Environmental Science Chapter 3&4

4.1 Globally, more than _____ people live in slums near large cities. 100 million 5 million 8 billion 1 billion

1 billion

3.2 Vertebrates likely make up only approximately ____ of all species on Earth. 1.0% 0.1% 0.01% 10%

1%

4.1 What population size is generally considered when a city is classified as a "megacity"? 10 million 5 million 1 million 100 million

10 million

4.1 For a long time prior to the Industrial Revolution, Earth's human population had plateaued at around _____. 1 billion 100 million 250,000 1 million

100 million

3.2 Compared to a typical boreal forest, the Amazon rainforest contains _________ tree species. 15 times more 300 times more far fewer 50 times

15 times more

4.1 Human population approximately doubled in size since _____ to reach our current size of 7.5 billion. 1930 1900 1800 1970

1970

3.3 Given the number of African elephants in 2016 and the current poaching rate of 35,000 elephants per year, in approximately what year will African elephants go extinct in the wild, assuming that no babies are added to the population? 2026 2056 2021 2100

2026

3.2 According to scientists, how long ago did humans colonize the Pacific Islands? 4,000 years ago 400 years ago 10,000 years ago 40,000 years ago

4,000

3.2 Biodiversity hotspots contain approximately _____ of all plant and vertebrate endemic animal species. 10%-20% 20%-30% 30%-40% 40%-50%

40-50%

3.2 How long must an oil palm farmer wait between planting seeds and having mature, fruit-bearing trees? only 1 year 2-3 years 5-6 years ~50 years

5-6 years

3.2 How much of the indigenous flora in Hawaii faces immediate extinction? 25% 50% 90% 15%

50%

3.2 What percentage of orangutans either die or are displaced by the conversion of natural forest to oil palm plantations? 95% 45% 50% 10%

95%

4.2 Which of the following best illustrates urban flight? A city decides to close an airport (e.g. Chicago's Meigs Field), resulting in people having to travel much farther to airports in the suburbs. A traveler flies into Chicago's Midway International Airport (in the heart of the city) rather than O'Hare Airport. A middle-class family moves from a city to a suburb to get away from crime and from traffic congestion that causes air pollution. A tourist takes a sight-seeing helicopter ride over San Francisco and the San Francisco Bay

A middle-class family moves from a city to a suburb to get away from crime and from traffic congestion that causes air pollution.

You are studying natural selection in a population of small marine invertebrates called isopods that live on pink corals. In this population, isopod body color is controlled by one gene with alternate alleles A and a. Isopods can be red (AA), pink (Aa), or white (aa); body size is controlled by another gene with alternate alleles B and b, and they can be large (BB or Bb) or small (bb). A new predator arrives on the reef that is extremely good at preying on isopods that are large and stand out against the corals on which they live (i.e., red or white individuals). Over time, which genetic individuals would you predict would become more abundant in the population with each subsequent generation? AABb AaBb aaBB Aabb

Aabb

4.1 Over 75% of Earth's human population lives in either Asia or _____. Europe North America Africa Oceania

Africa

3.2 Consider the following three areas: Area 1 contains 1,500 endemic plant and animal species, with little habitat loss. Area 2 contains 1,500 endemic plant and animal species, and 500 are threatened or endangered; 70% of the habitat has been lost due to human impact. Area 3 has 1,500 species of plants and animals, each of which is found in other areas; 70% of the habitat has been lost due to human impact. Which of these three areas would qualify as a biodiversity hotspot? two of these three areas Area 1 only Area 2 only Area 3 only

Area 2 only

3.3 The international treaty that regulates global trade of endangered species is: the CBD. Sadly, there is no international treaty that regulates global trade of endangered species. the ESA. CITES.

CITES

3.2 Which of the following countries does not have any biodiversity hotspots? Canada Brazil Indonesia the United States

Canada

4.1 What is the relationship between countries' total fertility rate and their percent of married women using modern birth control methods? Countries with higher fertility rates tend not to use as much contraception. There is no relationship between the two variables. Countries with higher fertility rates tend to use more contraception to prevent having even larger families. Countries with low fertility rates tend not to need or use contraception.

Countries with higher fertility rates tend not to use as much contraception.

