Environmental Health BYU Idaho

What is a Selective herbicide and when would it be used?

- They kill certain types plants without harming others. 2,4-D for broad leave weeds, grasses, sedges

What are Residual herbicides and what are they used for?

- these can be applied to the soil in order to kill weeds by root uptake. They remain active in the ground for a certain length of time, and can control germinating seedlings. Pre-emergent post-emergent

What are Contact herbicides and what are they used for?

- these kill plant tissue at or near the point of contact with it (they do not spread around the plant). Therefore, they require even coverage in their application. Generally, these are the fastest acting herbicides. They are less effective on perennial plants, which are able to regrow from the roots. Example Sulfentrazone.

__________ is a type of Zoonosis s a bacterial infection that spreads from animals to people. Most commonly, people are infected by eating raw or unpasteurized dairy products. Sometimes, the bacteria that cause brucellosis can spread through the air or through direct contact with infected animals.

Brucellosis

What is the Delancey clause?

Additives can not be known carcinogens. It prohibits the approval of an additive if it is found to induce cancer when ingested by people or animals, or if it is found, after tests which are appropriate for the evaluation of the safety of food additives, to induce cancer in people or animals.

What mosquitos cause Yellow Fever?

Aedes aegypti

What mosquitos cause Chikungunya?

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

What mosquitos cause Dengue?

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

Which type of pesticide Control algae in lakes, swimming pools, and water tanks?`

Algicides

What mosquitos causes Malaria?

Anopheles

__________ is a type of Zoonosis that is a serious infectious that can be found naturally in soil and affects domestic and wild animals. Although it is rare, people can get sick with it if they come in contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. This is not contagious.

Anthrax

__________ herbicides are applied after the crop has emerged.

Post-emergent

__________ herbicides are applied to the soil before the crop emerges and prevent germination or early growth of weed seeds.

Preemergent

What kind of pesticide control mice and other rodents.?

Rodenticides

How do Mites spread disease?

Some mites parasitize animals, including man, others are scavengers, some feed on plants, and many prey on insects and other arthropod Their feces can become airborne and are one of the most common indoor allergens. They also trigger asthma attacks. They bite people when their hosts die or abandon their nests, often causing a rash around the bite. Most human infestations result from person-to-person contact. Although they can transfer from animals to humans.

What are the characteristics of Dengue?

Spread to other people by a mosquito infected with it. 1 in 4 people infected with it will get sick. Symptoms can be mild or serious. Serious can cause hospitalization. Symptoms include: Fever and nausea, vomiting rash, aches and pains behind the eyes, muscle, joint, or bone pain. Hemorrhagic Fever can happen too with symptoms: Stomach or belly pain, tenderness, bleeding from the nose or gums, vomiting blood, or blood in the poop

What are the characteristics of Chikungunya?

Spread to people by infected mosquitos. This is rarely transmitted from mother to newborn around the time of birth. Once a person has been infected, he or she is likely to be protected from future infections. Symptoms include: Headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, or rash.

What are appropriate ways to thaw frozen foods?

Thaw them in the refrigerator, under cool, potable running water, microwave, or by cooking.

How do lice spread disease?

Tiny insects that live in hair. They can be spread by close contact with an infested person or touching their clothing or bedding. They are more common in close, overcrowded living conditions. Lice spread easily among school children. The Bites lead to severe itching and infections when scratched.

What are the characteristics of Yellow fever?

Transmitted to people through the bite of a mosquito. Mosquitos will bite an infected person/animal and then sting an uninfected human and infect them. It takes 3 to 6 days to develop the virus. Symptoms include: fever, chills, severe headache, back pain, body aches, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness

What animals carry Chagas Disease and what pathogen is responsible?

Triatominae Bugs, armadillos PARASITE-- -Trypanosoma cruzi

__________, a zoonosis disease is transmitted to humans through blood-sucking bugs that get infected with T. cruzi by biting an infected animal or person. Once infected, the bugs pass the parasites in their feces. After they bite and ingest blood, they poop on the person. The poop enters the body through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin. A person may scratch or rub the feces into the bite wound/eyes/mouth. NOT transmitted person to person.

