environmental geology exam review
Which of the following is not an example of pyroclastic material?
Dome
How do volcanoes affect people?
All of the above
What are some volcanic hazards that could face a geologist working on a volcano.
All of the above
1) Which choice best explains where most earthquakes occur?
Along plate boundaries
1) Which of the following rock types can become metamorphic rocks? a) sedimentary b) igneous c) metamorphic
all of the above
What has NO influence on viscosity of magma?
Its color
What is the name for a rock made of calcite?
Limestone
1) What is the mechanism that drives continental drift?
Mantle convection
What is a lahar?
Mudslide triggered by a volcano
How does sea floor spreading explain the ridges and trenches on the ocean floor?
New oceanic crust is formed by upwelling magma along ridges, and destroyed when it sinks back into the mantle at trenches
Which type of volcano is built by long lasting lava flows.
Shield Volcanoes
A volcano constructed of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic deposits
Stratovolcanoes
1) How did volcanoes contribute to the formation of Earth's atmosphere?
Volcanic outgassing released water vapor and carbon dioxide, along with other gases.
1) Which answer best explains the origin of the Himalaya Mountains?
a) A continent-continent collision is occurring, which means that neither plate can sink into the mantle. Instead, large mountains are pushed up.
1) Which of the following factors influences how destructive the shaking from an earthquake will be?
a) All of the answer choices are correct.
_____ is common in oceanic crust, whereas _____ is common in continental crust.
a) Basalt, granite
1) Of these choices, where would you most likely expect to find earthquakes occurring with normal faulting and extension of the lithosphere?
a) East African rift valley
1) An example of a transform plate boundary is:
a) San Andreas fault in California
1) Why do surface waves arrive later than body waves during an earthquake?
a) Surface waves travel through Earth, rather than along it.
1) Which of the following is true of tsunamis?
a) They coincide with very high tides.
1) If you wanted to know how much damage was done by an earthquake in the San Francisco area in the 1980s, which would be the best piece of information you could use?
a) a Modified Mercalli Intensity map
1) What is a tsunami?
a) a giant sea wave that can be triggered by an earthquake
1) The "year without a summer" was caused by which of the following?
a) a huge volcanic eruption in Indonesia
1) What is the water cycle?
a) a process where water moves among the oceans, the atmosphere, land, and below land's surface
Which of the following is part of the biosphere?
a) all living organisms on the Earth
1) In designing structures to resist earthquake shaking, engineers must take into account:
a) all of the above
1) What provides evidence for continental drift and plate tectonics?
a) all of the above
Which choice best explains where most earthquakes occur?
a) along plate boundaries
Where do we see rift valleys, normal faults, black smokers and rising magma?
a) at mid ocean ridges
Volcanic outgassing released water vapor and carbon dioxide, along with other gases.
a) biosphere
1) Karst terrane and sinkholes are common in regions that have large amount of this mineral:
a) calcite.
1) Granite is a rock that is a typical of the:
a) continental crust.
1) What is a region where two plates are moving toward each other called?
a) convergent plate boundary
1) Clays can come from the weathering (hydrolysis) of:
a) feldspar
1) When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source. The source is also called the:
a) focus
1) What is the rock cycle? A cycle that describes:
a) how igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks relate through processes
1) The definition of a mineral does NOT include:
a) inorganic
1) Silicosis:
a) is a disease from the inhalation of silicate minerals
1) Which of the following is the term for when sediment loses its cohesiveness by being shaken by seismic waves?
a) liquefaction
1) What does lithified mean?
a) loose "unconsolidated" material has become a solid rock
1) Metamorphosed limestone is:
a) marble
Which of the following is NOT a clastic sedimentary rock?
a) marble
1) Rocks that have been changed by heat, fluids or pressure are:
a) metamorphic rocks
1) Basalt is a rock that is a typical of the:
a) oceanic crust.
1) Eight elements make up over 98% of the geosphere's mass, including this one:
a) oxygen
1) Which of these is a sedimentary rock that chemically precipitates from solution?
a) rock salt
1) What is the name of the instrument that measures ground motions caused by passing seismic waves?
a) seismometer
1) Which type of fault is usually responsible for earthquakes near a transform plate boundary?
a) strike-slip
1) What does the pattern of magnetic stripes on the seafloor indicate?
a) that oceanic crust is formed at mid ocean ridges and is then pushed/pulled away from them.
