Environmental Health
organic chemical pollutants
pollutants which include pesticides, herbicides, household and industrial chemicals, and petroleum; typically end in -ene
Triazine herbicides
potential endocrine disruptors and carcinogens.
What are the precursors to the formation of tropospheric ozone
The precursors of tropospheric ozone are nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. In the presence of sunlight, these chemicals react with oxygen to form ozone.
fungicide
substance that kills fungi or inhibits their growth
this is one of the six criteria air pollutants in the United States?
sulfur dioxide
Bioaccumulation
the build up of a substance (usually a toxin) as it passes through a food chain
What is a solid fuel and what solid fuels are used for cooking and heating?
the household combustion of biomass or coal(WHO). Solid fuels that are used for cooking and heating include: dung, charcoal,wood, crop residue, and coal.
Bioconcentration
the process by which a chemical concentration in an aquatic organism exceeds that in water as a result of exposure to a waterborne chemical
What are 10 things you can do to protect yourself from Unhealthy Air?
1. Check daily air pollution forecasts in your area. Download the American Lung Association's State of the Air app on your mobile device through the GooglePlay app •Avoid exercising outdoors when pollution levels are high. When the air is bad, walk indoors in a shopping mall or gym or use an exercise machine. Limit the amount of time your child spends playing outdoors if the air quality is unhealthy. •Always avoid exercising near high-traffic areas. Even when air quality forecasts are green, the vehicles on busy highways can create high pollution levels up to one-third mile away.• Use less energy in your home. Generating electricity and other sources of energy creates air pollution. By reducing energy use, you can help improve air quality, curb greenhouse gas emissions, encourage energy independence and save money! Check out the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's easy tips for conserving energy at home. •Encourage your child's school to reduce exposure to school bus emissions. To keep exhaust levels down, schools should not allow school buses to idle outside of their buildings. Many school systems are using the U.S. EPA's Clean SchoolBus Campaign to clean up these dirty emissions. •Walk, bike or carpool. Combine trips. Use buses, subways, light rail systems, commuter trains or other alternatives to driving your car. •Don't burn wood or trash.Burning firewood and trash are among the major sources of particle pollution (soot) in many parts of the country. •Use hand-powered or electric lawn care equipment rather than gasoline-powered. Old two-stroke engines like lawnmowers and leaf or snow blowers often have no pollution control devices. They can pollute the air even more than cars, though engines sold since 2011 are cleaner. •Don't allow anyone to smoke indoors and support measures to make all public places tobacco-free.• Get involved. Start by checking out Fighting for Air which has more information about what you can do.
What percent of populations have access to safely managed drinking sanitation services in 2017?
45%
What percent of populations have access to safely managed drinking water services in 2017?
71%
pesticide
A chemical intended to kill insects and other organisms that damage crops.
Asbestos
A long, thin, fibrous silicate mineral with insulating properties, which can cause cancer when inhaled.
What is the difference between a secondary and primary air pollutant
A primary air pollutant is emitted directly from a source, such as the emission of nitrogen oxides from diesel engines. A secondary air pollution is formed from a chemical reaction between other air pollutants, such as the formation of ozone from nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. Secondary air pollutants are not directly emitted.
nematocides
A substance used to kill nematodes (roundworm).
In the Glyphosate Use and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Worker Health Study article, how was glyphosate use estimated?
Applicant's self-reported use of pesticides.
In the Glyphosate Use and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Worker Health Study article, the rate of this type of cancer incidence increased with higher use of pesticides containing glyphosate.
Acute Myeloid leukemia
Describe three methods used to prevent and control air pollution?
Air pollution can be controlled by controlling emissions with scrubbers in smoke stacks, more efficient engines, flaring, decreasing use of personal vehicles, and transition to cleaner fuels.
what is a pest
Any species of plant, animal, or microorganism that threatens human health and well being
pesticide
Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.
People with the following health condition are particularly susceptible to health problems associated with air pollution.
Asthma
persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
Chemical compounds that persist in the environment and retain biological activity for a long time.
Organochlorines (OCs)
Contain chlorine atoms. Persistent organic pollutants
Organophoshates
Contain oxygen and phosphate atoms. Not persistent
Which statement is false about the climate relationship with cholera in Latin America?
El Nino's development in the ocean preceded the emergence of cholera
Which of the following was a limitation of using centralized air monitoring stations the 2008 Beijing Olympic study?
Exposure misclassification
What United States government entity is responsible for pesticide regulation
Environmental Protection Agency
What United States government entity is responsible for pesticide regulation
Environmental protection agency
Classes of Pesticides by function
Insecticide: To kill/control insects •Herbicide: To kill/control plants, weeds, or grasses •Fungicide: To kill/control/deter fungi •Nematocide-to kill/control nematodes (worms) •Rodenticide: To kill/control rodents (rats, mice)
Despite improvements in air quality in NYC, the highest concentrations of fine particulate matter based on the annual average were still found in the boroughs of:
Manhattan and Bronx
What percentage of the world population uses solid fuels for cooking and heating their homes?