3.3 _____ is to tracking elephant poachers as _____ is to developing careful breeding programs to maximize genetic diversity. Poaching hotspots; biodiversity hotspots Conservation genetics; landscape conservation DNA fingerprinting; Species Survival Plans Overexploitation; remediation

DNA fingerprinting; Species Survival Plans

4.1 ________ countries have higher crude death rates than _______ countries. Densely populated; sparsely populated Poor; rich Developing; developed Developed; developing

Developed; developing

3.2 How do oil palm plantations damage aquatic habitats? Erosion causes sediments to wash into nearby waterways. Mangrove forests are being replaced by oil palms. Plantations create stagnant water with little to no oxygen, killing fish. Oil from the palms washes into nearby waterways.

Erosion causes sediments to wash into nearby waterways

3.1 We are in the midst of the fifth mass extinction event in Earth's history.

False

3.1 If the number of species lost in the last 100 years had been lost at the background rate of extinction, it would have taken between 500 and 750 years.

False

4.1 Which of these is a feature of a LEED-certified building? a large parking lot on the property to accommodate all commuters a natural, coal-fired heating system area surrounding the building being made of an impervious material to prevent the ground from subsiding green space beside the building

Green space beside the building

4.1 Which of the following accurately describes population growth rates during the demographic transition? Growth rate declines during stages 1 and 2 and then increases during the latter half of the demographic transition. Growth rate is highest during stage 1 and then declines through stages 2-4. Growth rates peak during stages 2 and 3 and then decline. Growth rate is unpredictable and fluctuates wildly throughout the demographic transition

Growth rates peak during stages 2 and 3 and then decline.

3.1 In which of the following scenarios would speciation be most likely to occur? A single fish species is introduced to two different lakes that have identical types and abundance of predators/parasites, food, and competitors. In one lake, a mutation arises in a population of fish species that prevents individuals with the mutation from mating with individuals without the mutation. A large rainstorm creates a river that suddenly connects two previously isolated lakes containing different fish species, which do not compete for the same resources. An accidental chemical spill causes a large die-off of a fish species in a lake, leaving only a few survivors in the population.

In one lake, a mutation arises in a population of fish species that prevents individuals with the mutation from mating with individuals without the mutation.

4.1 All of the following countries have mature populations (median age >36) EXCEPT: China. the United States. Japan. India.

India

4.1 What country is on track to surpass China in the near future as the most populous nation? India Brazil the United States Uzbekistan

India

3.1 Which of the following best describes how an agricultural pest population would develop resistance to a pesticide? Individuals that survive exposure would pass more of their genes on to the next generation. Individuals that could adapt quickly to pesticide exposure would pass more of their genes on to the next generation. The pesticide would cause mutations in certain individuals' genes, and those individuals would survive better and reproduce more. The pesticide would cause some individuals within the population to be unable to mate with others, so new, more resistant species would evolve.

Individuals that survive exposure would pass more of their genes on to the next generation

3.1 Which of the following is TRUE about the evolutionary process of genetic drift? It does not require pre-existing genetic diversity. It does not require random mating in order to occur. It does not require any selective environmental forces. It does not affect gene frequencies in subsequent generations.

It does not require any selective environmental forces.

4.1 Which of the countries below had the highest average life expectancy in 2015? Japan United States Sierra Leone China

Japan

4.3 Which U.S. President visited Sudan to speak about eradicating Guinea worm disease? Gerald Ford George H. W. Bush Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan

Jimmy Carter

4.1 The achievement of Kerala's population growth slowing so much while literacy rates increased is referred to as the ________ Model by economists. Literacy Super India Kerala

Kerla

4.3 Which step in the Guinea worm life cycle is CORRECT? Guinea worm larvae enter snails as their intermediate hosts. Humans eat undercooked meat infected with Guinea worm larvae. Males die inside the human body after mating. Females release offspring in the human digestive tract.

Males die inside the human body after mating.

3.2 All of the following are strains of oil palm EXCEPT: dura. Sambanthamurthi. tenera. pisifera.

Sambanthamurthi

3.1 Why would spider populations on Guam have rapidly increased after brown tree snakes were introduced to the island? Spiders ate tree snakes, so the increase in prey density led to an increase in spiders. Spiders ate the flies that were attracted to the odoriferous snakes. Snakes ate the birds that ate the spiders. The snakes ate the frogs that ate the spiders.

Snakes ate the birds that ate the spiders.

