ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

The evidence that links to the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event can be found in what area? Moreover, elevated concentrations of what element are detected in the sedimentary rocks in the area?

Can be found in Chicxulub, Mexico; elevated element detected - Iridium

What mass wasting event prompted the Philippine government to craft a policy requiring all land developers to conduct engineering geological and geohazard assessment?

Cherry Hills; Slump-Debris Flow

The general direction of rotation and revolution of majority of the planets in the solar system is ____________________.

Counterclockwise

It refers to the post-depositional processes undergone by sediments which mainly involve pore-pore interactions.

Diagenesis

These are minerals that are slightly repelled by magnetic field.

Diamagnetic minerals

What are the three pillars of sustainability?

Economic, Environmental, Social

It is a process which involve upwelling of magma that causes overlying rocks to be pushed/fractured.

Eruption

Give an example of a scenario showing how the Earth's spheres interact and how anthropogenic interventions have triggered unexpected consequences to the geologic environment .

Example: Increase in greenhouse gasses affects the regular activity of the water cycle and wind cycle in the atmosphere and hydrosphere, due to the change in this two spheres the biosphere is also affected.

True or False: Developing nations require a higher amount of biologically productive land/sea area to support the lifestyle of its populace compared to developed countries

False

It is a vent that mainly emits steam and volcanic gases such as CO2 and SO2 .

Fumarole

It is a diagram that shows the relative stability of minerals based on their susceptibility to dissolution.

Goldich dissolution series

An alert level 5 is issued by PHIVOLCS if _

Hazardous Eruption (Hazardous eruption ongoing.)

The PEIS has a scale ranging from

I - X

In terms of the nature and timescale of geologic process, creep can be considered as ____________

Incremental

What is environmental geology and what are the two general categories/topics that it focuses?

It is a branch of geology that deals with geologic principles and knowledge that are used to address problems arising from the interaction between humans and the geologic environment. two general categories/topics that it focuses: 1. Hazards 2. Resources

What is the volcanic counterpart of Peridotite?

Komatiites

It is an Indonesian term which refer to debris flow/mudflow composed of mixture of water and rock fragments that flow downstream from the slopes of a volcano.

Lahar

Majority of the casualties of the 79 AD Mt. Vesuvius eruption were the result of what secondary volcanic hazard?

Lahar

Based on the Udden-Wentworth scale, sands have a particle size ranging from ___ to ___ mm.

0.0625mm to 2mm

Give at least two examples of extraterrestrial hazards

1. Electromagnetic Radiation 2. Asteroids and meteoroids

Give at least two factors that affect how humans respond to volcanic hazards.

1. Frequency at which eruptions occur 2. Availability of habitable living space

Give at least two (2) factors that would explain why coastlines fronting the Indian Ocean were greatly devastated by tsunami in 2004

1. Low frequency of tsunamis 2. Quality of building structures 3. Geographical location

In terms of ground shaking, how many times greater does a magnitude 4 earthquake generate compared to a magnitude 1?

1000x

What earthquake event was thought to be the precursor of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption. Include its magnitude.

1990 Luzon Earthquake; Magnitude 7.7

How many active volcanoes does Philippines have?

24 volcanoes

Lapilli have grain sizes ranging from _____ to _______ mm.

2mm to 64mm

The Mount Tambora eruption triggered up to how many degrees Celsius of cooling?

3 degrees Celsius

Give at least two parameters to consider when classifying if a celestial body is a planet or not.

3 parameters: 1. It must orbit a star; 2.It must be big enough to have enough gravity to force it into a spherical shape; 3.It must be big enough that its gravity cleared away any other objects of a similar size in its neighborhood or near its orbit around the Sun.

What are the three processes comprising the Milankovitch Cycles (0.33 pts. each). How long does it take for the respective processes to complete one cycle (0.33 pts. each)?

3 processes- Eccentricity, Obliquity, Axial Precession; Eccentricity - 100,000 years Obliquity - 41,000 years Axial Precession - 26,000 years

At least how many seismographic stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

3 seismographic stations

Intermediate igneous rocks have silica concentrations ranging from __________

55% -60%

Hydrogen and helium accounts for how many percent of the Solar System's composition?

98%

It is a mantle convection model comprised of two largely disconnected convective layers i.e., an upper layer driven by descending slabs of cold oceanic lithosphere and a sluggish lower layer that carries heat upward without appreciably mixing with the layer above

Layer Cake Model

It is the phase of a star where the core temperature reaches the point for the nuclear fusion to commence.

