blockers, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, Angiotensin receptor blockers, Calcium channel blockers, and polypills. all address various cardiovascular diseases and abnormalities.

Cerebrovascular accident

Term encompassing all causes of the sudden death of brain cells due to impairment by blockage or rupture of one or more arteries to the brain When part of the brain stops getting normal blood flow, which caused the cells affected to stop working and die

Rate control

ThIs therapy involves the use of negatively chronotropic drugs or electrocardiography/surgical interventions to reduce the rapid ventricular rate often found in patients with atrial fibrillation. Helps bring heart rate back to normal levels while being the first line of defense for irregular heartbeat (i.e. heart failure, stroke and etc.)

Atheroma

The abnormal gathering and accumulation of fatty deposit, material, and scar tissue in the tunica intima and inner wall layer of an artery, resulting in degeneration of the artery/vessel, restriction of circulation, and possible thrombosis The build up and gathering of fatty material in the inner layer of an artery wall that cuts off circulation and breaks down the artery

Aortic stenosis

The aortic valve does not open fully. This decreases blood flow from the heart. As the aortic valve narrows, the left ventricle has to work harder to pump blood out through the valve. when an opening in the heart narrows so the heart has to work harder to pump blood around the body.

Chronotropic incompetence

The failure of heart rate to raise commensurately with increased activity or demand that could predict coronary heart disease and mortality An inability for the heart rate to rise to compensate for increased need that may lead to heart disease and death

Ejection fraction

The fraction of blood ejected by the left ventricle (stroke volume) relative to its end-diastolic volume. It is calculated by dividing stroke volume by End Diastolic Volume and multiplying by 100 The comparison of the amount of blood in the heart to the amount of blood being pumped out of the heart

Acute coronary syndrome

The manifestation of coronary artery disease as increasing symptoms of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, or sudden death A term that describes various conditions related to sudden decreased blood flow to the heart

etiology

The manner of causation of a disease or condition. With cardiac disease this would likely manifest as a result of poor dietary and lifestyle habits, as well as many genetic and environmental factors. The cause or set of causes of a disease, injury, or illness. Cardiac Disease is caused by plaque buildup in the vessels of the body which is largley preventable.

sternotomy

The mid-line vertical splitting of the sternum before thoracic surgery A surgery that cuts down the middle of a patient's breastbone in order to access the heart.

Intermittent claudication

A blockage in the femoral artery in which blood flow in the lower extremity is reduced and results in pain in the calf muscle during ambulatory activity. It is a classical symptom of Peripheral Arterial Disease. pain in the leg during walking but not at rest

Arteriosclerosis

A chronic disease characterized by abnormal thickening and hardening of arterial walls which results in reduced elasticity When the blood vessels that move oxygen from our heart to our body become thick and stiff, thus causing a hardening of the arteries

Obesity

A chronic, relapsing, multifactorial, neurobehavioral disease, wherein an increase in body fat promotes adipose tissue dysfunction and abnormal fat mass physical forces, resulting in adverse metabolic, biomechanical, and psychosocial health consequences Excessive storage of fat in the body causing a person to be overweight and possibly have other health issues

diuretic

A common drug used to reduce sodium chloride reabsorption at the renal tubules, thereby reducing the luminal-cellular osmotic gradient, which limits water reabsorption. These are typically used as a means to reduce blood volume to limit stress put on the heart. A medication that promotes urination and reduces blood/plasma volume.

Unstable angina

Acute coronary syndrome that is characterized by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. It is distinguished from stable angina in that its onset is unpredictable. Episodes are typically more severe than those experienced with stable angina. unpredictable or frequent chest pain due to a blocked coronary artery

Coronary artery disease

All-encompassing term referring to any chronic condition in which the coronary arteries are unable to supply the heart with blood, oxygen, and nutrients due to an accumulation of cholesterol-related plaque or an inflammation of the vessel walls. Decreased blood flow to the heart can lead to angina or a complete heart block. The main vessels that carry blood to the heart become swollen or blocked, decreasing the amount of blood the heart receives. This can cause chest pain, trouble breathing, or a heart attack.

Volume depletion

Also known as Extracellular Fluid (ECF) volume contraction, this occurs as a result of loss of total body sodium. Causes include vomiting, excessive sweating, diarrhea, burns, diuretic use, and kidney failure. A state when overall volume is reduced do to a deficiency of salt and water.

