Environmental Conservation Exam 1.
listing backlog
species how have been listed under "candidate species"
delist
take a species off the endangered list and remove funding.
End-of-stack (pipe) environmental regulation
(1970s) last-chance approaches that clean up pollution in water/air right before it enters the environment (as opposed to preventing the contamination in the first place) RCRA • Limitation: End of piper regulations don't provide incentives for companies to reduce pollution output via changing production processes
Bureau of Land Management
(founded in 1946) managed mostly arid land left over after the end of the Homestead act after Dust Bowl, has fewest restrictions of any federally managed land
The bet
(simon bet that technology and innovation can increase resources and Ehrlich bet that there are not enough resources to be around) simon vs Ehrlich. Simon won, that the price of 5 metals would decrease in a decade. Wanted bet 2 but, this time Ehrich wanted to bet that the number of extinct species would increase, that the amount of CO2 would increase etc.
Romantic Pastoralism
1. An emotional connection to the land 2. Interconnectivity of people and place 3. Aesthetic virtues of the landscape 4. "middle landscape" - alternative to harsh wild and degenerate city 5. cult of the farmer pastoral landscapes - meaning places that were in between harsh wild places and crowded 'degenerating' cities. Pastoral romanticists idealized the lives of farmers living at the edges of wild nature.
Primitivism
1. Celebrating the rugged individualism of the wild 2. Rejection of modernity and ties to civilization 3. Civilization destroys happiness and moral integrity 4. Cult of the noble savage 5. More radical than the pastoral. thought Native Americans lived lives of greater moral value and that they were closer to God than more 'civilized' people living in cities
Briefly explain the 3 basic 'pie analogies' for thinking about human population growth and the environment.
1."too many forks"- too many people and not enough resources 2."the pie can be made bigger"- technology can increase resources 3."better manners"- share resources
Antiquities Act
1906- gave president power to set aside federal lands as national monuments where mining, grazing, and logging are prohibited (preservation/Muir perspective)
Wilderness Act
1964- comes close to Muir's vision of preservation. Designated wilderness areas with increased protection within Federal Land Endowment (mostly in National Forests). Most restricted!!
National Environmental Policy Act
1970 - designed to force all fed agencies to forecast the environmental consequences of all projects/policies→ later broadened to include local gov and most non-gov projects too
Telico Dam
1978; first decision interpreting ESA Prohibited Tennessee Valley Authority from building dam (53 mil already spent, 95% complete) and it destroyed the habitat of the snail darter completed in 1979 after Congress granted exemption
Bears Ears National Monument
2016: declared national monument by Obama - seen as a victory by Sierra club and Navajo of the area, 'disgraceful' land grab to the Utah senator April 2017: Trump orders review of 553 million acres to end "egregious use of fed power" and "give states more say in how public lands are used" Aug 2017: Proposal for sec. of interior to reduce the monument from 1.6 mil to .2 mil acres (largest reduction ever).
proNatalist
A governemnt policy that encourages or forces childbearing, and outlaws or limits access to contraception.
Manifest Destiny
A notion held by 19th century americans that the united states was destined to rule the continent, form the Atlantic and the pacific. political ideology to incorporate territory, tame wilderness, and extend civilization to the Pacific.
environmentalism
A social movement dedicated to protecting the earth's life support systems for us and other species.
What explains the growing enthusiasm for wilderness during the 19th century among the American upper class?
America identity was known for their thick and dense forest areas. Once Americans started to notice rapid land conversion and started to feel a sense of loss, enthusiasm for wilderness increased.
Thomas Malthus
Author of Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) who claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that eventually population growth would outpace food production.
Why does J. Cohen (author, How many people can the earth support?) caution us against using declining commodity prices to measure human welfare?
Cohen is against using declining prices as an indicator of human welfare because the bottom billion are so poor that they have no control over demand in world commodity markets. Even if there is no "shortage" in food, world hunger is still a major problem. i. Global prices do not reflect the depletion of unowned stocks. ii. Prices need not reflect all environmental and social costs unless laws and practices bring those costs into the costs of production. iii. Markets respond to effective demand, not to human need.