4.1 All of the following information is provided on an age structure diagram EXCEPT: total fertility rate. the proportion of the population that is post-reproductive in age. percentage of a population that is below the age of 10. male vs. female proportions in a population's age categories.

TFR

3.1 What happened when Savidge placed bait birds on Cocos Island? Roughly 75% of the birds were eaten by snakes within 4 days. They all survived. They were all eaten by snakes within 4 days. The birds escaped and colonized the island, which is why the bait birds are referred to as Savidge's partridges.

They all survived

3.1 Humans often breed two horses that have won races to increase the chance that the horses' offspring will possess traits for being even faster than the parents. This is a form of _____. natural selection human selection genetic mutation artificial selection

artificial selection

3.2 Which of the following lists contains the correct order from smallest to largest known number of species? vertebrates, fungi, insects, plants fungi, insects, plants, vertebrates mollusks, arachnids, vertebrates, roundworms bacteria, vertebrates, plants, insects

bacteria, vertebrates, plants, insects

3.1 Many species in Africa, such as the cheetah and elephant, have had drastic reductions in population size due to being hunted by humans. This has resulted in a decrease in genetic diversity within the species. These scenarios involve _____. the founder effect natural selection artificial selection the bottleneck effect

bottleneck effect

4.2 Carbon footprint is a "thing" because of concerns that _____ causes _____. coal; cancer carbon dioxide; acid rain carbon dioxide; global warming calcium carbonate; ocean acidification

carbon dioxide; global warming

4.3 Soot most commonly contributes to respiratory and _____ diseases. cardiovascular reproductive renal connective tissue

cardiovascular

3.1 Genetic drift is best described as _____. chance natural selection a bottleneck effect migration

chance

3.2 What country is the biggest user of palm oil? India China the European Union the United States

china

4.1 As of 2009, which major economic power has the lowest per capita carbon footprint Brazil Japan China the United States

china

4.1 Globally, most migration involves movement into _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices cities Europe the United States rural areas

cities

3.3 If your friend asks you to be part of an effort to record the variety of bird species you see visiting your backyard bird feeder and to enter your data into a national database, your friend is asking that you participate in: ecotourism. a debt-for-nature swap. citizen science. habitat restoration.

citizen science

4.2 Which of the following has the highest population density? exurb intraurb suburb city

city

4.2 Preserving open space by implementing a legally binding agreement not to develop particular tracts of land is known as a _____. conservation easement conversation starter green space pacts waiver

conservation easement

3.3 The scientific field that relies on analyses of species' DNA to inform conservation efforts is called _____. conservation biology single-species conservation conservation genetics landscape ecology

conservation genetics

3.1 Pesticide resistance can emerge in what organisms? brown tree snakes humans bacteria corn borers

corn borers

3.1 Which of the following is referred to as a theoretical model that describes the expected drop in population growth rates as economic conditions improve the quality of life in a population? demographic transition zero population growth Principle of Malthus population shift

demographic transition

3.3 All of the following illustrate the work of conservation genetics EXCEPT: determining that elephants make good candidates for inclusion in a landscape species suite. ascertaining that the forest elephant and the savanna elephant of Africa are two different species. mapping the ivory trade from ivory being sold in curio shops in New York and Beijing back to the source of where the elephants were slaughtered in Africa. identifying the ivory poaching hotspots in Africa.

determining that elephants make good candidates for inclusion in a landscape species suite.

4.1 Most _____ countries have already undergone the demographic transition. poor developing African developed

developed

3.1 Scientists are studying the mating habits of a population of butterfly fish on a Caribbean coral reef. They discover that two types of males get the most matings and pass on the largest number of genes to the population's offspring. The largest males get a large number of matings because they can guard females, preventing most of the smaller males from mating. However, the very smallest males also get a large number of matings because they can sneak past larger males and mate with females quickly before the larger males notice. Based on these observations, which selective force would you conclude is acting on male body size in this population? No selection is acting on male size. directional selection stabilizing selection disruptive selection

disruptive selection

3.2 Biodegradable coconut fiber logs are made of coconut fibers surrounded by netting. Placed along the shoreline of a lake, they help trap sediment and prevent erosion from wave action. Seedlings placed into the coconut logs will develop into permanent shoreline vegetation that provides long-term erosion control. These logs are an example of _____. cultural benefit ecosystem regulation and support human provision intrinsic value

ecosystem regulation and support

_____ is/are low-impact travel to natural areas that contribute(s) to the protection of the environment. Eco-travel Travel trusts Debt-for-nature travel Ecotourism

ecotourism

3.1 Evolution is the process by which organisms best adapted to the environment (the fittest) survive to reproduce, leaving more offspring than do less adapted individuals.