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy

an accelerated form of coronary artery disease (CAD) that arises subsequent to heart transplantation and is characterized by concentric fibrous intimal hyperplasia along the length of coronary vessels A medical issue that shortens the life span after a heart transplant. It is a very fast paced type of membrane lining disease where the inner most lining of the vessel is thickened

Heart rate reserve

Calculated by taking the difference between peak heart rate and resting heart rate, it is a prognostic indicator in those with various types of cardiac disease, Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) = (peak HR - resting HR)

Diastolic dysfunction (in heart failure)

Can lead to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The left ventricle loses its ability to relax normally and loses its ability to adequately fill. This impaired filling can restrict the amount of blood the heart can pump with each heartbeat and can increase the pressures within the heart chambers. The left ventricle cannot relax so the heart cannot fill with blood during the resting period. This can cause an increase in the pressures within the heart

Sternal edges

Cardiac function may become compromised as a result of a sternotomy merely by the of presence of these adjacent or in direct contact with the heart. During cardiac surgery, a cut straight down the middle of the sternum is performed to expose the heart. This cut can cause issues because the sides of the open sternum is in contact with the heart.

CVD risk factors

Characteristics, both modifiable and nonmodifiable, that increase the probability of developing CVD. Traditionally these include older age, male sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and family history of coronary disease. Possible reasons why someone may develop cardiovascular disease. There are factors which one can modified with diet and exercise, and factors which are genetic and cannot be modified. Examples of risk factors include age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and family history of heart disease.

Histochemistry

Chemistry in the context of biological tissue—is an invaluable set of techniques used to visualize biological structures. This field lies at the interface of organic chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. Integration of these disciplines over the past century has permitted the imaging of cells and tissues using microscopy. Stains are used to localize cells and tissues to be easily seen under a microscope.

Symptomatic bradycardia

Classified as when heart rate falls below 60 bpm, but can be onset by different heart abnormalities. A single chambered pacemaker with only has one lead placed into the right atrium or right ventricle is indicated as treatment. A condition where the heart beats at less than 60 beats per minute becuase of a heart defect or abnormality and when this happens you would use a pacemaker to make sure the heart beats at a normal rate

Angina pectoris

Clinical syndrome of precordial discomfort or pressure due to transient myocardial ischemia without infarction. It is typically precipitated by exertion or psychologic stress and relieved by rest or sublingual nitroglycerin Chest pain due to an inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle

Acquired atrioventricular AV block (1st Degree AV Block)

Delayed conduction of an atrial impulse, in which the PR interval is longer than .20s Type of impairment in which little to no signal is transmitted between the heart chambers

Hyperkalemia

elevated concentration of potassium in the blood serum (> 5.0-5.5 mEq/L), which complicates the ability of nerves to fire and create muscle contractions high levels of potassium in the blood

Thyroiditis

encompasses multiple disorders that affect the thyroid gland, in which the immune system attacks the cells of the thyroid, signalling inflammatory agents that can alter thyroid hormone secretion and function. An overproduction of thyroid hormone increases the risk of atrial fibrillation Inflammation of the thyroid gland

Antitachycardia pacing

Delivery of electrical impulses to the heart at a faster rate than the intrinsic rate during an episode of tachycardia, in an attempt to terminate the abnormal tachycardia In order to prevent from tachycardia, Antitachycardia pacing make heart faster.

hemodynamic

Describes the homeostatic mechanisms and adjustments responsible for maintaining systemic, pulmonary, and venous pressures, in addition to the modulation of cardiac output in concordance with demand the flow of blood throughout the body or a specific body part

Continuous flow LVAD

Device that uses a centrifugal or axial pump connected to the left ventricle and aorta to provide a continual forward flow of blood throughout the body, resulting in improved hemodynamic support and renal function in patients with heart failure Continuous Flow Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are devices that constantly pump blood through the body and result in the improved function and quality of life of heart failure patients

Sclerosis

hardening of tissue or anatomical structure resulting from the overgrowth of fibrous tissue things build up where they shouldn't

Systolic dysfunction (in heart failure)

impaired emptying of the LV, apparent as a decreased (less than fifty percent) effective ejection fraction (forward stroke volume divided by the end-diastolic volume) the bottom left part of the heart loses its ability to generate enough power to pump enough blood to the rest of the body