More than three billion people, approximately 50% of the world's population depend on solid fuels, including biomass (wood, dung and agricultural residues) and coal, to meet their most basic energy needs: cooking, boiling water and heating.
This group of pesticides includes Malathion.
Organophosphate insecticides
Where and when did cholera first emerge in Latin America in the 1990s?
Peru and 1991
Where and when did cholera first emerge in Latin America in the 1990s?
Peru in 1991
Rodenticides
Pesticides that kill rodents.
How is indoor air pollution associated with the World Health Orga nization's Millennium Goals?
Reducing the number of people who rely on biofuel and introducing improved energy services is a stepping stone towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Improved energy services can reduce child mortality rates, improve maternal health, reduce the time and transport burden on women and young girls, and lessen the pressure on fragile ecosystems.
Which is an example of biomagnification?
The concentration of dioxin is higher in hawks than the concentration of dioxin in the fish they eat.
example of biomagnification
The concentration of dioxin is higher in hawks than the concentration of dioxin in the fish they eat.
insecticide
a chemical used to kill insects
How do improved stoves improve indoor air quality?
a decrease in carbon monoxide exposures, rates of severe pneumonia and other respiratory problems are decreased. Switching to cleaner fuels and increasing fuel efficiency through better stoves can reduce health risks for all family members.
Water or tanker trucks are a form of improved drinking water sources.
false
herbicide
a substance for killing plants, especially weeds
What are the major sources and health effects of the six criteria air pollutants in the United States
a.Particulate matter b.Sulfur dioxide c.Nitrogen dioxide d.Lead e.Ozone f.Carbon monoxide
Biomagnification
accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain
In the Glyphosate Use and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Worker Health Study article, the rate of this type of cancer incidence increased with higher use of pesticides containing glyphosate.
acute myeloid leukemia
health effects of asbestos
asbestosis: lung disease, lung cancer, pleural abnormalities
Chlorophenoxy herbicides
associated with cancers such as Leukemia. Dioxin is a byproduct of these herbicides.
What is a health effect associated with exposure to particulate matter?
cardiovascular disease
health effects of Carbamate insecticides
cause acute poisoning by impairing anticholinesterase function and neural impulses resulting in death, as well as chronic effects to the neurological system.
health effects of Organophasphate insecticides
cause acute poisoning by impairing anticholinesterase function and neural impulses resulting in death, as well as chronic effects to the neurological system
health effects of Organochlorine insecticides
cause neurological and immune system effects, cancer, and may be endocrine disruptors.
Which of the following is a solid fuel used in cooking and heating?
dung
Which of the following are a major contributors to particulate matter air pollution?
emissions from solid fuels, cars, and trucks
What are the biological and physical health hazards and diseases associated with using solid fuels for cooking and heating?
exposure to indoor smoke to asthma; cataracts; tuberculosis; adverse pregnancy outcomes, in particular low birth weight; heart disease; lung disease, and nasopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers. Physical hazards associated with using solid fuels for cooking and heating include fire, and burns.
Batterman argues that sustainable control of water-related disease requires paying more attention to proximal causes of disease, including the etiology and epidemiology of transmission.
false
El Nino of El Nino-Southern Oscillation is the shift of warm water from the eastern Pacific to the western Pacific.
false
One of the main objectives of the Los Sures study was to collect asthma data using mobile monitors.
false
In NYC, fine particulate matter is most associated with:
heat & hot water boilers traffic industrial activity
According to Tauxe et a. (1995), the most common route of cholera transmission in their study of several Latin American countries was:
ingesting water
What factors need to be considered when providing improved stoves to a community?
train people within the community to maintain and repair the stoves, as well as having replacement parts readily available. It also is important to consider the culture and women's preferences and modify stove designs accordingly.
According to El Puente, science is an instrument for communities to build their own capacities. In the Los Sures study, this meant that community members collected data, not trained researchers from The New School University.
true
An example of a human pressure that possibly contributed to epidemic cholera in Peru was urban coastal development.
true
El Nino's development in the ocean came after the emergence of cholera in Latin America
true
In the Peruvian case study (video in class), what driving force or human pressure impacted the living conditions of communities, including water and sanitation infrastructure.
urbanization
These are necessary for the formation of ozone pollution.
volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, and sunlight
According to Tauxe et a. (1995), the most common route of cholera transmission in their study of several Latin American countries was:
water ingestion
US EPA 7 categories of public health pests
•Cockroaches •Body, head, and crab lice •Mosquitoes •Various rats and mice •Microorganisms including bacteria, viruses and protozoa •Reptiles and birds •Various mammals
Definitions of water service type
•Safely managed-Improved source located on premises, available when needed,and free from microbiological and priority chemical contamination •Basic-Improved source within 30 minutes round trip collection time •Limited-Improved source over 30 minutes round trip collection time •Unimproved-Unimproved source that does not protect against contamination •No service-Surface water