Chagas Disease

____________ IPM Control is the use of any one of the chemical pesticides used for IPM Measure that can be used to eliminate the risk of pests. Chemicals can frequently have significant environmental or human side effects and that is why IPM is used instead of just spraying with chemicals as the only resort.

Chemical Control

What are the 4 different types of insecticides?

Inorganic Organochlorines or (Chlorinated Hydrocarbons) Organophosphates Carbamates

_______ Insecticides have long been used against insect pests. However, these materials are highly toxic to non-target organisms and persist in the environment. Most are not used today.

Inorganic.

Which pesticide kills insects and arthropods?

Insecticides

What temperatures should hot foods and cold foods be?

Keep hot foods hot (140° F or higher) and Cold foods cold (41° F or below). Your fridge should follow this rule.

What are appropriate ways to cool hot foods?

Keep hot foods hot (140° F or higher). DO not allow them to reach room temperature before placing in the fridge.

Examples of Cultural IPM Control?

Keeping pests either inside out out of the house can reduce ticks and fleas; storing garbage 30 feet from entrances to houses; or keeping meat and fruit in separate places in a kitchen are all cultural control measures. In some agricultural areas, the elimination of fertilizers that spread disease or entice pests can be replaced with compost of other fertilizers.

____________ IPM Controls are intended to prevent pests from entering the area you want them eliminated from. The purpose is simply to either trap or prevent the pest from being where you do not want them.

Mechanical Control

The four main pillars of IPM are: ________, _________, ________, _______.

Mechanical control Biological Control Cultural Control Chemical Control.

What bird carries Ornithosis, and how is it spread?

Pigeons. It is spread through bird droppings and remain infectious for weeks and, especially after desiccation, become airborne and are easily inhaled by humans.

A __________ is an infectious disease caused by bacteria, viruses and parasites that are spread between animals and humans

zoonosis

How do Fleas spread disease?

feed on humans, dog, cats, and other animals. Bites frequently occur around the waist, ankles, armpits, and in the bend of the elbows and knees. Flea bites can cause a rash with small bumps that itch and may bleed.Itching can be severe.

What are examples of inorganic insecticides?

mercury, lead, sulfur, arsenic, such as lead arsenate

Foods thawed by ________ and ______ should be cooked before refreezing

the cold water method and microwave

What is a non selective herbacide for?

these work on a wide variety of plants- for different types of plants, not a certain type. Example round-up. They clear industrial sites, waste ground, railways, and railway embankments

_________ herbicides cause leaves or other foliage to drop from a plant, usually to facilitate harvest.

Defoliants

What is the temperature danger zone?

40-140 degrees

An example of how the IPM pillars can work together may be helpful to eliminate malaria?

A family can place screens on all open windows and close the door when entering and leaving the house. Wear long sleeve shirts at night and the evening, change the outside of the home to eliminate places that allow standing water (like filling in low spots in the dirt, changing the pots that hold plants, or getting rid of garbage near the home), they can place gambusia fish in ponds near their home (very cheap minnows that eat the larvae of mosquitoes) and they can wear Deet on their skin to repel insects. Finally they can spray long residue pesticide in their home (permethrin, a pyrethroid-inorganic) in their home to kill mosquitoes when they land on the walls, window ledges and beds.

What symptoms does a Black Widow bite cause?

A painful bite which can spread throughout the body. Can also cause severe abdominal pain or cramping. You may experience chills, nausea or sweating.

How do you manage a rat infestation?

A successful rat control strategy typically includes three elements: sanitation measures; building construction and rodent proofing; and, if necessary, population control--using traps is best.

Duck, Geese, and Swan also carry a disease called ________.

Avian influenza.

Duck, Geese, and Swan don't always show signs of _______ _______ infection. They may of may not kill humans with the virus. They can also carry ________, ________, and ________.

Avian influenza. Campylobacter, E. coli and Salmonella.

How do Bot Flies affect humans?