Decompensated heart failure

clinical syndrome in which a structural or functional change in the heart results in its inability to eject and/or accommodate blood within physiological pressure levels, thus causing a functional limitation and requiring immediate therapeutic intervention Heart unable to pump blood to the rest of the body

Hypervolemia

decrease in serum sodium concentration <136mEq/L caused by an excess of water relative to solute. low levels of sodium in the blood

Myocardial infarction

CHECK

Sinus tachycardia

CHECK

Glucose intolerance

A condition marked by high blood glucose levels and can mainifest as impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); having a fasting blood glucose level above 6.0 mmol/L or a post-prandial blood glucose level of 7.8 mmol/L are indications of glucose intolerance a term used to define an above normal blood glucose level leading to hyperglycemia

Rate responsive pacemaker

A device designed to increase heart rate according to metabolic needs during physical, mental or emotional activity. They modulate heart rate by sensing physiological or nonphysiological signals other than atrial rate. a medical device that alters heart rate and takes into account to varying physical or emotial demands

Echocardiogram

A noninvasive procedure utilized to assess cardiac function and structure. A transducer is placed on the thorax/chest at certain angles and locations, where sound waves are produced, which then reflect off the various heart structures. These rebounded sound waves create moving images of the heart walls and valves. a procedure that does not involve opening the body in any way, used to gain understanding of one's heart health and function. A machine, that sends sounds into the body, similar to how a dolphin locates fish in the sea by echolocation by making noises, that bounce off of objects, such as the heart

Semirecumbent

A position where the elevation of the head-of-bed is 30-45º and it is recommended for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) with almost no absolute contraindications. Theoretically, it is applied in most or all intensive care units (ICUs). An ill patient who can't be laying down all the time will sit up at a 45º, so their respiratory system is cleared and not obstructed

Arrhythmias

A problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. The heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern. An irregular heartbeat which can be caused by stress, heart defects, smoking, etc.

Percutaneous coronary intervention

A procedure in which a stent is used to treat atherosclerosis, including unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and multivessel coronary artery disease. A nonsurgical technique that is used to treat unexpected chest pain or heart attacks. This involves inserting a small tube into a blood vessel to open up blocked arteries in the heart.

palpitations

A rapid pulsation or an abnormally rapid or irregular beating of the heart (as that caused by panic, arrhythmia, or strenuous physical exercise) that one can "feel" or is consciously aware of. When your heart beats differently from its normal rhythm; it can beat too soon, too late, or too quickly.

Sick sinus syndrome

A relatively uncommon heart rhythm disorder. While not a specific disease, it is a group of signs and/or symptoms that indicate the sinus node, the hearts natural pacemaker, is not functioning properly. The hearts pacemaker stops working properly, leading to the heart exhibiting signs of heart beat/rhythm irregularities. It can lead to faster or slower heart rhythms.

troponin

CHECK

cardioversion

A shock that is administered by a cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) which is a pace maker that monitors the beat rhythm of the heart. When the ICD detects an irregular or rapid heart beat it will pace the heart to bring it back to a normal rate and if unsuccessful, the shock will forcibly bring the heart back to a normal rate. A shock that resets the heart by a pace maker when pacing the heart is unsuccessful.

pacemaker

A small electronic device that generates electrical impulses by electrodes to contract the heart muscles and regulate the heart rhythm A tool that sends out electrical signals to help a heart have a normal heart beat

Orthostatic blood pressure drop

A substantial drop in blood pressure that occurs when someone stands up from the sitting or supine position; Also known as postural hypotension. Feeling dizzy if you get up too quickly after laying down for a long period of time

Coronary syndrome event

A sudden occurence of reduced blood flow to the myocardium of the heart due to a blockage of a coronary artery. Depending on the severity of the episode, this can result in heart attack or unstable angina. Occurs when something blocks a coronary artery so not enough blood can flow to the heart, causing a potential heart attack.

