Environmental Sustainability

The average temperature and average precipitation over a 30-year period are used to define a region's: Select one: a. climate sensitivity parameter b.weather c.climate

Climate

A climate forcing agent always increases earth's temperature. Select one: True False

False

An individual's perceived risk is identical to their actual, objective level of risk. Select one: True False

False

Boreal forest responses to climate change/global warming include expanding the southern distribution limit to lower latitudes, decreasing fire frequency, and lower NPP. Select one: True False

False

Cropland is the major way agricultural land is used globally today. Select one: True False

False

Cropland occupies the most land area globally of any land use today. Select one: True False

False

Extensive experimentation has shown that elevated atmospheric CO2 tends to decrease forest productivity, whereas high tropospheric O3 increases it. Select one: True False

False

Globally, wetlands occupy 45 % of the terrestrial land area, but only store 3 % of soil organic C. Select one: True False

False

Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb mostly visible light. Select one: True False

False

Human society flourished during a period of great climate instability. Select one: True False

False

In order to agree with observations of temperature, climate models must exclude the impacts of greenhouse gases. Select one: True False

False

In terms of ecosystem equilibrium, managed ecosystems are more-or-less in equilibrium with the physical environment and associated ecosystems, and provide broad ecosystem services. Select one: True False

False

Incoming radiation to the earth is larger than the radiation being returned to space. The excess energy is being stored mostly in the atmosphere. Select one: True False

False

Ocean surface waters, that is the first 100 m of depth, are uniformly mixed in terms of temperature, salinity, nutrient concentrations, and light availability. Select one: True False

False

T/F-The "ice age" occurred during the Holocene epic. Select one: True False

False

T/F-When glaciers formed the CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere were low. Select one: True False

False

The Keeling curve shows the increase in N2O over time. Select one: True False

False

The greenhouse gas with the largest Global Warming Potential (GWP) is carbon dioxide. Select one: True False

False

The regions that emit the most greenhouse gases are always the most vulnerable to climate change impacts. Select one: True False

False

The social vulnerability index is particularly accurate at very fine scales (e.g. a single community or group of communities). Select one: True False

False

The urban heat island effect completely explains global temperature rises. Select one: True False

False

The urban heat island effect has contributed to the largest rise in global temperature. Select one: True False

False

Throughout the Phanerozoic, the last ~540 million years of Earth's geologic history, the distribution of the continents around the globe and the climate have remained very stable. Select one: True False

False

Wein's Law states that warmer bodies give off radiation at longer wavelengths than cooler bodies. Select one: True False

False

"Risk", as defined by the IPCC, is the intersection of a climate hazard (such as flooding), vulnerability (such as low-lying coastal counties in eastern NC), and exposure (the increasing intensity/frequency of tropical storm systems due to the warming climate). Select one: True False

True

A person's uptake, understanding, and interpretation of climate change information is influenced by their pre-existing worldviews. Select one: True False

True

A representative concentration pathway (RCP) of 8.5 assumes higher concentrations of CO2 gases in the atmosphere by 2100 than and an RCP of 2.5. Select one: True False

True

About 90% of the water evaporated from the ocean returns to the ocean as rain without going over land. Select one: True False

True

Although not officially recognized by international scientific societies responsible for naming conventions of Earth's geologic history, many scientists think we are living in a new geologic epoch called the "Anthropocene" because the cumulative impact of human activities on the planet rivals that of geologic forces. Select one: True False

True

Areas of land that are most susceptible to flooding are called flood plains. Select one: True False Feedback

True

As climate warms, ocean temperatures will rise slower than those on land. Select one: True False

True

As of 2019, the United States was the only country actively attempting to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement (although under the Biden administration the US has reentered into the agreement) . Select one: True False

True

As the number of sun spots increases the amount of incoming radiation the Earth receives from the sun also increases. Select one: True False

True

Beach re-nourishment will be used more in the future to offset the effects of sea-level rise. Select one: True False

True

Boreal refugia" refers to unique ecosystems typical of much higher latitudes and colder climates that have persisted since the last glacial maximum ~25,000 years ago due to specialized physiographic settings. The spruce-fir-sugar maple forests of the North Carolina Mountains, that very closely resemble forests in northern Michigan, are good examples and are highly threatened by continued climate warming. Select one: True False

True

Climate feedback loops can increase or dampen the response to a forcing. Select one: True False

True

Cultural beliefs and religion can influence an individual's risk perception. Select one: True False

True

Earth System Models (ESM) are the most complex of the climate models developed. Select one: True False

True

Ensembles or groups of models are used to make predictions of future average global temperatures. Select one: True False