Bot fly larvae are a disruptive, destructive threat to your livestock and not something you or the animals want to deal with during the summer months. The bot fly will lay eggs on or near the animal's habitat. The eggs will make their way to a suitable spot in your livestock animal, using it as a host while it undergoes changes. In many cases the bot fly larvae will cause damage to the skin or hide of the animal as it erupts at maturity. Bot fly infestation can occur in other species of animals besides livestock. Rabbits, cats and dogs can have an occasional run in with the pest Humans are not exempt from being a host for the bot fly. However, in humans the cases are usually part of a scenario of neglect or unsanitary living conditions.

What type of spider is Cytotoxic?

Brown Recluse

Which type of pesticide Kill microorganisms.?

Biocides

__________ IPM control measures include the use of any living thing that counteracts the movement, presence or reproduction of pests. Using _______ controls is not a new phenomenon, but it has gained wider use in recent decades because of the toxicity from the overuse of chemical pest management.

Biological control

What type of spider is Neurotoxic?

Black Widow

________ is a yeast or fungus infection spread by the bird, ______. The disease affects the skin, the mouth, and the lungs.

Candidiasis. Spread by PIGEONS

_________ insecticides affect the nervous system by disupting an enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. The enzyme effects are usually. These compounds are rapidly detoxified and excreted so their risk to warm-blooded animals is less than the other agents we have looked at. They are degraded rapidly in the environment so persistence is not a problem. They are also a danger to many useful insects, especially honeybees.

Carbamates

What animals carry Leptospirosis and what pathogen is responsible?

Cattle, Rats, mice, pigs, horses, buffaloes, opossums, raccoons, mongooses, foxes, dogs BACTERIA- Bacterium Leptospira interrogans

What animals carry Anthrax and what is the responsible pathogen?

Cattle, sheep or goats BACTERIA---Bacterium Bacillus anthracis

What are the characteristics of Malaria?

Caused by a parasite in an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Can sometimes be fatal. Symptoms include: Fu-like illness, shaking chills, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anemia and jaundice. It can also cause kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion, coma, and death.

What animals carry Ebola and what pathogen is responsible?

Chimpanzees, apes, monkeys, bats VIRUS----Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ev, Taï Forest ev, Bundibugyo ev, Reston ev, and the Bombali ev

What are examples of organochlorines or Chlorinated Hydrocarbons?

DDT, Chlordane, Lindane, Aldrin, Eldrin and Heptachlor.

_____________ is caused by yeast found in the intestinal tract of pigeons and starlings. The illness starts as a pulmonary disease and can later affect the CNS. The European starling can also foul buildings with its excrement, corroding stone and metals and creating a health hazard to people.

Cryptococcosis

What type of mosquitos carry the West Nile Virus?

Culex, Aedes aegypti.

________IPM Control measures involve the behavior of humans in the environment. For instance, changing the way people store food (instead of hanging meat in basements, they are placed in refrigerators or inside coolers), or live in their environment.

Cultural Control

___________ herbicides promote drying of living tissues, such as unwanted plant tops.

Desiccants

What animals carry Rabies and what pathogen is responsible?

Dogs, bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes. VIRUS- Rabies lyssavirus

What symptoms does a Hobo Spider bite cause?

Early evidence suggested bites caused slow-healing, ulcerating lesions. That early evidence has since been refuted, and spider experts no longer consider them to be a threat to human health. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) removed this spider from its official list of venomous spiders in 2015.

____________, a zoonosis virus which spreads through direct contact with the blood, body fluids and tissues of animals. Spreads to other people through direct contact with body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from this. This can occur when a person touches these infected body fluids, and the virus gets in through broken skin or mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, or mouth. People can get the virus through sexual contact with someone who is sick.

Ebola

What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?

It is based on the premise that there are many different ways to control pests, and that chemicals should be the last resort.

What are the characteristics of ticks and how are they removed?

Found in woods or tall grasses Tick Removal: Remove quickly- transfer of disease may take hours - Do not prick, crush or or burn or try to smother the Grasp the tick at the place of attachment, as close to the skin as possible

What do cooking and freezing do to microorganisms?