Coronary revascularization

A therapeutic strategy, often in the form of a surgical procedure, that is performed to improve perfusion in an ischemic area of the coronary artery A therapeutic strategy, often in the form of a surgical procedure, that is performed to improve perfusion in an ischemic area of the coronary artery

Stent

A tiny mesh clinical tube positioned in damaged arteries for support and restoration of blood flow during treatments such as Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI), which is kept attached to maintain proper blood flow in one's body A small tube placed in arteries to keep them open so that the flow of blood is not stopped in the body

Modified Naughton protocol

A treadmill test conducted to infer the coronary health of a patient. ECG sensors are attached to the patient's chest, and the test typically involves two-minute intervals of sub-maximal exercise intensity, with each interval increasing in intesity. ECG sensors record the heart's rhythms and activity focusing on abnormal rhythms in order to confirm the patient has a heart condition.

Rhythm control (bonus, comparison to rate control p241)

A treatment for Atrial Fibrillation, where the goal is to restore and maintain sinus rhythm. Typically it is preferred over rate control in patients with newly diagnosed AF, who are younger than 65 years old, and who have had no previous complications when administered antiarrythmic drugs When the heart is not beating in the correct way blood is not moved correctly so, this treatment is done to put the heart back to a more regular beat and keep it at that beat as well

Transluminal valve interventions

A usually minimally invasive class of procedures which aim to open up stenotic valves by threading a catheter inside the valve and inflating a balloon or inserting a replacement valve in place of the original allowing for a higher blood flow through the heart circuit. Usually used for aortic or mitral valve stenosis, tricuspid and pulmonary valve don't usually experience stenosis. A kind of procedure that opens up a valve which is blocked by either pushing the valve open with a balloon or by replacing the valve.

Dyslipidemia

Abnormal amount or composition of blood lipids. LDL is normally <100mg/dL, and triglycerides <150mg/dL; LDL greater than 160mg/dL and triglycerides greater than 200mg/dL would indicate excess in the blood. For high density lipoproteins the low range is <40 and the high range is greater than or equal to 60; where dropping below 40 would be indicative of large amounts of lipids in the blood. High levels of fatty cells in the blood including: the most common fatty cell reaching more than 200, bad fat cells reaching more than 160, and the good fat cells dropping below 40.

Bibasilar rales

Abnormal breath sound in the bases of the lung that can be heard on auscultation. It indicates interference of the airflow from inflammation, fluid, or infection in the air sacs of the lung. Abnormal sound from the lung

Hyperhomocysteimia

An autosomal recessively inherited defect disorder of methionine metabolism, leading to an abnormal accumulation of homocysteine and its metabolites (homocystine, homocysteine-cysteine complex, and others) in blood and urine. Homocysteine is an amino acid produced when proteins are broken down. A high homocysteine level, also called hyperhomocysteinemia, can contribute to arterial damage and blood clots in your blood vessels.

Decompensated (aka uncompensated) heart failure

An exacerbation of heart failure due to termed fluid volume overload which impairs systemic organs, jeopardizing their function When the heart starts to struggles to pump enough blood through the body and this stops blood moving through the body properly

Orthostatic hypotension

An excessive drop in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure when transistioning to an upright position. Typically 20mmHg systolic and 10 mmHg diastolic. A decrease in blood pressure causing dizziness, blurred vision or loss of consciousness as a result of "standing up too fast"

Defibrillator

An exogenous medical device that applies an electrical current to the chest wall and heart in order to restore the heart's rhythm. This is given to people with severe heart problems, people who have had a history of heart attacks, or those in need of CPR. A electronic device implanted into the body that applies an electric shock in order to improve the rhythm of an irregular heartbeat.

Pericarditis

An inflammatory process involving the outer membrane of the heart that results in a clinical syndrome characterized by chest pain, friction rub, changes in the electrocardiogram (ECG) and occasionally, a pericardial effusion Swelling of the outside layers of the heart that leads to rubbing of the tissues, and thus causing pain in the surrounding area

Orthopedic condition

An injury or disease involving the bones, joints, ligaments, and/or tendons of the body, which can either be chronic (eg- arthritis) or acute (eg- a fracture). An injury or disease involving the bones

Third degree atrioventricular block

An irregularity in the cardiac conduction system where the conduction of the atrioventricular node no longer occurs which causes dissociation of the ventricles from the atria. This results in a severe bradycardia in which the ventricular rate is controlled by the Purkinje Fibers. The inability of the heart to send electrical impulses appropriately in order to pump blood in the different chambers of the heart, which causes the upper chambers of the heart to work independent from the lower chambers of the heart. This leads to irregular heartbeats.