false

3.1 Large populations are much more likely to experience genetic drift than are small ones.

false

3.1 "Sampling error" occurs when ecologists make mistakes as they take their measurements.

false

3.2 Habitat segmentation is the term for the process by which a solid, uninterrupted habitat is broken up into habitat patches or islands

false

3.2 Palm oil is healthier than olive oil.

false

3.2 Species diversity is the heritable variation among individuals of a single population or a species as a whole.

false

3.3 About 85% of coral reefs have disappeared since the late 1800s due predominantly to overharvesting.

false

3.3 The goal of conservation biology is to understand the natural world and our relationship to it.

false

4.1 In the demographic transition model, the birth rate declines first, followed by a decline in the death rate.

false

4.1 Due to high infant mortality rates, most developing countries are stuck at zero population growth.

false

4.1 From 1974 to 2011, the global population increased from 4 billion to 7 billion, but the growth rate decreased over this period.

false

4.1 Infant mortality rate is defined as the number of infants who die in their first five years of life per every thousand live births in that year.

false

3.1 Many pest species can stay one step ahead of human efforts to control them because they have: small populations. fast generation times. low genetic diversity. K-selected life histories.

fast generation times

3.3 In the single-species approach of biodiversity protection, conservation biologists are likely to focus on _____, while in the ecosystem approach of biodiversity protection, conservation biologists are likely to focus on _____. native species; Red List species flagship species; indicator species vertebrate species; endangered species keystone species; plant species

flagship species; indicator species

3.1 Variants of _____ are called _____. populations; communities evolution; natural selection genes; alleles alleles; gene frequencies

genes; alleles

3.1 When individuals in a population have a wide variety of alleles, they generally have high _____. natural selection genetic diversity genetic frequency selective pressure

genetic diversity

3.3 All of the following human activities are examples of habitat loss or habitat fragmentation EXCEPT: road building. hunting. conversion to agriculture. deforestation.

hunting

4.1 Global population growth rate would include all of the following factors EXCEPT: deaths. births. immigration. infant mortality.

immigration

4.1 All of the following would help prevent suburban sprawl EXCEPT: increasing green space and recreational opportunities in a city. building up rather than out. improving mass transit systems in suburbs and exurbs. instituting noise-pollution regulations at urban airports such as Midway International Airport in Chicago.

improving mass transit systems in suburbs and exurbs.

4.1 All of the following factors cause population growth to slow during stage 3 EXCEPT: increased infant mortality. more opportunities for women. improved health care. women want fewer children.

increased infant mortality

4.2 Environmental justice advocates seek zero _____. sanitation inequality population growth pollution

inequality

3.2 Which of the following refers to an object's or species' worth based on its usefulness to humans? instrumental value serviceable value intrinsic value contributory value

instrumental

3.2 _____ value refers to an object's or species' worth, based on its mere existence and an inherent right to exist. Acquired Elemental Intrinsic Instrumental

intrinsic

3.3 All of the following species are threatened or endangered EXCEPT: kudzu. African elephant. Mekong river dolphin. polar bear.

kudzu

4.3 Almost half a million people die annually from what infectious disease? malaria smallpox heart disease Ebola

malaria

4.3 All of the following study public health EXCEPT: epidemiologists. meteorologists. environmental health researchers. obesity researchers.

meteorologists

4.1 All of the following would likely drive down TFR EXCEPT: more educational opportunities for males. improved medical care. social security programs. increased urbanization.

more educational opportunities for males.

