ENSC 101 Chapter 5 spring 18

Which of the following exhibits primary sucession

A rock exposed by a retreating glacier

If the resilience of a damaged ecosystem is low enough, the degraded area may not be restored by a secondary succession. When this happens, the damged ecosystem has reached

A tipping point

There are ____ limits to population growth in nature

Always

The primary reason why souther sea otter recovery is ecologically important is because they

Are a keystone species

Most ecologists now recognize that mature, late-successional ecosystems

Are in a state of continual disturbances and change

Some species that tend to reproduce later in life and have a small number of offspring with long life spans

Are vulnerable to extinction

Each population in an ecosystem has a _____ to variations in its physical and chemical environment

Range of tolerance

Parasites

Rarely kill their hosts

Which of the following exhibits secondary ecological sucession

Recently flooded land

What refers to the ability of a living system to be restored after a period of moderate to severe disturbance

Resilience

If multiple species find themselves competing for the same resource, the completion can be reduced by which of the following

Resource expansion

Through natural selection different species of birds called honeycreepers have shared resources by evolving specialized beaks to take advantage of certain types of food such as insects, seeds, fruits, and nectar from certain flowers this is called

Resource partitioning

Species with a capacity for a high rate of population growth are called

r- selected species

In communities and ecosystems, the type and numbers of species change in response to changing environmental conditions T or F

True

In predator-prey relationships, the predator is seeking food for itself and its offspring, while the prey is seeking not to become food for the predator. As a result, predator and prey populations exert tremendous natural selection pressures on each other. T or F

True

Large mammals, such as elephants and rhinoceroses, are especially vulnerable to extinction because of their reproductive patterns. T or F

True

Populations of most plants and animals depend, directly or indirectly, on solar energy T or F

True

Primary and secondary ecological successions tend to increase biodiversity of communities and ecosystems by increasing species richness and interactions among species. T or F

True

Scientists have changed their view about stable type of climax community as the end product os succession are now suggesting that we cannot predict the course of succession. T or F

True

The carrying capacity of any given area is not fixed. T or F

True

The nonpoisonous _____ butterfly gains protection by looking like the bad-tasting ____ butterfly, which is a protective device known as

Viceroy;monarch;mimicry

What is an example of a K-selected species

Whales

The maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely is the definition of ___

Biotic potential

Some prey species discourage predators with chemicals that are poisonous, irritating, foul smelling, or bad tasting. what is this called

Chemical warfare

What is the most common distribution of population

Clumped

Bats prey on certain species of moths by using high-frequency echolocation to locate them. Certain moths have evolved ears that can hear these frequencies allowing them to escape. This is an example of

Coevolution

When populations of two different species interact over long period of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other. What is this called.

Coevolution

What occurs when an interaction benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other

Communalism

What is the most common interaction between species

Competition

The hing wings of the Io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal. What is this called

Deceptive warfare

Immigration is the

Departure movement of individuals from a population to another area

Plants such as pitcher plants share a commensalistic interaction with large trees in tropical and subtropical forests by attaching to the trunks or branches of the trees. The pitcher plants are examples of

Epiphytes

By 1900 white-tailed deer populations in the U.S. were drastically reduced, but now, since laws have been passed to protect them and their natural predators, their population has

Exploded

When plotting the number of individuals in a population against time, the data yield a J-shaped curve. What does this curve indicate

Exponential growth

The situation in which one set of species makes an area suitable for species with different niche requirements and often less suitable for itself is called

Facilitation

At the population level, parasites are always harmful to the host species. T or F

False

Humans are exempt from population overshoot and dieback. T or F

False

Organisms with clumped distributions are fairly rare. T or F

False

The growth rate of population increases as its size nears the carrying capacity of its environment. T or F

False

The most common interaction between species is commensalism T or F

False

A population increases through birth and

Immigration

The ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances is called

Inertia

What occurs when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources

Interspecific competition

Too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can prevent the growth of a population, even if all other factors are at to near the optimum conditions. What is this ecological principle

Limiting factor

Exponential Growth followed by a steady decrease in population growth until the population size stabilizes is typical of

Logistic growth

Grasslands have ____ and can burn easily

Low inertia

The pollination of flowering plants by species such as honeybees is

Mutualism

The relationship between clownfish and sea anemone is called

Mutualism

When two species behave in ways that benefit both by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource, it is called

Mutualism

What has caused the population of the southern sea otter to fluctuate

Parasites that breed in cats

What is said to occur when one organism feeds on another organism by living on or in the other organism

Parasitism

A group of interbreeding individuals of the same species in the same geographic region is called

Population

What is the number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume that can limit the size of some populations

Population density

Kelp forests play key roles in marine ecosystems, in part by supporting important biodiversity. These kelp forests are threatened by

Sea urchins

Kelp forests are composed of large concentrations of

Seaweed

What type of succession begins in an area where an ecosystem has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed and that contains soil or bottom sediment

Secondary sucession

Kelp forests help reduce ____ by blunting the force of incoming waves trapping some of the outgoing sand

Shore erosion

The captivity to withstand external stress and disturbance is called

Stability

An example of an internal parasite is a

Tape worm

What was the primary reason the southern sea otters nearly went extinct by the early 1900's

They had thick luxurious fur

What is a feature of r-selected species

They have populations that fluctuate between high and low

Late successional plants are largely unaffected by plants at earlier stages of sucession because they are not in direct competition for resources, a factor called

Tolerance

Animal predators tend to kill the sick, weak, aged, and least fit members of a species because they are the easiest to catch T or F

True

Grasslands have a high resilience and therefore can recover quickly following a fire. T or F

True

Humans compete with other species for space, food, and other resources T or F

True