Beyond human numbers, what does Cohen think is the "real crux" the population question?
Cohen views our values as the real problem and the quality of people's lives. the ability of people to participate in what it means to be really human; to work, play, and die with dignity; to have some sense that one's own life has
In what ways can environmental quality be seen as a common-pool resource?
Common-pool resources include national parks, atmosphere, forests, irrigation systems, fisheries, groundwater basins, and grazing lands. Environmental quality can be viewed as a common-pool resource because humans need the same natural resources and they can be entirely depleted over time.
Against Delisting Wolves
Contradicts wolf recovery efforts Wolves are keystone species (coyote control) Some wolves are still endangered in certain areas and should not be delisted nation wide
Tragedy of the Commons
Each man wants to increase their herd without a limit in a world that is limited. "Freedom brings ruin to all" - this can be solved through privatization and nationalism.
David Henry Thoreau
Ecologist, coined the term wilderness, and argued for proper blend of civilization and wilderness.
National Parks Service
Established in 1916, after Hetch Hetchy, seeked to protect natural areas and provide recreational spaces to the public (dual-mandate).
Distinguish the European settlers' and Native Americans' views of land. How did European colonists first conceive of the resources and landscape of the New World?
European settlers viewed the land as an incredible natural abundance that seemed unspoiled and limitless. Native Americans viewed man as part of nature, they had a deeper awareness of nature, and had little interest in accumulation of material wealth.
Transcendentalism
Existence of a reality higher than physical objects reflecting higher spiritual truths through intuition and imagination.
paper parks
Exists on maps, but are not truly protected areas due to few resources.
Forest Areas
Federal land that allow timber, grazing, mining, hunting, and recreation 88% National Forest established during Progressive Era
Briefly describe the federal public lands in terms of its management agencies and the geographic distribution and ecological characteristics of their holdings. How are mining, timber extraction and ranching activities regulated on federal lands?
Federal lands include national forests and national parks/monuments.
Homestead Act
Federal strategy for developing the West, 1 billion acres granted to private citizens or corporations for free or for filling fees. 1862: federal program designed to encourage settlements in western US, citizens paid fees to use 160 acres for 5 years, if done, land went to citizens
Jane Addams
Founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889 - Solving urban decay through settlement houses
Frontier Thesis: 1893
Frontier critical to U.S. identity and success, similar to wilderness. Saw wilderness as something that was needed in the United States to be untouched, which is what made real life happen. Showed that having nature made the USA great.
US Wildlife refuges
Grazing, hunting and recreation allowed; timber extracting if it help; mostly no mining US Fish and Wildlife Service (combined in 1940) conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife, and plants and the habits
Grifford Pinchot
Head of the U.S. Forest service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them.
Why was Hetch Hetchy such a pivotal event in environmental history? Distinguish the conservation philosophies of nature preservationists and resource conservationists. On what basis could one argue that ultimately Pinchot did more than Muir to protect natural areas in the United States? (movie-Idea of Wilderness)
Hetch Hetchy is a valley in Yosemite National Park, there was major controversy over building a water supply for irrigation. Preservationists like John Muir believed in saving the wilderness for its own sake. Conservationists like Gifford Pinchot believed in saving the environment for human purposes.
Frederick Jackson Turner
Historian, introduced frontier thesis. Taught at UW.
ecosystem services
Important environmental benefits that ecosystems provide to people.
How is the scale of environmental governance important consideration for designing effective conservation solutions?
Individual Community Nation International This allows for decisions to be made on an individual basis. What works for one region, may not necessarily work for another region.
Community-based conservation is a major conservation approach. What are the limitations of past approaches that community-based approaches are seen to better address? What are the factors that affect the success and failure of community-based projects?
Limitations include bad relationships between locals and government. Not enough resources to actually protect the land.