3.1 A tsunami wipes out all of the mangrove forests on one side of an island in the Indian Ocean. A small number of mangrove forests on the other side of the island remain relatively intact. In this scenario, all of the following appear to have occurred EXCEPT: a reduction in population size. the bottleneck effect. genetic drift. natural selection.

natural selection

3.1 Coevolution relies on which of the following mechanisms of evolution? genetic drift bottleneck effect natural selection migration

natural selection

3.1 A species of rabbit exists in three body colors: dark, tan, or white. Body color is determined by one gene (the A gene) with two alleles (A or a); dark individuals are AA, tan individuals are Aa, and white individuals are aa. If the body color trait is highly influenced by natural selection by sight-based predators, in which type of environment would you expect to find individuals with the aa gene combination? on a grassy field on a snowy mountainside on black rock lava flows on a medium-brown sandy beach

on a snowy mountainside

3.3 When restoration focuses on cleanup of pollution in a natural area, it is called _____. reforestation revitalization restoration remediation

remediation

3.3 All of the following strategies are a single-species approach to biodiversity conservation EXCEPT: captive breeding programs that seek to maximize genetic diversity by moving reproductive animals from zoo to zoo to introduce new genes into a breeding program or to minimize inbreeding. removing invasive Eurasian watermilfoil from a Wisconsin lake. focusing on specific threats faced by flagship species. reintroducing individuals from captive breeding programs or other wild populations into suitable habitats.

removing invasive Eurasian watermilfoil from a Wisconsin lake.

3.2 Besides oil palm, land conversion for what other kind of plantation is rapidly increasing in Southeast Asia? rubber tree coffee banana oranges and other citrus fruit

rubber tree

4.1 Fostering a "strong sense of place" is generally considered an important part of _____. smart growth suburban sprawl environmental justice urban flight

smart growth

3.2 All of the following contain palm oil EXCEPT: chocolate. soy oil. shampoo. cosmetics.

soy oil

4.3 A major concern for public health officials is reducing the amount of _____ near high populations of people because many disease vectors breed in these sites. standing water flowing water surface water groundwater

standing water

4.3 All of the following countries had human GWD cases reported in 2016 EXCEPT: Sudan. South Sudan. Chad. Ethiopia.

sudan

3.3 Both the recovery of the Kanton Island reef in the South Pacific after a serious coral bleaching event and evidence that the savanna elephant is thriving in the eastern and southern regions of Africa where elephant poaching is lower are evidence of which of the following? that the designation and management of protected areas are effective in protecting species and habitats and enabling their recovery that DNA fingerprinting has strengthened the implementation of CITES in regulating trade of corals and elephant ivory that the broad reach of the ESA is effective in protecting species and their habitats that Species Survival Plans implemented by zoos have been successful in captive breeding and reintroduction of corals and elephants

that the designation and management of protected areas are effective in protecting species and habitats and enabling their recovery

4.1 All of the following determine a population's carrying capacity EXCEPT: the use of technologies. the number of people in the population whether a population grows some of its own food whether the population eats meat.

the number of people in the population

4.1 Residents of suburbs are heavily dependent on _____. their cars mass transit local farms for food food stamps

their cars

3.1 Evolution is a scientific

theory

3.1 Many species are endemic to Guam, meaning that _____. they have been introduced to Guam the species are now extirpated they are found nowhere else they have been eradicated from Guam

they are found nowhere else

3.2 All of the following characterize biodiversity hotspots EXCEPT: many are located in isolated mountain or island ecosystems. they are rich in endemic species. they contain endemic generalist species that can adapt readily to environmental disturbances. many are in tropical regions where biodiversity is plentiful.

they contain endemic generalist species that can adapt readily to environmental disturbances.

3.2 Which of the following technically would NOT be an ecosystem service? nutrient cycling water purification timber flood control

timber

4.1 Which of the following refers to the average number of children a woman has over her lifetime? relative fecundity total fertility rate replacement fertility rate age-specific birth rate

total fertility rate

3.1 Which mass extinction event is considered responsible for facilitating the evolution of dinosaurs? Permian Cretaceous Ordovician Triassic

triassic

3.1 The bridled white-eye is extinct.

true

3.1 In rock pocket mice, fur color is an inherited trait.

true

3.3 Forest elephants are attracted to logged areas that are regrowing, while chimpanzees avoid these areas.

true

3.3 People are more likely to donate money to "Save the panda" than to "Save the white warty-back pearly mussel."

true

3.3 The ultimate goal of Species Survival Plans is to release animals back into the wild.

true

4.1 Fast-growing countries tend to have younger populations.

true

4.2 More people are moving out of rural areas and into the cities than vice versa.

true

4.3 An epidemiologist is a scientist who studies the causes and patterns of disease in human populations.

true

4.2 The goals of the environmental justice movement ultimately strive for all of the following kinds of communities EXCEPT: equitable. uncrowded. healthy. sustainable.

