environmental science chapter 23

Which sustainable development goal is it to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable

11

The seven largest megacities are in _____

Asia

what country prevents vehicle parking in the city center?

Geneva, Switzerland

In 1956, the ________ taxed gasoline and raised money for building roads

Highway Trust Fund

Many ____ cities are highly livable

Japanese

What makes cities an exciting place?

Jobs and cultural opportunities

what city is a leader in water planning?

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

What is the best city based off of transit ridership, congestion, air and water quality, green building, local food

Portland

_____ is the process where spreading development across the landscape exceeds population growth

Sprawl

What increased funding for mass transit?

The 1998 Transportation Equity Act

Megalopolis (urban agglomeration)

a chain of metropolitan regions

Metropolitan region

a city with suburbs, towns, and smaller cities; acts as a single economic zone where people work, shop, and travel throughout the whole area

urbanized area

a densely populated region dominated by human-built environment

what is urban sprawl?

a far-flung, urban-suburban network of low-density residential areas

Metropolis

a regional center for a whole area

Urbanization leads to _____

abandoned rural areas

what 2 continents are urbanizing the fastest

africa and asia

many cities have _____ and _____

aging pipes, infrastructure

What are some impacts of sprawl on health and environment?

air pollution, water (flooding, runoff, pollution, oil, fertilizers), loss of cropland (1.1 mill. acres/year), fragmentation of wildlife habitat

slums

areas of unplanned, crowded conditions

rural areas

areas with fewer people

Portland has decreased ____

automobile use

in 2013, Detroit filed for ______

bankruptcy

Atlanta's ____ is made-over abandoned rail and industrial corridor inside the beltway that will provide parks, trails, public transportation, etc

beltline

when a city slums become more livable, the entire city ____

benefits

people began moving to _______ in the 20th century

cities

why is it hard to move toward a sustainable community?

climate change and diversity loss

Values that promote the common good?

compassion for those less well off, concern for justice, honesty, sufficiency, humility, neighborliness

the key to sustainable urban life is

coordinated planning

2/3 of the largest cities are in _______ ; prone to flooding from rising sea levels and severe storms

costal deltas

Risks to public health associated with megacities

crowding, lack of clean water, sanitation, or electricity

_____ means the tax base declines when a lot of people leave a city

declining tax base

what type of technologies increase sustainability?

delta-driven

rural area will decline by 300 million people leading to....?

disparity in wealth and a loss of traditional cultures and institutions

habitat loss and fragmentation, overuse of groundwater, dumping of waste change what?

ecosystems and their services

using power plants using waste to generate electricity and heat for buildings is

efficient energy use

Slum residents are amazing ______

entrepreneurs

exurbs

even further out than suburbs

______ is the driving force behind urban sprawl and leads to segregation along economic and racial lines

exurban migration

______ removes purchasing power needed to support stores and businesses

exurban migration

greater efficiency

far lower per capita consumption of water and electricity

industrial agricultures machines increase the efficiency of _______

food production

turning run-down buildings into professional buildings and high rises is _____

gentrification

during what did the home loan defaults and the loss of businesses cause a ripple effect?

global recession

the U.S. sustainable Communities and Development program provides what to show the movement is succeeding?

grants

megacities

have more than 10 million people

in 2006 , the ________ burst and house prices plummeted

housing bubble

Returning vets and the resulting baby boom from WW2 created a ________

housing demand

environmental problems are at root are _____ not scientific or technical

human made

we can work towards sustainability using...

individual lifestyle choices, political involvement, membership in organizations, volunteer work, career choices

affordable, attractive housing is built around _____

industrial parks and malls

cities require a vast ______

infrastructure

rural areas have a lack of ________ and access to markets

infrastructure

public policies are essential, but depend on decisions made by _____

leaders

suburbs

less densely populated than cities but interact with cities more than rural area

have a high population density, preserve a mixture of homes, businesses, stores, let people meet informally on sidewalks, etc

livable cities

positive

longer lives, better health and education, etc

revitalizing cities must not come at the expense of ______

low income housing

life expectancy is _______ in cities

lower

city planners use big data and cloud computing to do what?

make decisions about growth and resource use, handle emergencies, build smart transportation systems, etc

_________ is associated with a lack of nature

mental illness

the poorest city dwellers are _____

minorities

the UN has programs to provide ____ and _____ to show cities how to run efficiently

money, support

Costal cities struggle with?

overfishing, heavy pollution

reducing the heat island effect includes

parks, green spaces, trees, plants on rooftops, efficient energy

negative

pollution, population growth, biodiversity loss climate change

local governments use property taxes for what?

public services and infrastructure

coordination and planning are needed to do what?

reduce sprawl, reduce traffic, improve foot access, use massive transit

slower population growth

reduced fertility rates

to be sustainable, we must____

reign in urban sprawl, revitalize our cities, and care for rural people

4 sprawl measurements?

residential density, neighborhood mix, accessibility of the street networks, strength of activity centers

in beginning of 20th century, most Americans lived in _____ areas

rural

most of the worlds population are ________

rural

city air is warmer than

rural air and suburban areas

cities in the _______ specialized in heavy manufacturing up to the mid 20th century

rust belt

1/3 of urban residents in developing nations live in _______

slums

_______ addresses sprawl by purposely developing in economically sustainable ways

smart growth

3 guiding principles to live on our planet are

sound science, stewardship, sustainability

__________ rural residents are poorer and have less access to health care and education

spatial inequality

lower numbers represent more ____

sprawl

________ can be a driving force for positive change

students

preventing minorities from leaving the city or improving its economy is

subtle racism

Urban sprawl exits because people believe it is better to live in ____

suburbs

White flight is white people moving to ____

suburbs

______ is hardest in slum areas

sustainability

what is a discriminatory lending practiced by banks and real estate agents?

systemic racism

stewardship

the actions and programs that manage natural resources and human well-being for the common good

urbanization

the increasing dominance of cities due to population growth and migration to cities

______ are communities that work together to respond to climate change and peak oil challenges

transition towns

sound science

understanding how the world works and how humans interact with it

Meeting the sustainable development goals means focusing on both _________

urban and rural areas

cities are warmer due to the ___

urban heat island effect

using your skills to reduce your environmental footprint in the city is called?

urban homesteading

___ is the process of exurban migration

urban sprawl

rural poverty is worsened by ______

urbanization

most sustainable cities are in _____

wealthy countries

slums provide an essential _______

workforce

sustainable communities require _____ to allow integration of stores, light industries, offices, and higher-density housing

zoning laws

______ a vicious cycle; is the process of exurban migration, decreased tax base, deteriorating real estate, and worsening schools

Urban blight (decay)

The end of ______ brought profound changes; few people has cars

WW2