Pharmacological

Any type of drug with a mechanism of action that targets one or more specific pathways that are associated with a particular disease, with the aim of preventing further disease progression The study of drug effects in order to understand and treat diseases.

Hypertension

Blood pressure, the force of blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessels, is consistently above 130/80 mmHg. This greatly increases one's risk of further cardiovascular disease. When the blood that is moving through your vessels is moving so quickly and forcefully that it exerts a pressure against the walls of those vessels that is above the normal range increasing your risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Ischemic/angina threshold

Exercise intensity (typically measured by heart rate or rate-pressure product) in which angina first develops as a consequence of exercise. It is useful as a prognostic indicator. In a clinical setting, angina can be inferred when a 1mm ST segment depression appears on a live ECG. Exercise intensity (typically measured by heart rate or rate-pressure product) in which angina first develops as a consequence of exercise. It is useful as a prognostic indicator. In a clinical setting, angina can be inferred when a 1mm ST segment depression appears on a live ECG.

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

General term that describes any surgically implanted mechanical pump that allows the left ventricle to more efficiently deliver blood to the rest of the body. Can be used as a bridge-to-transplant or destination therapy for patients that have reached end-stage heart failure a treatment for heart failure that mechanically helps the heart pump blood

Thrombophlebitis

Inflammatory process that causes a blood clot to form and block one or more veins, usually occurs in surface-layer veins located in areas with poor blood flow. An inflammation process that leads to a blood clot forming and blocking atleast one vein

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement

It is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that replaces a narrowed aortic valve that fails to open properly without removing the old, damaged valve. It instead wedges a replacement valve in place of the aortic valve. Once the new valve is expanded, it'll push the old valve leaflets out of the way and the new valve will take over the job of regulating the blood flow. A minor procedure that replaces a narrowed aortic valve without removing the other one so the blood can flow through again

St-segment depression

It is an aberration from the typical ECG profile, and its presence, particularly during exercise testing, is strongly indicative of ischemic heart disease. Damaged heart tissue emits different electronic signals than healthy heart tissue does when contraction occurs.

Myocardial ischemia

Occurs when the blood flow through one or more of the coronary arteries is decreased, but refers specifically to a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle. It can develop slowly as arteries are blocked over time or it can occur quickly when an artery is blocked suddenly. When there is a blockage in the arteries there is a reduced blood flow, which then leads to the heart not receiving enough oxygen needed. Sudden complete blockage can lead to a heart attack.

β-blocker

One of the most widely prescribed classes of drugs to treat hypertension and are a mainstay treatment of congestive heart failure. These work by antagonising the effects of epinephrine, slowing heart rate, thereby decreasing the heart's demand for oxygen. Medicine used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure by stopping adrenaline and slowing down our heart rates so we don't need as much oxygen.

Hemorrhagic

Pertains to the discharge of bleeding or the abnormal flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessel. In example, this type of stroke refers to a brain aneurysm burst or weakened vessel leak in the brain. Bleeding that occurs as a result of some type of injury or medical condition.

Coronary artery bypass graft

Procedure in which a healthy artery or vein from the body is connected, or grafted, to the blocked coronary artery. The grafted artery or vein bypasses the blocked portion of the coronary artery. This creates a new path for oxygen-rich blood to flow to the heart muscle Surgically going around a blocked section of the coronary artery by connecting it to a different, healthy blood vessel

Renal insufficiency

Renal blood flow is reduced by stenosis in the renal arteries caused by atherosclerosis. It also describes the state of a reduced glomerular filtration rate, but not that of requiring a transplantation or dialysis. Patients with coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease are at a greater risk. When plaque builds up in the kidney arteries, it causes those arteries to narrow. This reduces the amount of blood flow that the kidneys receive. When this happens, the kidneys cannot perform their proper function any more, such as removing things from the blood that the body does not need anymore.

