Environmental Biology Chapter 7

What are factors that led to rapid human population growth after 1600 C.E.?

-Better health care and hygiene -Improved sailing and navigational skills -Agricultural developments

What constitutes family planning in the context of population?

-Couples having control of their reproductive lives -Couples choosing to have as many children as possible -Couples determining the number and spacing of their children

What cultural practices and taboos limited population growth in early societies?

-Infanticide -Abstinence

In a highly developed country, what factors tend to reduce fertility?

-Personal freedom for women -More women in the workforce -Higher education for women

In a poor country, what factors would potentially encourage a person to have more children?

-Support of parents in old age -High mortality rate of infants -Ability of children to help with managing the house and farm

What factors have historically limited human population growth?

-certain cultural taboos and practices -diseases -famines

What would decrease the crude death rate?

-having more children than elderly in the population -having greater economic and political stability

Examples of how technology has helped to support a large human population.

-improved sanitation -increased agricultural productivity -increased variety of medicines

What two groups are compared to calculate the dependency ration?

-number of working individuals -number of nonworking individuals

What are negative aspects of a growing human population?

-resource depletion -environmental degradation -excessive waste

As of 2019, the rate of growth for the human population was about ________ percent per year.

1.08

When did the worldwide human population reach 1 billion people for the first time?

1804

The replacement fertility rate is ______, not 2.0, children per woman because some couples don't have children and some infants dies soon after they are born.

2.1

As of 2019, the world's human population was approximately __________.

7.7 billion

You can estimate the doubling time of a population by dividing ________ by the annual growth rate.

70

An annual income above (U.S.) $10,000 is not correlated with longer life expectancy. the correlation between life expectancy and annual income tops out at about ________ years for men and ________ for women.

75; 85

The human population will reach approximately _______ to ________ billion by 2100.

9; 11

Poor countries have high growth rates and rich countries use the most resources. In order to improve the standard of living for the poorest people and address social justice, __________.

A more equal distribution of resources will be needed

After World War II, the U.S. government encouraged women to leave their wartime jobs and stay at home. Reunited couples started new families and the result was a rise in the birth rate called the "baby _______."

Boom

What is the rule of 7 used for?

Calculating the doubling time of a population

What do technological optimists believe? That we ________.

Can invent strategies or alternatives to resource that are limited

The largest portion of elderly in 2030 will be in the country of _______ because of low birth rates and rising life expectancies.

China

What two countries will switch places soon for the number 1 and 2 spots of most populous?

China and India

Approximately 200 million women in developing countries lack access to ________ that they desire, which has a large affect on many aspects of their lives, most notably their family size.

Contraception

The number of births that occur in a year per thousand people is the _______ birth rate.

Crude

What is the first to fall in a demographic transition?

Death rates

35% of China's population will be elderly in 2030 because births have ________ and life expectancy has ________.

Declined; risen

The vital statistics about people, including births, deaths, where they live, and total population size are known as _______.

Demographics

The number of non working compared to working individuals in a population is the ________.

Dependency ratio

Modern life in North America, China, and Europe has led to an increase in resource consumption. If the rest of the world lived this way, it would result in _________.

Disastrous environmental impacts

Due to advances in nutrition, sanitation, medicine, and access to clean water, life expectancy has ______ in the past 100 years.

Dramatically improved

The way couples manage the number and spacing of their offspring is known as _________ planning.

Family

Currently about 100 of the world's 220 countries have a _____ rate of 2.1 children or less per couple.

Fertility

Illness, culture, and religion are just some factors that affect the total ______ rate of a woman in a traditional society.

Fertility

Because of technology, _______ have increased faster than _________.

Food supplies; population growth

The percent of people added to a population during a year is the total ______ rate.

Growth

The total fertility rate of a woman in a modern society is strongly affected by ________.

Her education and access to birth control

What is "crude" about the crude birth rate?

It is not adjusted for population characteristics

Life expectancy does not increase with?

Latitude

The crude death rate(or crude mortality rate) is the ________.

Number of deaths per thousand persons in any given year

Life span is the _____ age to which a species is known to survive.