True

Ephemeral plant tissues are those that grow and are shed on short timescales (months to years), such as leaves and fine roots, creating inputs of carbon into soils important to the formation of soil organic carbon (SOC). Select one: True False

True

Examples that suggest global climate change is affecting ocean ecosystems and the economies that depend on them is the northward movement of important fisheries along the US Atlantic coast, such as summer flounder and Maine lobsters. Select one: True False

True

Geographical and sociocultural contexts influence the severity of climate change impacts. Select one: True False

True

Global warming will not necessarily cause more hurricanes to occur, but the hurricanes that do occur will more often be found in categories 4 and 5. Select one: True False

True

Groundwater holds most of the fresh water that humans use. Select one: True False

True

IPCC projections of responses of agricultural systems to the changing climate include yield declines, movement to higher latitudes, and accompanying socio-economic adjustments/stress. Select one: True False

True

If an object has an albedo of 70%, then 70% of the incoming radiation is reflected. Select one: True False

True

Increases in carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and halocarbon gases have caused global temperatures to rise by about 1 oC since 1750. Select one: True False

True

Increasing temperatures from climate change can lead to increased incidences of vector-borne diseases like malaria, Zika, and West Nile virus. Select one: True False

True

Indirect evidence of climate change includes ecosystem change/transition, such as trees and shrubs moving into the Arctic tundra, pond pine forests dying along the coast of North Carolina, and major fisheries moving to higher latitudes. Select one: True False

True

Leslie Holdridge was an American scientist who was among the first to develop a system of bio-climatic land area classification based on temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration to explain the distribution of ecosystems around the world. Select one: True False

True

NC temperature may rise 2-3 C by 2100. Select one: True False

True

Negative feedback loops generally promote stability in socio-ecological systems. Select one: True False

True

Negative feedback loops promote stability in socio-ecological systems. Select one: True False

True

Nitrous oxide gas can be produced through the process of denitrification. Select one: True False

True

Organic matter that decomposes under anaerobic conditions releases methane. Select one: True False

True

Radiative forcing agents that have negative values in Wm-2 would tend to lower temperatures on Earth. Select one: True False

True

Reliable records of air temperature measurements go back about 200 years. To estimate temperatures older than 200 years we have to use proxies that allow us to estimate temperature from them. Examples of proxies include stomata in fossil leaves and tree rings. Select one: True False

True

Rising temperatures and increased water temperatures will cause increased exposure to certain pathogens and toxins in seafood (like oysters). Select one: True False

True

Section 1 - T/F--Eastern NC has the climate type named "Humid Subtropical". Select one: True False

True

Stromatolites are dome-shaped structures formed by microbial mats that exist in the fossil record as evidence of early photosynthetic Life on Earth, but they are also currently being formed in real-time in such places as western Australia. Select one: True False

True

Studies have shown that climate change regulation (in the form of a tax) can place a disproportionate burden on low-income households. Select one: True False

True

Sunspots are one type of climate forcing agent. Select one: True False

True

Sustainability of humans on earth is closely linked to resilient socio-ecological systems. Select one: True False

True

T/F-A major cause of sea level rise is the water is expanding on warming. Select one: True False Feedback

True

T/F-Shells that grew in cold water have higher 18O/16O than shells growing in warm water. Select one: True False

True

T/F—The elemental symbol for calcium is Ca. Select one: True False

True

T/F—The formula "CH4" is for the greenhouse gas methane. Select one: True False

True

T/F—The letters IPCC stand for "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change". Select one: True False

True

Temperature anomalies are used because temperatures at individual stations in a region may not be representative of the temperatures in a whole region, but the changes over time at that station are likely to track the changes throughout the region. Select one: True False

True

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum was a period of extreme global warming (+15 oC relative to today) that occurred about 55 Ma due to rapidly rising atmospheric CO2/CH4 from vast coal swamps and volcanism of shifting tectonic plates. Often studied as an analog for today's period of rapid global warming. Select one: True False

True

The biome with by far the highest amount of C in the plant biomass is tropical forests. Select one: True False

True

The downward flux (amount) of infrared radiation from the atmosphere is about twice as high as incoming sunlight to the earth. Select one: True False

True

The first US mining boom occurred in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (1840-1965) and holds lessons for today's society regarding environmental sustainability, human diversity and social justice, and environmental legacies left to future generations. Select one: True False

True

The tropical climate and colonial history are two factors that contribute to the economic disparity between the tropics and temperate regions. Select one: True False

True

Threats that are concrete, immediate, and indisputable are often the most salient. Select one: True False

True

Throughout history, societies have adapted to climate variability, and extremes with varying degrees of success. Select one: True False