Mean arterial pressure

Represents the average pressure in the systemic circulation during the length of one cardiac cycle, and is also knowwn as the organ perfusion pressure. It is calculated by measuring directly cardiac output, venous pressure and total peripheral resistance. However, it is commonly estimated using systolic and diastolic blood pressures. average blood pressure during a single a cardiac cycle

Creatine kinase

Serves a function in cellular energy metabolism. "It catalyzes the reversible transfer of high-energy phosphate from ATP to creatine, facilitating storage of energy in the form of phosphocreatine. Abnormally high levels in the plasma is used as a diagnostic criteria for ischemic heart disease. An enzyme that plays a role in energy production and storage that is mainly found in the skeletal muscle, heart and brain

ergometer

Stationary devices that measures power while a cyclist pedals against sliding friction (e.g. Monark), electromagnetic braking (e.g. Lode), or air resistance (e.g. Kingcycle). These are commonly used as CPET equipment in pathological populations. An exercise machine capable of measuring the work performed by the muscles. An ergometer measures external work as an estimate of muscle work. It does not directly measure muscular work.

stroke

Sudden interruption of blood supply to a part of the brain by a thrombotic occlusion or hemorrhage from a cerebral artery which damages the brain tissue Interrupted blood supply to the brain that clogs the cerebral blood vessel and kills the brain tissue

Ankle/brachial pressure index

The ratio of the systolic blood pressures commonly measured in order to check for peripheral artery disease (PAD); a low index number may suggest narrowed or blocked peripheral arteries The ratio of blood pressures from the upper arm and ankle; a low index number could mean narrowed or blocked arteries in the legs

Minute ventilation

The volume of gas that is inspired or expired in the lungs per a specific unit of time. It is measured in L/min, and can be obtained by multiplying the volume of gas measured in that time frame by the respiratory rate The amount of air that goes in and out of the lungs in one minute

Left bundle branch block

This blockage delays the electrical activation of the left ventricle. As a consequence, the right ventricle is activated, and begins to contract, before the left ventricle is activated. Electrical impulse is not able to be distributed across ventricles of the heart because it is being blocked or obstructed causing irregular heartbeats.

Sternal wires

Used to close the sternum after surgery in order to minimize distractive forces and facilitate bone healing Are used after open heart surgery to to hold the bones together while healing takes place. They are meant to protect the patient and prevent possible infection from sternal incision.

nitroglycerin

Vasodilator drug that exerts a direct effect on the pulmonary circulation in doses that do not affect systemic resistance vessels or the myocardium and do not activate neurohumoral reflexes. Reduces pulmonary artery pressures in addition to pulmonary vascular resistance due to its ability to dilate venous capacitance vessels. drug that opens blood vessels to reduce chest pains by reducing pressure and resistance within pulmonary arteries. This drug ultimately provides pain relief from impeded blood flow Its use is prevalent in conditions other than pulmonary hypertension (although PAH is usually comorbid/common), such as angina pectoris.

Heart failure

a chronic condition due to defects in the myocardium of the heart resulting in failure of ventricular filling and/or the ejection of blood from the heart the heart stops functioning due to the lack of blood and oxygen being pumped from the heart

Peripheral Vascular Disease

a circulation disorder that causes the narrowing, blockage or spasms of blood vessels. Plaque build up causes a narrowing of the arteries, thus reducing the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the head, limbs and organs a disorder in which arteries are narrowed due to plaque build up, causing a reduction of blood flow throughout the body

Orthostatic Stress

a clinical syndrome consisting of a group of symptoms that can occur after assuming an upright posture. These include the development of lightheadedness or dizziness, as well as visual changes and other symptoms, upon arising from the supine position to an upright position The occurrence of various symptoms like dizziness, nauseous, and lightheadedness when standing upright which affects the autonomic nervous system

gangrene

a dangerous condition that can affect any limb when blood circulation and oxygen supply is cut off, which causes the tissue in the affected limb to die. It can be due to an infection and often makes the limb turn green or black in color. when blood cannot reach a part of the body, causing the stuff that makes up that part of the body to die. It usually turns that part of the body green or black

cardioverter

a device implantable inside the body, able to perform cardioversion, defibrillation, and (in modern versions) pacing of the heart.