Freezing to 0 °F inactivates any microbes — bacteria, yeasts and molds — present in food. Once thawed, however, these microbes can again become active, multiplying under the right conditions to levels that can lead to foodborne illness. Since they will then grow at about the same rate as microorganisms on fresh food, you must handle thawed items as you would any perishable food.Trichina and other parasites can be destroyed by sub-zero freezing temperatures

What kind of pesticides kill fungi, blights, mildews, molds, and rusts?

Fungicides

Which type of pesticide kills weeds and plants?

Herbicides

What are Defect Action Levels?

Highest level or concentration of contaminants allowed in food.

What type of fly carries typhoid, cholera, dysentery, scarlet fever, and diphtheria and how is it spread?

House Flies. They are attracted to fecies and will land upon it attracting bacteria such these diseases, and the eggs of intestinal worms and parasites. Wherever they alight they leave behind them bacteria. They may also vomit the contents of the stomachs or defacate on the skin. They can contaminate dishes, eating utensils, kitchen, restaurants, food marketing, and storehouses. Many young babies in developing or poorer areas are ill because their food has been contaminated in this way.

How do you spot a rat infestation?

Inspect your yard and home thoroughly. If the answer to any of the following questions is yes, you may have a rat problem. Do you find rat droppings around dog or cat dishes or pet food storage containers? Do you hear noises coming from the attic just after dusk? Have you found remnants of rat nests when dismantling your firewood stack? Does your dog or cat bring home dead rat carcasses? Is there evidence rodents are feeding on fruit/nuts that are in or falling from the trees in your yard? Do you see burrows among plants or damaged vegetables when working in the garden? Do you see rats traveling along utility lines or on the tops of fences at dusk or soon after? Have you found rat nests behind boxes or in drawers in the garage? Are there smudge marks caused by the rats rubbing their fur against beams, rafters, pipes, and walls? Do you see burrows beneath your compost pile or beneath the garbage can? Are there rat or mouse droppings in your recycle bins? Have you ever had to remove a drowned rat from your swimming pool or hot tub? Do you see evidence of something digging under your garden tool shed or doghouse?

_________, a zoonosis disease is spread through the urine of infected animals, which can get into water or soil and can survive there for weeks to months. The bacteria can enter the body through skin or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth), especially if the skin is broken from a cut or scratch. Drinking contaminated water can also cause infection. Usually caused by exposure to contaminated water, such as floodwaters. Person to person transmission is rare.

Leptospirosis

What diseases are caused by ticks?

Lymes Disease Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Ehrlichiosis Tularemia

What are examples of Organophosphates Insecticides?

Malathion, parathon, diazinon, phosmet, chlorpyrifos, fenthion, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, ethion. methyl parathion, mevinphos.

Define Adulterants and give examples?

Material intentionally placed in food that decreases the quality or adding an inferior material to the food and selling it as the superior product. Ex: Diethylene glycol in wine to fake sweet wines Lard added to butter, Apple jellies, as substitutes for more expensive fruit jellies, with added colorant and sometimes even specks of wood that simulate strawberry seeds - Artificial colorants, often toxic - e.g., copper, zinc, or green dyes added to food for appearance - Water, for diluting milk and beer and hard drinks - Low quality black tea, marketed as higher quality tea - Starch, added to sausages Urea, melamine and other non-protein nitrogen sources, added to protein products in order to inflate crude protein content measurements - High fructose corn syrup, used to adulterate honey - Water or brine injected into chicken, pork or other meats to increase their weight

Define Additives and give examples?

Material intentionally placed in food that increases the quality or lifetime of the product Ex: Iodine and salt, Niacin in Bread, Vitamin A & D in Milk, Vitamin C, food coloring, Spices, sugar, salt, MSG, HFCS, Apartame, Nitrates, Vinegar for pickling

Define Contaminants and give examples?

