Environmental Health - Quiz 2

which of the following is NOT an analytic epidemiology study design?

ecologic

which of the followings is NOT in the epidemiologic triangle?

ecosystem

the existence of a dose-response relationship may be used to establish the following kinds of information:

- causal association between a toxin and biological effects - minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect - rate of accumulation of harmful effects

Refer to the following situation to answer the next two questions:A national survey of asthma conducted on May 1, 2012 obtained the following results for the state of Oklahoma:• X--The number of residents with asthma• Y--The population of the state on June 30, 2012; all members of the population were considered at risk.• Z—The number of new cases of asthma diagnosed during 2012 The incidence rate of asthma during 2012 (per 100,000) would be expressed as:

(Z/Y) * 100,000

environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic triangle). what statement below is true about the triangle?

- agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides - the environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist - the host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent - disease causality includes three major factors: agent, host, and environment

what constitutes a good environmental epidemiologic study?

- direct and accurate measurement of the environmental exposures in groups/individuals - direct and accurate determination of the health outcomes in groups/individuals - appropriate statistical analysis of the data pertaining to the exposure and outcomes

why epidemiology is important to the study of environment health problems?

- many exposures and health effects associated with the environment occur at the population level - the study designs used in epidemiologic research can be applied directly to the study of environmental health issues - epidemiology aids in the development of hypotheses and the study of causal relationships

why epidemiology is important to the study of environmental health problems?

- many exposures and health effects associated with the environment occur at the population level - the study designs used in epidemiologic research can be applied directly to the study of environmental health issues - epidemiology aids in the development of hypotheses and the study of causal relationships

which of the following statements is true about cohort studies?

- subjects are classified according to their exposure - they are a type of longitudinal design - they may be either prospective or retrospective - the measure of association is called relative risk

Hill's criteria of causality include:

-strength -consistency -temporality -biological gradient

which of the following is NOT a measure of epidemiology to describe disease frequency?

ratio

who was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases

Hippocrates

Refer to the following situation to answer the next two questions:A national survey of asthma conducted on May 1, 2012 obtained the following results for the state of Oklahoma:• X--The number of residents with asthma• Y--The population of the state on June 30, 2012; all members of the population were considered at risk.• Z—The number of new cases of asthma diagnosed during 2012 The point prevalence of asthma (proportion) on May 1, 2012, would be expressed as:

X/Y

the amount of a substance is available to the internal organs of the human body is called:

absorbed dose

which of the following observational designs is used for hypothesis testing?

cohort studies

which of the following is an example of environmental epidemiology study?

compare lung cancer mortality in different populations (epidemiology is population based)

direct adverse effects of toxic materials might include all of the following EXCEPT:

interference with nutrition

the number of existing cases of a disease or health condition in a population at a designated point in time is termed the:

prevalence

which of the following is NOT a frequent route for environmental exposure?

sexual

which of the following is not likely to characterize the approach of toxicology:

studies of disease occurrence in populations according to person variables

which of the following is NOT correct regarding prospective cohort type epidemiological studies?

subjects are classified by health outcome and assess for exposures

what type of interaction among several agents causes the overall effect the be greater than the sum of effects expected for the several agents individually?

synergistic

those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as:

the population at risk

which of the following is NOT correct regarding environmental epidemiology studies?

they are almost always of the "true experiment" type

which of the following is correct regarding case-control type studies as often used in environmental epidemiology?

they are particularly appropriate due to the relative rarity of the health outcomes of interest

toxic substances that are man-made or result from anthropogenic activity is called:

toxicant

the poisonous substance in Amanita phalloides ("death cap" mushroom) is an example of a:

toxin

Used in cohort studies, the relative risk is a measure of the strength of association between a possible risk factor and a disease

true

a relative risk of less than 1 means that there is no positive association between exposure and outcome

true

an ecologic study is one that examines a group as the unit of analysis

true

in a case-control study, cases are those who have the outcome of interest and the controls are those who do not.

true

Sir Percival Pott, who wrote Chirurgical Observations Relative to...

was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer

John Snow, in Snow on Chloera:

was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments

exposure assessment refers to the question of:

what exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions?

dose-response assessment refers to the question of:

what is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans (or animals)?