For Delisting Wolves
Limited resources can be used on species that are more at risk The ESA specifically states that once goals are met, delisting must occur
What has the 'Machakos Miracle'
Machakos Miracle is a patch of land that was over-grazed, after technology and human tools the land was restored.
Rachel Carson
Marine biologist who wrote that chemicals can accumulate to toxic levels up the chain in her book Silent Spring (1962)
What are different types of market-based environmental regulation? Why do some (e.g. Ellison and Daily) argue for the need to price environmental services?
Market-based regulation includes ecotourism (revenue-sharing to local communities), pollution taxes, subsidies and price premiums, and creation of new markets. Making conservation financially profitable will encourage companies to preserve and reduce the amount they pollute.
carrying capacity
Maximum number of organisms that an ecosystem can accommodate.
Paul Ehrlich
Neo-Malthusian, ecologist who believes that millions of people are going to die because the earth has a population limit. (1968 Population Bomb)
Wilderness Areas
No timber extraction, grazing, mining, hunting; restricted recreation
What kind of resources are challenging to define as "property" and exclude other users from?
Open rangelands, fish, wildlife, ground water, clean air.
What are some basic social predictors of people's attitudes toward wolves? Identify two stakeholder groups in WI particularly concerned about high wolf numbers. What are the core objectives of the DNR's public wolf harvest? What aspects of the hunt are most controversial?
People who have been raised in areas near wolves do not see an issue with harvesting wolves. People who grew up in cities are more likely to be opposed to wolf harvesting. Bear hunters and livestock producers are concerned about high wolf numbers. The objective is to keep wolf populations from getting too high. The hunt is controversial because hunters are allowed to use bait and the hunting season is much longer than regular hunting seasons.
Alice Hamilton
Pioneering scientist linking urban pollution to public health problems. Health issues as public crises, not individual moral failing
What are different perspectives about how the "idea of wilderness" has shaped conservation (Thoreau, Muir and readings by Leopold, Pollan, and White).
Pollan believes that humans help to destroy the environment so they should also help to protect it (Garden Ethic). Leopold believes in conservation and created the land ethic ("A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.").
Julian Simon
Pro-natalist, economist who believes that with technology we can provide. Natural resources are not finite, human ingenuity can create resources" 1980
Clyde Bundy
The 2014 Bundy standoff was an armed confrontation between supporters of cattle rancher Cliven Bundy and law enforcement following a 21-year legal dispute in which the United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM) had obtained court orders directing Bundy to pay over $1 million in withheld grazing fees for Bundy's use of federally owned land adjacent to Bundy's ranch in southeastern Nevada.
Why is the Endangered Species Act (ESA) often described as the most powerful Environmental Law in the U.S.? What does the Tellico Dam case reveal about the power and limits of ESA? How do species listing rates vary over past 3 presidential administrations (Clinton, GW Bush, Obama)? Describe basic arguments coming from both ESA advocates and critics
The ESA is considered to be the most powerful law because it not only protects endangered species; it also protects the environment in which they live in. The Tellico Dam revels that the ESA is a powerful law because dam construction was stopped even though it was 95% completed, it was also the first time that the supreme court used this law. During the Clinton administration listing rates increases. During the Bush administration listing rates dramatically declined. Since the beginning of the Obama administration, listing rate has started to increase.
What is the National Park Service's dual mandate and why has its mission become increasingly contradictory?
The National Park Service's dual mandate serves to preserve/protect recreation to the public (most resource extraction activities are prohibited). It is becoming more contradictory because more people are visiting national parks than ever before and this threatens park ecologies.