Oldest

A technological _______ believes that we can overcomes resource shortages associated with a large human population by inventing or finding alternatives.

Optimist

Increasing child survival (reducing rates of infant and child mortality) is a key to stabilizing a population because __________.

People, in general, will have fewer children when they know more will survive to adulthood

A major negative side of the rich lifestyle in modern China, North America, and Europe is the disastrous impact it can have one _______.

The environment

What developments started to lead to an increase in the growth rate of the human population around 10,000 years ago?

The invention of agriculture and the domestication of animals

True or false: One significant factor that seems to be closely tied to achieving population stability is empowering women.

True

Racism and blaming the poor for their own poverty are two of the social justice issues that stem from an _______distribution of resources and _________ between poor and wealthy countries.

Unequal; birth rates

Karl Marx

When people are oppressed and impoverished, high birth rates occur

What is a positive outcome of a growing human population?

With more humans, there is the potential for more ideas about how to fix potential problems we create, as fields become more specialized.

What statement accurately compares the worldwide average life expectancy of men and women?

Women have a higher average life expectancy

A replacement rate of 2.1 children or less per couple is the projected replacement rate for the year 2050 in ______ of the world's countries.

All but a few

Using the I=PAT formula, you would expect to observe _________.

An individual American having a greater impact than an entire African village

The oldest age to which a species is known to survive is life _______, while the average age of death is life _______expectancy.

Span; expectancy

When are birth and death rates close in value during a demographic transition?

Stage IV Stage I

Which region was the only one that did not have a declining fertility rate in the past 50 years?

Sub-Saharan Africa

Rank the areas by total fertility, with the highest on the top.

1. Africa 2. Middle East 3. South America 4. North America 5. Europe

What were the four most populous countries in 2018?

1. China 2. India 3. Indonesia 4. United States

The two most factors closely associated with fertility rates in developed countries are _________.

Education and socioeconomic status

Families living in agricultural societies in developing countries likely are _______ to have more children to tend livestock and help grow and harvest crops.

Encouraged

What correctly summarizes the I=PAT formula?

Environmental impacts (I) are the product of population size (P), multiplied by affluence (A), multiplied by technology (T)

True or false: Men and women have the same life expectancies.

False

True or false: The human life span has increased dramatically since the Industrial Revolution.

False

Most contraceptive methods are ________.

Hormonally-based

Thomas Malthus

Human populations continue to increase despite insufficient resources, leading to starvation, crime, and misery.

What is true about the human population growth rate?

Human populations grew slowly until relatively recently

Countries that have low birth rates below replacement rates may need to gain people through _________ to boost the economy.

Immigration

Factors affecting changes in population size are summarized as BIDE, Births + _________ - Deaths - ____________

Immigration; emigration

One of the best ways to improve child survival is to __________.

Improve women's rights

Why did the human population start to grow rapidly after 1600 C.E.?

Major technological developments in agriculture, transportation, power, and health care occurred around 1600 C.E.

Thomas Malthus believed excess population growth leads to social problems, whereas Karl ______ believed that excess population was the result, not the source, of other problems.

Marx

What country's histograms shows a problem with its dependency ratio?

Niger

A factor that increases someone's desire to have children is a ___________ pressure.

Pronatalist

Something that increases people's desire to have children is called a _________.

Pronatalist pressure

The replacement rate (in which people just replace themselves) must be greater than 2 because ________.

Some children do not survive, some couples do not have children, and some people are infertile

The "baby boom" refers to ________.

The post-World War 2 high birth rate that lasted until the early 1960s.

Why does a rapidly growing country often have a lower crude death rate than a more developed, slowly growing country?

There are more children and fewer elderly people in a rapidly growing country

What evidence points to the importance of reducing the infant and child mortality rate as a step in slowing population growth?

There has never been a sustained drop in birth rates that was not first preceded by a sustained drop in infant and child mortality

What statement accurately describes the correlation between annual income and life expectancy?

There is a good (positive) correlation between annual income and life expectancy up to about (U.S.) $10,000

The net change in population per year is the ________.

Total growth rate

A demographic transition pattern is used to link falling death and birth rates to an increase in social and ______ development.

economic