Doppler

a device that uses ultrasound to continuously measure heart rate and blood velocity (and blood pressure via a cuff). Useful in patients that are hemodynamically unstable. device that helps monitor blood pressure in patients where pulse is faint or hard to hear

Median sternotomy

a gold-standard incision used in cardiac surgeries that is made on the midline of the sternum just inferior to the sternal notch and a few centimeters below the xiphoid process a common incision used in heart surgeries that is made vertically in the middle of the sternum

Hypokalemia

a metabolic imbalance or electrolyte disturbance characterized by potassium deficiency (less than 3.5 mEq/L) in the bloodstream and is caused by decreased intake of potassium or excessive losses of potassium without sufficient replacement a bodily condition where the level of potassium is too low in the bloodstream because the body is unable to maintain the normal potassium balance within the body

Peripheral revascularization

a multitude of procedures that are performed in order to treat or prevent limb ischemia, including angioplasty and stenting treatments to fix or stop restricted blood flow to arms, legs, hands, and feet

Reverse remodeling (of the left ventricle)

a neurohormonal treatment that is characterised by a reduction in dimensions and the normalization of shape associated with significant improvement of pump function. treatment that helps restore size and function to heart

Electrocardiogram

a noninvasive test that is used to reflect underlying heart conditions by measuring the electrical activity of the heart with leads a test that uses sensing devices that checks how an individual's heart is beating

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

a nonoperative mechanical dilatation of atherosclerotic coronary artery stenosis by a balloon-tipped dilating catheter system. Can effectively reduce coronary lesions and provide early recovery of ischemic but viable myocardium. "minimally invasive procedure that opens up blocked coronary arteries allowing blood to flow to the heart muscle unobstructed "

Coronary angiogram

a procedure that uses contrast dye, usually containing iodine, and x-ray to detect blockages in the coronary arteries that are caused by plaque buildup. a test performed to check for obstructions in the coronary artery

defibrillation

a process in which a heart is sent an electrical shock from a machine. The electrical shock is meant to care for heart rhythm irregularities by trying to return the heart to a normal rhythm. a therapeutic and/or curative method in which an electrical device called a defibrillator uses electrical shocks sent to specific sites in the heart to address heart problems called arrhythmias.

Cardiomyopathy

a progressive condition in which the heart muscles become enlarged, thickened, or stiff, causing difficulty to pump blood. The main types are dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. a disease in the heart that makes it difficult to pump blood out into the body

Atherosclerosis

a progressive disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids and fibrous elements in the large arteries a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries

Atrial fibrillation

a quivering or asynchonous conduction of the atria or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications. irregular heartbeat that can increase risks of stroke and heart disease

Residual obstructive coronary lesion

a stenosis/lesion that remains present in a coronary vessel following myocardial infarction or other cardiac event the name tells what it is

Aortic dissection

a tear in the tunica intima of the aorta that causes blood to move to other layers of the aorta and divides it into a true and false lumen. when the largest artery is divided into two spaces because of a cut inside that causes blood to move into other layers of the aorta

Valsalva maneuver

a technique that is performed by exhaling forcefully against a closed airway and increases pressure in the throat, sinuses, and inner ears and increases the tone of the vagus nerve. Often used in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia to stop arrhythmias, and to stop hiccups. attempting to exhale with a pinched nose and closed mouth for 10-15 seconds. It increases pressure in the airways and decreases the sensitivity of the vagus nerve. Often used to treat abnormal heart rhythms, and to stop hiccups.

Bridge-to-transfer therapy (**Update: Bridge to Transplant)

a treatment for end-stage heart failure using a device that supports patients by mechanically pumping blood from the lower chamber of the heart to the rest of the body while awaiting heart transplant surgery a device that helps pump blood for a patient with heart failure allowing them to rest before surgery

Cerebrovascular disease

a variety of different medical conditions that affect the blood flow of the brain and cerebral circulation, which often causes a damage or deformity of arteries supplying oxygen and nutrients to the brain includes all of the disorders that causes the blood supply in the brain to stop

Embolism

an obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign substances (air bubble, amniotic fluid, globules of fat, etc.) or a blood clot that travels through the bloodstream, that eventually lodges and occludes the vessel partially or entirely A detached solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that travels through the bloodstream, lodges in a blood vessel and blocks i

Rhythm disturbances

any arrythmia or disturbance in cardiac rhythm that may be transient or present over the long term

Cardiac event

any event, such as arrhythmias, heart valve disease, cardiomyopathy, cancer, or coronary artery disease, that damages the heart muscle. This could lead to a lack of blood flow from the heart, which could cause a myocardial infarction any event that damages the heart and makes it unable to pump blood effectively, which could lead to a heart attack

Advanced AV block (2nd Degree AV Block)

intermittent non-conduction of the sinoatrial impulse to the ventricles with or without PR-segment lengthening during successful conduction. A signal block between different chambers in the heart.