uncrowded

4.2 Under the category of Transportation, the Green City Index assesses which of the following metrics? energy use per square foot of living space use of bicycles energy intensity amount of green space

use of bicycles

3.2 Which of the following is an effective conservation tool to combat habitat fragmentation? riparian buffer zones zoos urban planning wildlife corridors

wildlife corridors

4.3 How does the U.S. childhood vaccination program protect the health of children too young or too ill to receive the vaccinations? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices Actually, the vaccines don't protect them, since these children cannot get the vaccinations. Because of vaccinations, many diseases that could kill these children are so uncommon that these "unprotected" children are unlikely to be exposed to the disease. Vaccines cause autism, so such programs protect children and babies from autism. All children must be vaccinated, regardless of age or health status.

Because of vaccinations, many diseases that could kill these children are so uncommon that these "unprotected" children are unlikely to be exposed to the disease.

4.1 Which of the following characterizes human population size throughout history? The rate of population growth has been increasing consistently throughout human history. Beginning 10,000 years ago, human population size grew gradually until the Black Death, and after the Industrial Revolution, population growth became more rapid. As population has gotten larger, growth rate has declined. The curve resembles the letter W.

Beginning 10,000 years ago, human population size grew gradually until the Black Death, and after the Industrial Revolution, population growth became more rapid.

4.1 Global population underwent a growth spurt in the 1700s as the _____ resulted in advances in sanitation and health care that increased the growth rate. Agricultural Revolution Health Care Revolution Industrial Revolution Middle Ages

Industrial revolution

3.1 In a population of wildflowers called black-eyed Susans, all individuals have large black spots in the middle of their flowers. Scientists have recently discovered that this trait is very important for determining the reproductive success of individuals because flowers with large black spots attract more pollinators than flowers with small black spots. On average, this causes individuals with the largest black spots to produce double the number of offspring as individuals with the smallest black spots. Over time in this population, which of the following would you predict to observe with regard to the trait distribution of spot size? Small and large spots would become most common, while intermediate-sized spots would become less common. The distribution of spot size would not change over time in this population. Intermediate-sized spots would become most common, while large and small spots would become less common. Larger black spots would become more common, while smaller spots would become less common.

Larger black spots would become more common, while smaller spots would become less common.

3.1 What source of genetic variation arises from a change in the DNA sequence of sex cells? mutation genetic recombination natural selection genetic diversity

Mutation

4.1 The population density of Kerala is about twice that of what U.S. state? New Jersey Alaska Iowa New York

New Jersey

4.2 Which of the following would be a hurdle to environmental justice efforts? Green space would attract new investment. People in poor areas do not mind pollution. Parks and green space are not viewed as benefits. Waste sites in the neighborhood are harmful.

Parks and green space are not viewed as benefits.

3.3 Why is the savanna elephant considered a keystone species in the African savanna? It isn't. Only the forest elephant is considered a keystone species. The savanna elephant spreads tree seeds in its excrement. The savanna elephant tramples and grazes young woody vegetation, preventing the area from becoming shrubland. The savannah elephant is a top predator that keeps grazer numbers in check.

The savanna elephant tramples and grazes young woody vegetation, preventing the area from becoming shrubland.

4.1 Why is an age structure diagram always widest at the bottom? because the population would collapse if it did not have a wide base because the youngest age group has had less time for death to remove members of the population because a pyramid has to be widest at the bottom They are not always widest at the bottom. This occurs only in countries with high growth rates.

They are not always widest at the bottom. This occurs only in countries with high growth rates.

3.3 Consider the case of sea otters: By the end of the 1800s, sea otter populations in the Pacific Ocean had fallen drastically because of overhunting for the highly valued otter pelts. This led to an overpopulation of their prey, sea urchins, who feed on kelp. As sea urchin populations grew, the kelp forests were decimated, removing habitat and food for myriad species. After the International Fur Seal Treaty banned the hunting of sea otters in 1911, the otter populations recovered, which brought the sea urchin populations back in check, allowing the kelp to recover and benefitting all the species of the kelp forest. This scenario illustrates that: single-species programs seldom work because protection of the kelp habitat was necessary for the sea otter population to recover. there are universal solutions to biodiversity protection; in other words, a one-size-fits-all approach that combines the regulation of consumer demand with legal requirements works very well. legal protection is usually ineffective at protecting species unless entire habitats are protected too. a focus on keystone species can be a good strategy for biodiversity protection.

a focus on keystone species can be a good strategy for biodiversity protection.