Material that non intentionally find their way into food that could increases or decrease the quality or lifetime of the product Ex: Insect fragments (wings, legs, parts), larva, eggs, rodent hair or feces mold, rot, decay, bacteria, glass, metal rocks

What kind of pesticide Kill mites that feed on plants and animals?

Miticides

What kind of pesticide Kill snails and slugs.?

Molluscicides

What kind of pesticide Kill nematodes (microscopic, worm-like organisms)?

Nematicides

____________ is the leading cause of illness and outbreaks from contaminated food in the US.

Norovirus

What are the differences between a Norwegian rat and a Roof rat?

Norway rats are larger. The Roof rat is more slender with a longer tail than the Norway rat. Roof rats are excellent climbers and are usually found in the upper parts of structures. Inside, they prefer to nest in elevated areas such as attics and ceiling voids, but they can also nest on lower floors. Outside, they usually nest above ground in trees, in dense overgrown vegetation, or in piles of wood or debris. Roof rats prefer fresh plant material such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and tree bark. They are frequently associated with avocado and citrus trees. Garden snails and dog and cat kibble are also favorite foods. • Norway rats do not climb as readily as roof rats and are usually found on the lower floors of structures. Inside, they nest in wall voids and crawl spaces, in storage rooms under seldom-moved materials, or in any cluttered area that is little used. Outside, they nest in the ground in burrows or in unused sewers or storm drains. Norway rats prefer foods high in carbohydrates or protein but will eat almost anything including non-food items such as soap

What diseases are caused by Bed Bugs?

Not known for carrying disease, just discomfort from the bites and welts

________ insecticides were commonly used in the past, but many have been removed from the market due to their health and environmental effects, insecticide resistance, and their persistence. ___________ insecticides accumulate in fat tissue and work their way up the food chain.

Organochlorines (Chlorinated Hydrocarbons)

__________ insecticides affect the nervous system by reacting irreversibly with the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. They were developed during the early 19th century, but their effects on insects, which are similar to their effects on humans, were discovered in 1932. Some are very poisonous or TOXIC (they were used in World War II as nerve agents). However, they usually are not persistent in the environment. Poisoning can happen through ingestion, eating or drinking something that has this insecticide in it. Also, inhalation, breathing in air that has it in it or dermal contact.

Organophosphates

What kind of pesticide Kill eggs of insects and mites?

Ovicides

What bird carries Histoplasmosis, and how is it spread?

Pigeons. It is a respiratory disease that can be deathly. Anyone can get it, but people who come in contact with dried pigeon and bat excrement are more likely to be infected

List at least two examples of Defect action levels?

Peanut butter-30 insect fragments per 100 grams Corn- 2 larvae skins per 24 pounds

How do you measure an individuals exposure to pesticides?

Pesticide labels. and: Worker exposure ◦Passive badges nskin or clothing ◦Air testing OVS cassettes Puf Tubes Biological Monitoring ◦Blood or urine testing

_________, a zoonosis disease is a fatal but preventable viral disease. It can spread to people and pets if they are bitten or scratched by an animal with it.

Rabies

Food safety guidelines for cross contamination?

Raw food can contain bacteria which causes food poisoning. Cooked or ready-to-eat food in contact with raw food can be contaminated by bacteria from the raw food. This is called cross contamination. It's very important to keep raw food separate from cooked and ready-to-eat food. Raw food should always be stored below ready-to-eat or cooked food in refrigerators and display cabinets. This means the raw food cannot drip onto the cooked food.

What fly carries Leishmaniasis and how is it spread?

Sand Flies. It is blood-sucking and carries the types of protozoa that cause the disease. The infectious agent is transported by this fly and passed on to other animals or humans in whom the protozoan will set up residence and cause disease. The animal or human in which the protozoan then resides is referred to as the host. or cases in which humans are the primary host, early detection and treatment not only reduces mortality and morbidity in the short term, but also tends to eliminate the number of parasites remaining in the community

What diseases are caused by Mites?

Scabies Mange Allergies

Common examples of mechanical controls are:

Screens on windows in a home, spring loaded mouse traps, thresholds on doorways to prevent ground dwelling bugs, plugging up holes in walls to prevent mice from getting in.