1) Which of the following describes paleomagnetism?
a) the Earth's magnetic field periodically reverses over geologic time
1) How does continental rifting work?
continents pull apart from each other
1) How are mountains formed by plate tectonics? a) accretion along the continental margin b) magmatic processes c) compression at convergent plate boundaries d) collision of continents e) All of the listed responses are correct
e) All of the listed responses are correct
1) Convergent and transform plate boundaries do not generate destructive earthquakes. a) TRUE b) FALSE
false
1) Earthquakes occur everywhere except within plates.
false
1) Fires are not considered a major hazard in urban areas that can be affected by earthquakes.
false
1) Geologists immediately accepted the theory of continental drift when it was proposed.
false
Mafic magma usually contains high amounts of silicon and low amounts of iron and are very viscous
false
S-waves arrive first at a seismometer.
false
which of the answers is not a method that volcanologist use to predict volcanic eruptions.
satellites
The most explosive volcanoes build:
stratovolcanos
Material forcibly ejected from a volcano
Pyroclastic
Which of the following choices best explains why quartz is a major component of beach sand?
Quartz is a hard and stable mineral that resists being broken down chemically.
1) What is basalt?
a mafic igneous rock
What type of plate boundary is represented by the San Andreas Fault?
a) transform
1) California's San Andreas fault is typical of:
a) transform boundaries.
1) How is clay created from feldspar?
a) when feldspars are altered by hydrolysis
1) What is a subduction zone?
a) where one lithospheric plate is pushed/pulled beneath another
1) Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource?
a) wind power
A type of rock made up of consolidated volcanic ash
Tuff
1) Carbon is stored in reservoirs in each of the four Earth systems.
true
1) Earth is the only known place in our solar system where water can exist in all of its three phases-solid (ice), liquid, and gas (water vapor).
true
1) Explosive volcanoes are located near convergent plate boundaries.
true
1) Solar energy and hydroelectric power are examples of renewable energy resources.
true
1) The world's ocean has a very large influence on global climate.
true
1) Volcanoes at oceanic divergent plate boundaries are not as explosive as those at ocean-continent convergent boundaries.
true
Good construction design can help to minimize the destructive nature of an earthquake.
true
1) Felsic rocks: a) commonly contain feldspar and quartz b) contain lots of silicon, sodium, and potassium c) do not have much iron and magnesium d) are common in the continental crust
All of the above
Volcanoes form everywhere, except
At transform plate boundaries
Which of the following are common volcanic gasses?
Carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide
Which of the following is not true of continental crust compared to oceanic crust?
Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust.
1) What plate tectonic setting does this describe? Oceanic plate goes under continental plate
Convergent plate boundary
Fill in the blanks in the following sentence: Oceanic crust is created at _____ plate boundaries and destroyed at _____ plate boundaries
Divergent, Convergent
The Basin and Range province and the East African Rift valley both experience crustal
Extension
Volcanic eruptions of gas and ash have virtually no affect on global climate?
False
1) Which of Earth's systems is composed of both the solid and molten parts of Earth?
Geosphere
A plume of magma that pierces the earths lithosphere
Hot spot
Hawaii is an example of a
Hot spot
Mafic volcanoes are characterized of all of the following except:
They are all typically found at subduction zones
1) Loose, unconsolidated sediment on bedrock can amplify ground shaking during an earthquake.
True
Cinder cones are built by relatively short lasting volcanic activity.
True
the depression in which crater lake is now located is the results of the top of a volcano collapsing after a cataclysmic eruption.
True
1) What is an evaporite? a) rock salt b) gypsum chemical sedimentary rock
all of the above
1) Which of the following are components of the scientific method?
all of the above
1) Which of the following aspects of sedimentary rocks could be used to reconstruct the past environment? a) its composition b) its texture, like grain size and grain shape c) its fossils d) its structures, like ripples or mudcracks
all of the above
1) Why are reverse faults common in subduction zones?
because of compression
1) Where is the majority of fresh water on Earth found?
in ice
1) If transfers of energy and matter into and out of an open system are about the same, the system is said to be:
in steady state
1) What is the most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere today?
nitrogen
1) What is the 2nd most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere today?
oxygen
1) Which of the following is NOT a component of the hydrosphere?
the sun
1) To locate an earthquake on Earth, records from how many seismometers are needed?
three
1) What is the lowest level of Earth's atmosphere called?
troposphere