Main Sequence Phase

What specific major structural feature is found in the eastern portion of the Philippines? It is the manifestation of the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Philippine Mobile Belt.

Manila Trench

How do CFCs damage the ozone layer? What climate agreement required all countries to stop producing/using such substance?

Montreal Protocol, 1987 When the molecule of chlorine monoxide (ClO) meets another molecule of oxygen (O) it breaks up, releasing chlorine (Cl), which can "destroy" another molecule of ozone (O3), creating the catalytic cycle of chlorine

What is the northernmost active volcano in the Philippines?

Mt. Iraya

It is an incandescent cloud of gas, ash, and lava fragments ejected from a volcano, typically as part of a pyroclastic flow.

Nuée Ardente

Enumerate the plagioclase solid solution series from Ca to Na-rich.

Anorthite Bytownite Labradorite Andesine Oligoclase Albite

Why are stratovolcanoes also called as composite volcanoes?

Because of their composite stratified structure, built up from sequential outpourings of erupted materials.

What is the chemical formula of Bornite and Chalcopyrite, respectively?

Bornite - Cu5FeS4 Chalcopyrite - CuFeS2

How does the scientific method address environmental/geologic problems?

By having a systematical way of gathering data, analyzing, and making conclusion and solution for the problem. Repeating the scientific method of tackling a problem over and over again until it arrives to a solution or multiple ones that is/are viable.

Oxygen and Silicon accounts for how many percent concentration of the crust's composition?

Oxygen - 46.6% Silicon - 27.7%

It is a solidified basaltic lava flow that has a smooth, hummocky, or ropy surface.

Pahoehoe

It is a physical property of a mineral where it splits along a twinning or pressure plane

Parting

It is a property which enables certain minerals to produce electricity in response to mechanical stress.

Piezoelectricity

What comprises layer 2A of an ophiolite sequence?

Pillow Basalt

What is the most abundant silicate mineral group?

Plagioclase Feldspar

These are minerals that assume different colors owing to the presence of trace amounts of impurities.

Polychromatic Minerals

These are minerals having the same composition, but different crystal structure.

Polymorph

In areas where transpression occurs, rocks are faulted upward to produce what type of flower structure?

Positive Flower Structure

In terms of volcanic activity, Mount Apo can be classified as what type of volcano?

Potentially Active

It is the seismic discontinuity that marks the boundary between the upper and lower mantle.

Repetti Discontinuity

What specific type of fault is the San Andreas Fault?

Right Lateral Fault (Dextral)

It is the highest pressure-temperature polymorph of quartz.

Stishovite

Compare the level of risk of a coastal community to storm surge vs. tsunami with wave heights of >3 meters.

Storm Surge is much riskier

It is an international climate agreement that mandates all countries to target emissionreduction pledges with the goal of preventing the global average temperature from rising 2°C (3.6°F) above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to keep it below 1.5°C (2.7°F).

The Paris Agreement, 2015

These are low angle faults wherein the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall.

Thrust Fault (a type of reverse fault)

It is a concept stating that overexploitation of a shared resource will eventually lead to its depletion/degradation.

Tragedy of the Commons

Modified True or False: Longer faults generate potentially larger earthquakes compared to shorter faults.

True

True or False: A meteoroid may be reclassified into a meteor and/or meteorite.

True

True or False: Short period structures have better resistance to high frequency earthquakes

True

What is Earth's twin planet?

Venus

What is the most abundant type of stony meteorite? a. Chondrites b. Primitive Achondrites c. Pallasites d. Iron Chondrites

a. Chondrites

What is the approximate length of the Philippine Fault Zone? What is its approximate age?

approximate length- 1200km approximate age- 2Ma to 3Ma

What specific type of meteorite is the Allende Meteorite? What is the importance of this specific meteorite specimen?

carbonaceous chondrite; It contains chondrules and CAIs that are estimated to be 4.567 billion years old, the oldest known solids to have formed in the Solar System. So its important in determining the origin of our solar system.

According to Thomas Malthus, human population and food production is ____________ correlated.

linearly

What is the nearest active and potentially active volcano in Davao City, respectively?

nearest active volcano- Mt. Leonard Kniaseff nearest potentially active volcano- Mt. Apo