North American Model of Conservation - The north American wildlife conservation model (NAWCM)
The North American Model of Wildlife Conservation is a set of principles that describes key aspects of wildlife conservation and management in the U.S. and Canada. It is not, itself, part of any legislation in a formal sense, but it has certainly informed wildlife conservation and hunting regulations and policies developed by the Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Promoted by Aldo Leopold 1930's Forged by Teddy Roosevelt during the progressive era (Idea that hunting was something that was healthy and a white/men/privileged people./ "promote hunting so American men can have this opportunity") What made it so revolutionary? Only the rich -- wildlife was private property only for the rich And teddy Roosevelt, wanted to make it for everyone/more democracy. It started the Lazy Act. They wouldn't hunt for profit (no to markets) More sport, recreation, and mental and physical health. Promoted hunting for only certain animals depending on the time of the season and when it was needed. Promised to be a democratic process. Wildlife as a public trust resource. Achievements • Millions of acres of habitat conserved • 100s of millions of dollars to support wildlife agencies • Created professional and science of wildlife management & wildlife ecology • Cultural and social traditions and experiences. • All conservations fencing sources in Wisconsin
Sagebrush revolution
The Sagebrush Rebellion was a movement during the 1970s and 1980s that sought major changes to federal land control, use and disposal policy in the American West where, in 13 western states, federal land holdings include between 20% and 85% of a state's area.[1][2] Notably, supporters of this movement wanted more state and local control over these lands, if not outright transfer of them to state and local authorities and/or privatization
The ESA is often criticized for imposing undue burdens on private property owners and/or restricting economic development. How does the SAFE HARBOR program answer these criticisms?
The safe harbor program usually pays for biologists to measure baseline data on that property: how many individuals of the endangered species are present, How many acres of critical habitat does the property have. This allows landowners to have an option to destroy habitat or incidentally 'take' an endangered and therefore Allows people to feel less risk about the act.
Situate environmental concerns during the progressive era (land reclamation, forestry, urban public health etc) within the larger political situation at the turn of the century. How were concerns for wilderness protection and public health issues in cities related? How were these movements different?
The three strands during the progressive era include resource management/ conservation, nature preservation, and the public health movement. Environmental problems correlated with public health. Issues included: crowded housing, air/noise pollution, poor sanitation, water pollution, drinking water quality, and limited garbage disposal. They differed in the value of nature (utility to humans vs valuation for nature for its own sake).
The original authors of the ESA did not define 'significant portion of its range'. Why is this a pivotal issue?
There is an argument over what range the ESA means to protect; it can either be their current range or their historical range.
1. What 5 factors are associated with more sustainable Common property resource management?
These were by Dr. Elinor Ostrom... i. Define clear group boundaries. Who belongs among community of users? ii. Match rules governing use of common goods to local needs and conditions. iii. Ensure that those affected by the rules can participate in modifying the rules. iv. Make sure the rule-making rights of community members are respected by outside authorities. v. Develop a system, carried out by community members, for monitoring members' behavior.
Describe how Thomas Malthus and Esther Boserup each view the relationship between human numbers and agricultural production.
Thomas Malthus viewed an increase in population as being negative because earth has a limit before crossing a point of crisis. Ester Boserup viewed an increase in population as being positive because it sparks innovation.
what is the difference between open access and common property?
Under common property the resource is held by an identifiable community of users who can exclude others and regulate use. Many fish stocks, forests, etc have been successfully managed over long term as 'commons'
Federal Land Reclamation Program
Viewed as the most successful conservation program during the Progressive Era due to: multi-purpose use (power, water, recreation, etc), made unproductive land productive, provided access for the "small guys", efficient use of fresh water (decreased waste)
environmental racism
When some people have a higher chance of living in hazardous places due to the race or ethnicity that they are born with. Unequal access to quality of life services. It can be done by conscious designs or governmental ignorance. • In 1996, Chester Residents Concerned for Quality Living (CRCQL) filed a complaint in a Federal Court accusing the state's Dept of Environmental Protection (DEP) of discrimination (civil rights law) over the issuing of the permit to a soil remediation plant - the first environmental racism lawsuit filed in the U.S.
Are these factors apparent in the GLIFWC/Ojibwe management of fish in N. Lakes?