What diseases are caused by Chiggers?

Scrub typhus

What animals carry Brucellosis and what is the responsible pathogen?

Sheep, goats, cows, pigs, dogs or camels - BACTERIA--- Brucella abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, and B. suis.

What are some health issues associated with birds?

Some birds carry disease that can be transmitted to humans. Usually they are found in their droppings and that can start the virus spreading.

What are the symptoms and incubation times for Campylobacter?

Symptoms: Diarrhea (often bloody), fever, and stomach cramps. Nausea and vomiting may accompany the diarrhea. Lasting 1 week Incubation time: 2-5 days

What are the symptoms and incubation times for Clostridium Perfingens?

Symptoms: Diarrhea and abdominal cramps, but do not have fever or vomiting. Lasting <24 hrs. Incubation time: 6-24 hrs.

What are the symptoms and incubation times for the Norovirus?

Symptoms: Diarrhea, Vomiting, Nausea and Stomach pain that last for 1-3 days. Incubation time: 12- 48 hrs.

What are the symptoms and incubation times for Salmonella?

Symptoms: Diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps that can be lasting for 4-7 days. Incubation time: 6- 72 hrs.

What are the symptoms and incubation times for Hepatitis A.?

Symptoms: Fever, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, diarrhea, jaundice and joint pain. Lasting last less than 2 months. Incubation time: 15- 50 days.

What are the symptoms and incubation times for Trichinella/ Trichinosis?

Symptoms: Initial: Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, fever, & abdominal discomfort. Secondary: Headaches, fevers, chills, swelling of the face and eyes, joint and muscle pains. Incubation time: Initial: 1-2 days Secondary: 2-8 weeks

What are the symptoms and incubation times for E.coli?

Symptoms: Severe stomach cramps, diarrhea (often bloody), and vomiting. Lasting 5-7 days Incubation time: 1- 10 days

What are the symptoms and incubation times for Staph?

Symptoms: Sudden nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps and diarrhea. Lasting < 24 hrs. Incubation time: 30 min. - 8 hrs.

What are the symptoms and incubation times for Clostridium Botulinum (Botulism)?

Symptoms: Weakness of the muscles that control the eyes, face, mouth, and throat. Weakening of the muscles involved in breathing, which can lead to difficulty breathing and even death. Incubation time: 8-36 hrs.

What are the symptoms and incubation times for Listeriosis?

Symptoms: fever and diarrhea. Invasive listeriosis: fever and other flu-like symptoms, such as fatigue and muscle aches. headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, and convulsions Premature delivery, stillbirth, and miscarriage Incubation time: 1- 4 weeks

Examples of Biological IPM Control?

The introduction of ladybugs to combat aphids. Mosquito control by using Bacteria "donuts" that are placed in standing water. The bacteria attacks the larvae of mosquitoes and kills them prior to completing metamorphosis. The introduction of cats, birds, bees and other beneficial animals to eliminate pests can frequently reduce pest population without damage to food and property.

What are the characteristics of the West Nile Virus?

The leading cause of mosquito borne disease in the US. Its starts when mosquitos feed off of infected birds, and then mosquitos spread the virus to humans. Symptoms in humans are: High fever, headache, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, numbness and paralysis. Rarely ever, but sometimes it can become fatal.

What symptoms does a Brown Recluse bite cause?

The venom of this spider can cause blistering or a severe lesion by destroying skin tissue. With severe bites, surrounding skin may die within a few hours. Sometimes the skin at the center of the bite turns dark blue or purple and then forms an open sore (ulcer) that gets bigger as the skin around it dies. The ulcer usually stops growing within 10 days after the bite, but full healing can take months.

What are Systemic or Translocating herbicides used for and what are they?

These move through the plant through the plant's circulation system. These can be injected into the plant. They can control perennial plants and can act slower. Used for Glypro.

How do Chiggers spread disease?