3.3 Buying fair trade, shade-grown coffee and chocolate is: a bad idea as it increases deforestation for planting cacao and coffee. a good idea as a bigger demand for fair trade, shade-grown coffee and chocolate will promote ecotourism. a bad idea as fair trade, shade-grown chocolate and coffee are less healthy for humans and the environment than the traditionally grown plants. a good idea as it is a way to promote habitat protection and protect biodiversity in the regions where cacao and coffee are grown.

a good idea as it is a way to promote habitat protection and protect biodiversity in the regions where cacao and coffee are grown.

4.3 Which of the following is an example of someone being exposed to a physical hazard? a lifeguard getting sunburned a chemistry student accidentally spilling acid on her hand a cigarette smoker inhaling cigarette smoke a toddler getting rabies from a squirrel

a lifeguard getting sunburned

3.2 All of the following could hinder the discovery of a new species EXCEPT: many species are difficult to find due to their size. some locations are remote or otherwise difficult to access. many species, especially insects, look nearly identical to other species. a new species of songbird sings from deep in a jungle.

a new species of songbird sings from deep in a jungle.

4.1 All of the following were a result of the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT: advances in medicine. improved sanitation. a shift from hunting and gathering to farming. increased rate of population growth.

a shift from hunting and gathering to farming

4.2 An environmental justice advocate is most likely to actively protest which of the following? the destruction of habitat used by bald eagles destruction of Amazon rainforest a waste incinerator being built in an impoverished neighborhood the release of California condors from a captive breeding program

a waste incinerator being built in an impoverished neighborhood

4.1 All of the following are examples of pronatalist pressures EXCEPT: a woman's desire to have a career. support for elderly parents. male pride in large family size. the need for labor on a family farm.

a woman's desire to have a career

3.2 The proportion of _____ in an ecosystem tends to be higher in isolated ecosystems compared to others. predators endemic species tree species mammals

endemic species

4.2 _____ is the concept that access to a clean, healthy environment is a basic human right. Environmental activism Environmental justice Eco-justice Social justice

environmental justice

3.2 The leading cause of habitat destruction is _____. resource extraction harmful fishing practices urban development expansion of agriculture

expansion of agriculture

4.1 The Black Death occurred in North America around 1350.

false

4.2 Environmental inequities can be found in every U.S. state and every country of the world

false

4.2 The FAA seeks to address issues of environmental injustice and offer programs and avenues for individuals and communities to address problems they face.

false

4.2 A consequence of suburban sprawl is urban flight.

false

4.2 If a city is designed and built with an eye toward sustainability, the impact of any given urban dweller could be trimmed to about one-tenth that of the average American.

false

3.2 The heritable variation among individuals of a single population or within the species as a whole is known as _____. genetic diversity ecosystem diversity community diversity species diversity

genetic diversity

3.2 Which of the following shows the correct hierarchy of diversity from smallest to largest scale? species diversity; genetic diversity; ecological diversity ecological diversity; species diversity; genetic diversity genetic diversity; species diversity; ecological diversity genetic diversity; ecological diversity; species diversity

genetic diversity; species diversity; ecological diversity

3.1 In a small tropical orchid population, female plants have one of five flower-color varieties: purple, pink, red, white, or blue. However, during your most recent survey of the population (in which you sample individuals over this entire population's range), you find no individuals with blue flowers. Over the next several years, you continue to discover this same pattern. Trying to discover the cause, you discover that the flower's pollinator community has not changed, nor have the herbivores that eat this orchid species. Further, you discover that no dramatic changes to the environment have occurred and that the population's size has not changed in the past. What is the most likely reason the blue flower-color individuals have disappeared from this population? bottleneck effect speciation genetic drift founder effect

genetic drift

3.2 A restored 1,000-acre prairie with a creek running through it provides habitat for 70 bird species and 300 plant species. In contrast, a 1,000-acre area is planted with one corn variety in a vast monoculture. This agricultural area is lacking in which areas of biodiversity? genetic and species diversity only species and ecosystem diversity only genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity genetic and ecosystem diversity only

genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity

4.1 An ecological footprint is generally expressed in ___________. people per square mile psi. (pounds per square inch) shoe size global hectares