Yes, all of Elinor Ostrom's 5 factors that favor sustainability in common property management appear in the spearfishing rights case, but here are the two that are most prominent: 1. Define clear group boundaries. I.e. it should be clear who belongs to the community of users. In the case of Ojibwe and fishing, Citizens who have official standing as members of the Ojibwe tribe are the ones who can spearfish in the lakes in the ceded territories. 4. Make sure the rule-making rights of community members are respected by outside authorities. Ojibwe leaders made a great effort to prove to the public and to prove in the court of law that Ojibwe citizens have rights to spearfish in the ceded territory. The Wisconsin DNR now has a formal agreement with the Ojibwe resource agency (called GLIFWC, Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission) to set quotas every year. The WI DNR respects the Ojibwe rights.
How does 'wilderness' factor into the idea that the U.S. is exceptional and distinct from Europe?
a. American narrative from a very early era was in large part premised around importance of wilderness. b. Claim to American exceptionalism in face of European cultural history. c. They thought of nature as sublime - affecting the mind with sense of awesome grandeur (element of fear). d. Idea of humility and human fragility compared to God and nature.
1. How did campaigns to eradicate wolves in U.S. history connect to the idea of Manifest Destiny?
a. Because they own the land, they and these species are threatening them from doing what they want they want them gone.
1. How did Technological changes open up the west to settlement, resource exploitation and industry?
a. Development of new forms of power and manufacturing, transforming market economies worldwide. b. Pushed to increase wealth, commodify and make efficient all resources c. Transforming landscapes of labor and locations of industry
Why is hunting declining today? What are two novel trends in hunting (see In a Dark Wood).
a. Due to high tech, high land b. Back to the land, bow and arrow and sustainability c. Family roles have changed
What does the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) aim to achieve between 2000 and 2015 as far as providing clean drinking water?
a. During 2000-2015, the aim is to halve the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. i. Key factor for child survival. Dirty water leads to cholera, other diarrheal diseases. ii. This has been reached for most regions except sub-saharian Africa.
Drawing from the guest lecture by James Mills, explain the meaning and the importance of The Adventure Gap.
a. Factors such as perceived discrimination, socialization and upbringing, fear personal safety concert about not having the right outdoor gear or equipment, and/or lack of knowledge and awareness, are one of the many reasons African Americans provided for lack of visitation to outdoor environments b. Though legal segregation no longer exists and hate crimes are rare, the adventure gap remains as a mysterious cultural barrier forged in social memory.
1. Define the "institutional" aspect of institutional racism. How does Bullard differentiate issues of class and race? Why can environmental racism not be reduced to class What is environmental racism, and what does it look like in North Richmond, California? What are the reasons for bias in exposure to industrial pollution in the U.S.? I.e. what are some of the reasons why levels of air and water pollution hazard statistically higher in lower income and minority neighborhoods in the U.S.?
a. Institutions(political, banks, grocery stores) reinforce racism b. Red lining - giving loans for housing to people in certain areas solely on their race. c. Grocery stores are more likely found on families with people. d. Bullard says that Race is more dominant because of the segregation and the oppression that people have leaving them with fewer choices to choose from and also due to even if there are two communities with the same income level, the black community is more likely to have industries installed in that palce. e. That is environmental racism, and there are many refineries, there are many other things there that are polluting the air and people are dying at an alarming rate.
1. How did 'nostalgia' factor into the views of the American West?
a. It is a privileged position of white urban, middle can upper class males to long for an imagined pass. b. Western frontier potentially dangerous for women and minorities lacking freedom of opportunity c. Even if the frontier thesis is mythic, selectively reading American history, the myth itself still has great power to shape understanding of American landscape and sense of place-attachment and belonging/identity. d. Dramatically impacted the agenda of American politicians during the progressive era thinking about conservation as governmental practice.