Sarcopenia

is defined as the loss of muscle mass or function with aging and is associated with adverse outcomes As you age, your muscle tissue decreases

auscultation

listening to the internal sounds of the body using a stethoscope for the purpose of examining or diagnosing using a stethoscope to listen to the heart, lungs or gastrointestinal function

Single chambered pacemaker

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Cilostazol

medication commonly used to treat symptoms of intermittent claudication due to peripheral vascular disease

Chronotropic response

the HR response to exercise at any stage of exercise that can be assessed by the fraction of the Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) achieved

ambulation

personal action of walking independently with or without the use of assistive devices to move, mainly by walking, from place to place

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

rehabilitation technique that stimulates the neuromuscular system through isometric contractions followed by static stretching of the selected muscle or tendon group to produce the desired movement. A rehabilitation method that uses contractions and stretching of muscles and tendons to create a patient's desired movement. Apparently, PNF has recently been applied toward coronary heart disease. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30128938

Resistance vasculature

specifically arterioles and arteries, small vessels that respond to nervous stimulation and/or hormone changes in the body with dilation or constriction, and have the greatest impact on resistance to blood flow Vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the body open and close due to changes in the body and cause obstacles for blood flow

premorbid

the appearance of signs or symptoms associated with a disorder without having been formally diagnosed, or meeting only certain criteria required for clinical diagnosis and not others Being premorbid is showing symptoms of a disease or disorder before being diagnosed.

Oxygen uptake reserve

the difference between VO2 max and VO2 at rest; this method improves the accuracy of the relationship between oxygen uptake and heart rate reserve The difference between an individual's maximal oxygen usage and the amount of oxygen they use at rest

Dyspnea

the feeling of being unable to breath deeply or adequately. It is normal to occur during maximal or submaximal exertion, but hints at possible cardiac disease if it occurs while at rest or doing everyday tasks. shortness of breath

Cardiac resynchronization therapy

the insertion of electrodes in the left and right ventricles of the heart, as well as the right atrium on occasion, to treat heart failure by coordinating the function of the left and right ventricles. Wires to detect heart rate irregularities emit tiny pulses to resynchronize the heart

Denervated (heart)

the loss of afferent nerves in the myocardium, which impairs the reflex responses of the sensory endings of the cardiopulmonary region which can lead to hypotension and bradycardia related to inferior wall infarction. It casues the disappereance of neural input to the sinoatrial node and the loss of efferent and afferent nerve signaling into and out of the heart. The loss of function/ sensation in the innermost layer of muscle in the heart because of a loss of nerve impulses which can cause lower blood pressure and heart rate.

Stable angina pectoris

the most common type of angina. It exhibits a predictable pattern of chest pain at the onset of or during exercise. It occurs when the heart muscle becomes hypoxic. This usually happens because one or more of the heart's arteries is stenosed or blocked. the heart does not get enough blood because arteries are narrowing causing chest pain.

Cardiovascular disease

the most leading cause of premature death globally, in which the heart and blood vessels are restricted by abnormal lipids, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, poor diet, or irregular exercise the disease that causes the most death globally, in which the heart or cloud vessels are narrowed or blocked by large fats, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, excess fat in the abdominal area, poor diet, or irregular exercise

Cardiac rhythm

the predominant electrical activity of the heart, which is determined by the recording of an electrocardiogram or by the tracing evaluation of a cardiac monitor the recurring beat of the heart

Comorbidities

the presence of more than 1 distinct chronic disease or condition in an individual when an individual has 2 or more diseases

Comorbidities

the presence of more than one distinct chronic disease or condition in an individual when an individual has 2 or more diseases Typically comorbidities are strongly associated with one another or have a causal/temporal order

Prevalence

the proportion of a population that carries a disease or trait during a given time frame a specific number of people in a specific part of the world, who have a disease or illness at a given time

Myocarditis

the result of inflammation and accumulated damage to the myocardium of the heart muscle, which can lead to heart failure swelling of the middle layer of the heart muscles

Arteriolosclerosis

the thickening of small arteries and arterioles in which even small changes in wall thickness result in significant luminal compromise walls of smaller blood vessels become thicker, making a smaller tube for blood to pass through