global hectares

4.3 What does the acronym GWD stand for? General worldwide disease Guinea worm disease Global worm disease Great Western dysentery

guinea worm disease

3.2 _____, caused by human activities, creates islands or patches of habitat and leads to increased isolation. Habitat destruction Habitat fragmentation Prairie restoration Deforestation

habitat fragmentation

3.1 For evolution to occur on a trait, a trait must be _____. heritable naturally selected an allele beneficial

heritable

3.1 Smaller populations are at a _____ risk of _____ because they likely contain less genetic _____. negligible; extirpation; mutations lower; extinction; variation higher; extinction; diversity more stable; invasion; material

higer; extinction; diversity

3.2 Which of the following reduces the spread of diseases like Lyme disease and West Nile in an area? genetic diversity ecosystem services intrinsic value high biodiversity

high biodiversity

4.1 Earth's carrying capacity depends on: how far we currently are from the carrying capacity. whether we have already exceeded the carrying capacity. how we define an acceptable quality of life for a human being. which type of contraceptive is most effective.

how we define an acceptable quality of life for a human being.

3.3 Where will you find microsatellites? in DNA in low orbit around Earth, monitoring poaching activities in Africa in the Kuiper Belt beyond Pluto on microchips that have been placed in elephants for tracking purposes

in DNA

4.1 Germany has a median age of 46 and a TFR of 1.5. Where would you expect its age structure diagram to be widest? it would be equally wide throughout the diagram at the top in the middle at the bottom

in the middle

4.2 _____, which promotes the creation of compact, mixed-use communities, can reduce the ecological footprint of urban residents. Suburban sprawl Urban derbism New suburbanism New urbanism

new urbanism

3.2 Effective biodiversity protection programs for palm oil production must address the needs of _____ as well as the _____ in danger. ecosystems; oil palms people; ecosystems and species ecosystems and species; people and farmers people; farmers

people; ecosystem and species

3.1 Human impacts that have increased global extinction rates above background rates include all of the following EXCEPT: invasive species. habitat destruction. global climate change. placement of animals in zoos.

placement of animals in zoos.

4.2 Under the category of Solid Waste, the Green City Index evaluates which of the following policies? policies that improve air quality policies regarding where solid waste is disposed policies that promote energy efficiency policies that support composting

policies that support composting

3.1 Which of the following factors is inversely (negatively) correlated with the potential rate of evolution? reproductive rate population size strength of selective pressure genetic diversity

population size

4.3 Public health officials generally agree that the best method for eradicating Guinea worm disease is to: treat infected people with a mild pesticide. prevent people from getting the disease by vaccinating them. treat infected people with a mild antibiotic. prevent people from getting the disease by changing their behavior.

prevent people from getting the disease by changing their behavior.

4.1 Under the category of Transportation, the Green City Index evaluates which of the following programs or policies? policies that promote energy efficiency programs that ban the transportation of hazardous wastes through a city programs that subsidize the purchase of new vehicles programs that encourage carpooling

programs that encourage carpooling

3.2 What was the Endangered Species Act designed to do? raise money by allowing the strictly supervised sale of endangered species in the United States protect species diversity in the United States increase public awareness of endangered species in the United States protect species habitats in the United States

protect species diversity in the united states

4.2 Strategies such as infill development, urban growth boundaries, and mixed land use enable a city to become more _____. smarter sprawled zoned sustainable

sustainable

3.2 Which strain of oil palm trees yields the most oil? dura Oil palms are more efficient than soybean plants, but there is no difference in yield among oil palm varieties. tenera pisifera

tenera

3.3 Conservation genetics is: a species conservation strategy that focuses on developing captive breeding programs to protect particular species. the scientific field that uses DNA analysis to understand endangered species and their populations. an antiquated field of study that has been replaced largely with cloning and captive breeding programs. an ecosystem conservation strategy that identifies a suite of species, meeting the needs that will keep the ecosystem functional for all species living there.

the scientific field that uses DNA analysis to understand endangered species and their populations.

3.1 Complete this analogy: Teosinte is to corn as _____ is/are to _____. brown tree snakes; Guam rail wolf; dog acetaminophen; brown tree snakes dog; wolf

wolf; dog

3.1 All domestic dogs are descended from _____. German Shorthaired Pointers wolves coyotes coyotes, wolves, and dingoes

wolves