What have been the benefits of the NAMWC for conservation? What are its limits?
a. Millions of Acres of habitat conserved (benefits non-game species) b. 100 million of dollars to support wildlife agencies c. created profession and science of wildlife management & wildlife ecology d. cultural and social traditions and experiences (incalculable value) e. As we seek solutions to new challenges, we should remember that only a minority of our citizens have a passion for the perpetuation of wildlife, and among those, the people who call themselves sportsmen and sportswomen have been answering this call for well over one hundred years. Wildlife can ill afford to lose them in a future that is anything but secure.
What factors drove rapid ecological transformation in the U.S. during the 19th century?
a. The 19th century was an era of great turmoil and unrest in all aspects of society i. Political turmoil 1. American and French revolution ii. Territorial changes iii. Economic changes iv. Technological changes v. Scientific changes. However, the most important factors for ecological transformation were... 1) technological: namely, technological change in transportation (e.g. transcontinental Railroad and the Erie Canal) made the western part of the country much more accessible to settlement and resource exploitation. Dr. Boger showed a revealing slide illustrating how the travel distances dropped damatically during this era. Instead of taking weeks for eastern folks to travel to the west, it took them only days by the end of the 19th century. 2) economic: the demand for resources soared in this period, both for domestic and international markets. the old growth forest of northern Wisconsin was completely cut over during this period for timber. Passenger pigeons were extinguished due to overhunting for meat (consumed locally and in cities on east coast) and due to loss of old forests that the pigeons depended on. BIson populations were decimated to serve teh 'robe' trade. AND, the govt gave out >200 million acres to >1 million families via the Homestead act - this accelerated the settling of the west.
What poverty related env problems are present in Monrovia Liberia?
a. There has been a doubling of population recently, there have been effects with civil wars, that lead to institutional breakdown, hydro damaged and transportation infrastructures destroyed. b. There has been increase waste disposal, lack of safe water, congested streets due to transportation, c. Some of the solutions have been to recycle, read reconstruction, decongesting Monrovia, introducing more hospitals, enforcing parking fees.
What does the classic, inverse U-shaped EKC suggest about the relationship between economic growth and environmental problems? What kinds of changes happen at EKC 'turning points'? Why do EKC's need to be interpreted so carefully? Be able to locate (very approximately) our 3 case cities from Oct 9 lecture (Kinshasha, Chongqing and Tokyo) along an EKC for a particular env. problem.
a. Turning point = Before turning point, environment quality declines with increasing income after turning point, env quality improves with rising income. i. Richer is cleaner because of the shifts from heavy industry to service industry ii. Increased environmental awareness iii. Better enforcement of environmental regulations iv. Better technology and higher environmental expenditures. b. Chongqing, China i. Heavy industry ii. 6,000 per capita and medium human development index. iii. Has very high amounts of sulfur dioxide concentrations per square meter of air. iv. Has half of population without safe water or sanitation v. Have medium concentrations of particulate matter vi. Has very low carbon dioxide emission per capita vii. Medium municipal wastes per capita. c. Kinshasha, Dem. Rep of Congo i. Agriculture, trade, manufacturing ii. $400 per capita and very low human development index. iii. Low sulfur dioxide concentrations iv. Most of the population does not have safe drinking water or sanitation. v. Have very high concentration of particulate matter vi. Low carbon dioxide concentrations per capita vii. Lowe municipal wastes per capita d. Tokyo, Japan i. Finance, insurance, services, light manufacturing ii. $44,000 and very high HDI. iii. Low sulfur dioxide concentrations. iv. Most of the population has safe drinking water and they have sanitation. v. Have very little urban concentrations of particulate matter vi. Very high carbon dioxide concentrations per capita and very high municipal wastes per capita. e. There are some environemtnal problems that disminish with increasing wealth. i. Local, contaminated water ii. Immeridate health impact iii. Relatively inexpensive to remedy smoke iv. Reversible SO2 v. For those problems generally yes, richer is cleaner. Most environmental problems do not match the EKC, they are irreversible problems like extinction of species, affluence related problems, like greenhouse gas emissions.
