ENV Chapter 3

The acquisition of advantageous traits is called ______.

Adaption

Young animals disperse.

Baby turtles hatch and crawl into the ocean.

Resources are partitioned between generations.

Caterpillars eat plants while butterflies drink nectar.

which is not classified as physiological?

Disease

Species are limited to where they can live by __.

Environmental factors

Bacteria in your gut are part of your microbiome, and are only a few of the thousands of different organisms that live symbiotically with you. Choose three of the important functions of gut microorganisms

Exclusion of pathogens Supply hormones and neurotransmitters Digestion of nutrients

Below are listed density-independent and density-dependent factors. Choose all those that are density independent.

Habitat loss Earthquake Drought

Which of the following must be true in order for a mutation to be inherited?

It must occur in reproductive cells.

In a desert habitat, plant survivability is most critically limited by the amount of __.

Moisture

When a version of an organism in a population has a useful trait that leads to a higher reproductive success, this is known as __.

Natural Selection

When a version of an organism in a population has a useful trait that leads to a higher reproductive success, this is known as __.

Natural selection

The American carrion beetle, Necrophila americana, is a decomposer that lives in marshy and forested areas in North America east of the Rockies. The role and location together are the __ of the beetle.

Niche

Commensalism

One benefits the other isn't affected

Predation

One benefits, one is hurt

The saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) can only exist in environments that do not go below freezing. This would be an example of __ limiting species distribution.

Physiological stress

example of competition.

Sheep and cows grazing in a field

Parents force offspring into new territory.

Songbirds mature quickly and are unwelcome after they can feed themselves.

What is an endemic species?

Species tat only occur in a specific environment

Specialist

Species that are extremely efficient in a particular habitat

Generalist

Species that tend to have large geographic ranges and thrive in a broad variety of habitats

he study of types of organisms and their relationships is called ___. Scientists use it to classify and organize organisms.

Taxonomy

Which of the following best describes the rate at which new species arise?

The rates of speciation vary widely: viruses can change within a year, whereas, other species change over millions of years. Reason: Viruses are not considered to be living by most biologists. However, bacteria species can speciate just as quickly.

True or False: The sensitivity of damselfly larvae to a chemical pollutant may be used as an environmental indicator of habitat health.

True

Which of the following are examples of intraspecific interactions?

Two stallions fighting over a mare. An adult mother polar bear chasing her full-grown young out of her territory.

species infrequent

Zone of physiological stress

The ecological niche of a giant panda is __.

a bamboo forest herbivore

Poison dart/arrow frogs (families Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae) have evolved an ability to sequester potent toxins from their diet which they use for defense against predators. The predation pressures have driven the frogs' evolutionary and therefore natural selection of this group of frogs.

adaption

Predation can affect a species population during __ life stages of both predator and prey species.

all

An earthquake creates a physical barrier that separates a population of cute mountain bunnies. Over many generations the two mountaintops have distinctly different types of bunnies. The type of speciation event is __.

allopatric

Competition is a type of __ relationship

antagonistic

The habitat of the giant panda is endemic to the mountainous ____ forests of southwestern China.

bamboo

A harmless beetle that looks like a stinging wasp is an example of ______ mimicry

batesian

The type of mimicry where a harmless animal looks harmful in order to avoid predation is termed ___ mimicry, whereas Müllerian mimicry occurs when two organisms look alike and are both harmful.

batesian

Species become more infrequent when the level of environmental factors __.

becomes too extreme

In order to facilitate information exchange with scientists in other countries and scientific fields, taxonomists use scientific, ____ nomenclature in Latin to describe organisms.

binomial

Unrestrained biological reproductive rate is __.

biotic potential

Parasitism is __.

both a types of predation and symbiosis

Mutualism

both benefits

The maximum abundance of a species that can be supported without depleting resources is its ____ capacity.

carrying

The number of animals that can be supported in an environment is called __.

carrying capacity

Physical change that occurs in a species as a response to its predator over thousands of years is __.

coevolution

What principle states that no two species may occupy the same ecological niche for long? The _____ _____ principle

competitive exclusion

When two similar species occupy the same niche, competition will eventually eliminate one of the species from that niche. This is the principle of __ __.

competitive exclusion

What type of mechanisms are a result of interactions between and/or among populations? Density-__ mechanisms

dependent

Genetic isolation may lead to speciation because the separated populations build up genetic __ over time.

differences

If a scientist were tracking the birth rates, death rates, and overall population fluctuations of mountain gorillas in Uganda, then that scientist is studying the population ____ of the gorillas.

dynamics

The changes in population size over time is known as population

dynamics

The elimination of a keystone species may cause catastrophic change to the __.

ecosystem

A species that occurs only in one specific geographic area is referred to as a(n) ___ species.

endemic

The carrying capacity is __ when a species population goes beyond the limits of the environment's ability to support it.

exceeded

The type of population growth pattern that displays a J-shaped curve, and has no limit, is ____ growth.