They bite humans around the waist, ankles, or in warm skin folds. Their bite causes severe itching and red pimple-like bumps or hives. Secondary infection may follow intense scratching severe as a complication. They do not suck blood but cut into the skin, inject skin-digesting saliva and suck up the liquefied skin. If not removed, it will feed for several days. The bite becomes inflamed, hardens and itches. They spend most of their lives in cracks in the soil. They are typically found in rural, less disturbed areas, but can persist for years on soil in new subdivisions

What type of Virus doe Deer Mice carry and how do you avoid it?

They carry the Hantavirus (HPS) which is deadly. It is best to avoid all wild mice and rats and to safely clean up any rodent urine, droppings, or nests in your home. Keep mice and rats out of your home. • Clean up mouse and rat urine, droppings, and nesting materials with a disinfectant or a mixture of bleach and water. People get HPS when they breathe in Hantaviruses. This can happen when rodent urine and droppings that contain Hantavirus are stirred up into the air. People can also become infected when they touch mouse or rat urine, droppings, or nesting materials that contain the virus and then touch their eyes, nose, or mouth. They can also get HPS from a mouse or rat bite.

What diseases are caused by Fleas?

They carry the Plague Bubonic plague - lymph Septicemia plague- blood Pneumonic plague- lungs

How do Bed Bugs spread disease?

They must feed in order to survive and humans are their preferred host. They feed at night and hide in cracks and crevices, the folds in mattresses the upholstery of furniture and sofas and bed springs. Adults can live for months without feeding. the bites cause an allergic reaction in most people resulting in an itchy, red rash. Although bedbug bites are rarely medically dangerous, they can become infected through scratching

What diseases are caused by lice?

Typhus and Trench Fever

What are examples of Carbamates Insecticides?

carbaryl (Sevin), aldicarb, methomyl, dicarb, primin, dimethan

Which spider's venom is non toxic?

hobo spider

Food thawed ________ can be refrozen without cooking

in the refrigerator.

Food safety guidelines regarding personal hygiene?

· Before handling food employees must wash hands with warm water & soap for 20 seconds. · Employees must wash hands after using the bathroom, coughing, sneezing, smoking, eating, or drinking, cleaning, · Sick employees must not go to work. · Employees must wear gloves while handling food or handling dishes. (At all times while at worksite) · Employees must keep clean nails at all times. · Employees must keep their nails trimmed & filed. (Long nails can break and end up in food) · If employees decide to have long fingernails, fake nails or fingernail polish they must wear gloves. · Hand sanitizer should not replace washing hands. · Employees must cover any lesions such as: cuts, wounds, sores. · Employees must use new gloves once the gloves become dirty. · Employees must wear hairnets at all times while handling food while handling food or handling dishes. (Hairnets will prevent any hair from ending up in food) · Employees must wear clean clothing (Employees who touches their dirty clothing may contaminate their hands) · Employees must remove any jewelry such as: rings, bracelets, watches, and earrings. (Jewelry might can get dirty can fall inside the food and can cause harmful microorganism) · Must have a sink just for hand washing

Food safety guidelines for storing food?

· Employees must cover food to protect it from contaminants. · Make sure opened food is labeled and dated. · Employees must store utensils that are use for serving in food with the handles extended above the rims. · Store glasses and cups upside down on a clean and sanitized surface · Store utensils with handles up. · Employees must store always store chemicals and cleaning supplies in the designated areas. (Chemicals should always be store in their original containers) · Employees must NEVER store chemicals or cleaning supplies near food). · Food must be stored at least 6 inches off the floor a all time. · Always check dates on cartons and packages as you store the items.

What are the food safety guidelines for Sanitation?

· Employees must wash and clean surfaces and dishes as they finish with they go. · Employees must use hot water with soap to clean kitchen surfaces. · Employees must wash cloths daily using a washer machine using hot water. · Employees must wash cutting boards, dishes and counter tops using soapy hot water before and after handling food. · Clean and sanitize the prep sink and work area before starting. · Garbage should be covered to keep out pests · Must have a 3 compartment sink, Wash, Rinse and Sanitize