Be able to recognize the 7 pillars of the North American Model for Wildlife Conservation (Organ et al). In other words, if in the test you are presented with a list of four possible pillars, be able to identify the one that is NOT included in Organ's paper
a. Wildlife as a Public Trust Resource: i. Wildlife is owned by no one and is held by the government in trust for the benefit of present and future generations. 1. Public trust doctorine b. Elimination of Markets for Game. i. Regulated hunting and trade could enhance public appreciation of hunting as a management tool by reducing human-wildlife conflicts with overabundant species. c. Allocation of Wildlife by Law i. Access and use of wildlife is therefore regulated through the public law or rule-making process. Laws and regulations such as the Migratory Bird treaty Act. d. Kill only for Legitimate Purpose i. The U.S. congress passed a bill against "useless" slaughter of bison in 1874. ii. Mandated that hunters use without waste any game that they killed. e. Wildlife as an International Resource. i. Migratory Bird Treaty in 1916 ii. Saw the protection of migratory songbirds as essential to the protection of agricultural crops against insect pests. iii. The impetus, of course, was that because some wildlife species migrate across borders, a nation's management policies-or lack thereof-can have consequences for wildlife living in neighboring countries. f. Science-based Wildlife Policy i. Such adaptive management of waterfowl harvest ii. In addition a trend towards greater influence in conservation decision making by political appointees versus career managers profoundly threatens the goal of science-based management. g. Democracy of Hunting i. Leopold termed this idea the "democracy of sport" (Meine 1988)-a concept that sets Canada and the U.S. apart form other nations, where the opportunity to hunt is restricted to those who have special status such as land ownership, wealth or other privileges. ii. Such access to natural resources are so intrinsically important that their free availability marks a society as one of citizens rather than serfs.
Neo-Malthusian
advocacy of population control programs to ensure enough resources for current and future populations.
Sublime
affecting the mind with sense of grandeur (element of fear) human fragility and humility compared to god and nature saw nature's aesthetic appeal through its largeness and irregularity, small in comparison early Euroamerican understanding of American landscape
safe harbor
allows landowners the option to destroy or incidentally "take" an endangered species in the future provided that alt the end of that period, they meet the baseline conditions.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
attempt to control the dispersal of hazardous waste by establishing a tracking system
garden ethic
conserve land with the help of a "gardener"
RCRA
created in 1976, tried to control disposal of toxic waste by tracking chemicals from production to disposal
wetland mitigation
economic incentive for restoring, creating, enhancing, and preserving wetlands.
pollution permits
federal permit allowing a public utility to release pollutants into the air, cap and trade.
resource conservation/ management
focused on regulating resource extraction, ex: US Forest service
Community based conservation
improving relations with local communities and giving them more authority to manage natural resources in order to improve protection of natural areas.
Basel Convention
international treaty designed to prevent transfer of toxic and hazardous waste between nations, especially from HDCs to LDCs. (highly developed countries to lower developed countries) (1992)
rule-based conservation
laws and regulations set on a national and state level
preservation
maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible
primitivism
man's happiness and well being decreases in direct proportion to his degree of civilization.
Northern spotted owl
native to Pacific Northwest, habitat lost from logging in old growth forests, sparked national conservation debate in the 90s, NW Forest Plan compromised between logging and conservation
Five key provisions of endangered species act
o Prevent extinction at all costs o Citizen suit provisions o Prohibition on "take" o Best available science (BAS) o Significant portion of range (SPR) o Adequate regulatory mechanisms (ARM) • Provides citizens a way to sue the government.
Forest Reserve Act
passed in 1891, set aside forest reserves from land of public domain, would later become national forests, had multiple uses
Taylor Grazing Act
passed in 1934 after Dust Bowl to regulate grazing on federal land, conserve soil (Influenced by Pinchot)
Dual Mandate
progressive era- preserve/protect natural areas (biodiversity), provide recreation to american public', 'Loving our parks to death' results in the inability for dual mandate to work
Environmental Justice Movement
sought to ensure environmental protection for working class people by linking social justice and environmental concerns (1970-1980)
incentive-based conservation
taxing harmful activities and creating new markets that would give companies and individuals an incentive to conserve
landscape permeability
term used by conservationists to refer to how freely animals can move through a landscape.