exponential

dN/dt = rN

exponential growth equation

An organism's ability to survive in a given area may be limited by the least available resource, also known as the critical

factor

True or false: A habitat includes the role that an organism fills.

false

True or false: Speciation only occurs slowly.

false

Predation affects __ in both predator and prey species.

food-obtaining mechanisms all life-cycle stages behavior and physical changes

An omnivore that lives in a mid-latitude climate is more likely to be a __.

generalist

Adaptation is the acquisition of advantageous traits. These traits must be ____, in order to be passed on and benefit future generations.

genetic

The exponential growth equation states that the change in the number of individuals (dN) over time (dt) is equal to the rate of ____ logical growth, (r) times the number of individuals (N).

growth

The Florida Everglades is the ecological ____ of the osprey. Calling the osprey a wetlands secondary consumer is describing its ecological ____

habitat; niche

Taxonomy

important in scientific research the study of types of organisms

Scientists use scientific names __.

in order to avoid language barriers to avoid the confusion of common names

An organism that is sensitive to environmental conditions can make a good _____ species for the health of the entire ecosystem.

indicator

trout are reliable __ because they are sensitive to water quality; their absence or presence represents the health of the entire ecosystem.

indicator species

Termites have a protozoan symbiote in their gut that breaks down the cellulose in wood, allowing the termite to obtain nutrients from the wood while the protozoan is protected from the external environment. Therefore, the termite and the protozoan are __.

inseparable

Predation of one species on another is an example of an ____-specific interaction. A good example is between foxes and rabbits.

inter

When a population is affected by a population of another species, this is an example of a(n) __ interaction.

interspecific

When a new male lion from a different population takes over a pride, often that new male kills all of the cubs. This is an example of a(n) ____ interaction.

intraspecific

In order for a new species to arise, there must be genetic __.

isolation

Sea otters are a(n) __ species in the kelp forests of the Pacific coast. The overhunting of sea otters may cause catastrophic change in the kelp forest.

keystone

The absence of lichens in an area might indicate that air pollution __, or outside the organism's tolerance limits.

levels are high

Temperature and moisture levels are environmental factors that can where a species exists.

limit

The type of population growth pattern that slows as the carrying capacity is approached, and makes an S-shaped curve on a graph, is ____ growth.

logistic

The collection of cells that inhabit our bodies and with which we have a symbiotic relationship is called the human

microbiome

Random changes in DNA, or ____ , must occur in reproductive cells in order for them to be inherited.

mutations

Selection pressure is a term that refers to factors that make certain within a ____ species advantageous.

mutations

Random changes in DNA, or ___, must occur in reproductive cells in order for them to be inherited.

mutations9

species abundant

optimal range

Examples of environmental factors that cause physiological stress are __ and __.

pH; temperature

Different warbler species taking advantage of the foodstuffs at different levels in the same tree is an example of resource

partioning

If houseflies were freed of predation and given unlimited food, this would result in extreme ____ growth.

population

If a bird lays her maximum clutch size of eggs and has 100% survival every season, the resulting gigantic population is an example of the bird's biotic

potential

The types of limitations that may affect a species' distribution are ____ and ____(physiological) stress.

predators; competition

Once a population has been separated, the DNA structure of that population begins to diverge as a result of __, which may lead to speciation.

random mutation genetic drift

Under the right conditions and if there are no constraints, a population can __.

reach huge numbers

Intraspecific competition is __ when resources are partitioned or offspring are forced into new territories.

reduced

Natural selection refers to the process where individuals with a useful trait _____ more successfully than those without the trait. This is a major driver of evolution.

reproduce

When a species utilizes a specific portion of a resource, such as eating ground-dwelling insects versus tree-climbing insects, this is __.

resource partitioning

The difference between a habitat and a niche is that a niche includes the organism's _____ within a specific community.

role

The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Latin), has developed a chemical defense against predation from birds. This adaptation has led to increased survival from predators overall and therefore is driving natural

selection

What is the term or phrase we use to describe factors that make certain mutations advantageous?

selection pressure

In order for ____ to occur, reproductive isolation must occur; this may occur either geographically or behaviorally.

speciation

The development of a new species is __.

speciation

What term indicates the development of a new species?

speciation

When the fate of two species are intimately linked, they share a(n) __ relationship.

symbiotic

A species of moth has a range of mating times within the same forest. Over time, there is a divergence with moths either mating in the morning or in the late afternoon until the two groups no longer interbreed, leading to two unique species. This type of speciation is __.

sympatric

Before a scientist can explore evolutionary relationships, behavior, ecology, and other aspects, he or she first must know the __ of an organism.

taxonomy

Biologists use to categorize and organize research collections so that work may be carried out in the future.

taxonomy

Environmental factors have levels beyond which a species cannot survive; we refer to these as ___ limits.

tolerance

Environmental factors have levels beyond which a species cannot survive; we refer to these as ____ limits.

tolerance

A particular species cannot live at temperatures above 39∘C for more than 40 to 45 minutes; this set of conditions is the species' __.

tolerance limit

Species absent

zone of intolerance