Regulatory Mechanisms:
the kinds of acts that we do as a population (pollutors)
Are any affluence related env problems also present?
the traffic congestion and deadly traffic accidents Mr. Urey discussed are related both to poverty (inadequate roads) and affluence (some Liberians can now afford cars and motorcycles). But the best example of an affluence related environmental problem is that Monrovians are vulnerable to sea level rise due to climate change. (he showed a photo of a slum called West Point immediately at the edge of the ocean and only a few feet above sea level. It is not the affluence of Monrovians that is driving climate change, it is the affluence of people elsewhere on the planet. but it is impacting Monrovia.
Urban Public Health Movement
• Concern with failing public sanitation and its connection with disease • Tendency had been to blame immigrants for many of the problems of poverty - Doctors steered away from blaming the victims. led by Alice Hamilton, connected poor living conditions in cities during progressive era to lack of sanitary services like sewage and garbage
Environmental Transformation
• Early European Metaphors for the American Landscape o Wilderness and the Garden of Eden o Euromerican settles talked about this landscape in feminine terms - both as "virginal" land to be conquered ad "Mother Earth" that nurtures o Cultural view of Euromerican role as both conqueror and son/beneficiary o Native Americans were not working the land as prosperously as they could, so Euromericans entitled to appropriate it.
ESA arguments made by critics
•Contradicts wolf recovery efforts •Wolves are keystone species (coyote control) •Some wolves are still endangered in certain areas and should not be delisted nation wide
Esther Boserup
(1910-1999)Population spur agricultural innovation that leads to higher yields. - 1965 quote
NIMBYism
"not in my backyard"-case of toxic waste facilities, nobody wants them in their backyard - nimby activity can lead to broader systemic change, but also resulted in internationalization of toxic waste trade (sending it to other countries + cheaper places to expose of toxic waste)
John Muir (1838-1914)
Naturalist who believed that wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park.
According to the WRI reading (week 1) what are the basic benefits of improving environmental governance?
Poor communities are particularly vulnerable to failed governance, because they rely more heavily on natural resources for substance and income. Governance includes our individual choices and actions when these influence larger public policies or affect corporate behaviors. Voting lobbying, participating in public hearings, or joining environmental watchdog or monitoring groups are typical ways that individuals can influence environmental decision.
Hetch Hetchy
Potential dam in Yosemite. Conservationists eventually won the nation debate. dam built. Construction started in 1915, and ended in 1923.
Wilderness ethic
conserve land by leaving it untouched in its natural state.
take
unlawful for any person to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect. This includes habitat modification or degradation.
ESA arguments made by proponents
•Alone it is not enough to protect biodiversity •There is still the burden of listing and delisting •There should be an expansion of incentive-based conservation on private land
What are the major institutional solutions to common-pool or "commons" problems?
Solutions to common-pool problems include 1) privatization of commonly held resources 2) community management of commonly held resources 3) nationalization of internalization of commonly held resources.
romanticism
a movement in art and thinking that started in the second half of the 18th c. when some people began to feel that life was degrading in the congested cities. Romanticists saw wild nature as pure and a source of spiritual renewal. Romanticists emphasized emotional and asthetic connections to nature - and they revered beautiful landscapes. In his lecture, Peter Boger talked about how romanticists looked for the 'sublime' in nature, sublime= when nature stirs a sense of awesome grandeur.
Federal reclamation program
a perfect conservation program during Progressive era ala pinchot because it has all of the features of how conservation was viewed: Multipurpose resource management, reduction in waste, helps the little guy, successful application of science and technology
endangered
a species is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range
threatened
a species is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future
common-pool resources
a type of good consisting of natural or human-made resource system, whose size makes it costly, limited source