True

Vulnerable communities living in high-hazard areas like coastal flood zones may not have access to full compensation by social safety nets like the National Flood Insurance Program or Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) due to historical legacies of displacement and disadvantage. Select one: True False Feedback

True

Water vapor can be considered the strongest greenhouse gas because it aborbs more wavelengths of light than any other gas. Select one: True False

True

Water vapor in the atmosphere absorbs more wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation than does carbon dioxide. Select one: True False

True

The mountain pine beetle is an example of: Select one: a. A native insect species that is expanding its range to higher latitudes due to the warming climate, with potential to devastate forests across northern Canada that were previously protected by cold winters. b. An introduced invasive pest that is devastating forests in western North Carolina because it has no natural predators in North America. c. An introduced beetle that is actually turning out to be good for the environment because it eats the unwanted hemlock wooly adelgid that is devastating hemlock trees along the US East Coast. d. A species of pine beetle native to China that is ravaging forests across Europe.

a. A native insect species that is expanding its range to higher latitudes due to the warming climate, with potential to devastate forests across northern Canada that were previously protected by cold winters.

When improvements in energy efficiency encourage a change in behavior towards increased use, we refer to this as: Select one: a. A rebound effect b. Temporal discounting c. A maladaptation

a. A rebound effect

The definition of "biome" is: Select one: a. An area of Earth that can be classified by the major plants and animals that live in it and the dominant temperature and moisture regimes. b. Interaction of living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) things in the environment. c. Members of a certain species that share the same geographical location. Other members of same species located in a different location are not of the same population.

a. An area of Earth that can be classified by the major plants and animals that live in it and the dominant temperature and moisture regimes.

Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are emission scenarios that modelers use to estimate potential temperatures in the future. Which of the following are used in developing a given RCP scenario? Select one: a. CO2, N2O, and CH4 b. N2, O2, and H2 c. CaCO3, H2CO3, CaSiO3

a. CO2, N2O, and CH4

When a natural landscape provides spiritual benefits to an individual or group, this landscape is providing a: Select one: a. Cultural ecosystem service b. Regulating ecosystem service c. Supporting ecosystem service

a. Cultural ecosystem service

All of the following are examples of reactive adaptation except: Select one: a. Early warning systems. b. Changes in insurance premiums. c. Beach renourishment.

a. Early warning systems.

Climate models have been developed to better understand Earth's climate system. There are three major groups of models. One group of models includes computations of the various biogeochemical cycles that include the carbon cycle, sulphur cycle, and ozone. This group is best for simulating past and future climates and represents the state of the art climate models. The name for this group of models is: Select one: a. Earth System Models (ESM) b. Global climate models of comprehensive scale (GCCS) c. Atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM)

a. Earth System Models (ESM)

Presence of people, livelihoods, ecosystems, and assets in places that could be adversely impacted by climate-related events is referred to as: Select one: a. Exposure b. Risk c. Adaptive capacity

a. Exposure

The Aspen FACE Project was an experiment to examine the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and rising tropospheric O3 on northern forest ecosystems. The acronym "FACE" stands for: Select one: a. Free-Air Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Enrichment b. Forced-Air Concentration Exchange c. Forced-Air Carbon Experiment d. Free-Air Concentrating Experiment

a. Free-Air Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Enrichment

A major source of climate change assessments is the IPCC whose full name is: Select one: a. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change b. Intercontinental Panel on Climate Crises c. International Policy Committee on Climate

a. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

The ____________ shows the changes in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere over time. Select one: a. Keeling curve b. Milankovitch curve c. Wein curve

a. Keeling curve

The carbonate chemistry of seawater plays a role in ocean acidification, in that as atmospheric CO2 concentration rises: Select one: a. More CO2 diffuses into seawater, decreasing the pH (acidification), which decreases the concentration of carbonate ion (CO32-), which causes the dissolution of carbonate structures (such as shells and coral reefs) to maintain chemical equilibrium. b. Less CO2 diffuses into seawater increasing the pH (acidification), which means there is less of the basic building material (carbonate) from which corals, mollusks and other organisms have to build their structures (shell, reefs etc). c. The temperature of the air and sea increase, forcing the chemical equilibrium constant of carbonate in seawater higher, which causes dissolution of shells, reefs and other carbonate structures to maintain chemical equilibrium.

a. More CO2 diffuses into seawater, decreasing the pH (acidification), which decreases the concentration of carbonate ion (CO32-), which causes the dissolution of carbonate structures (such as shells and coral reefs) to maintain chemical equilibrium.

The Archean Eon of Earth's deep geologic past: Select one: a. Occurred 3.8 to 2.5 Ga and saw formation of early continents, abundant liquid water/oceans, and the rise of single-celled prokaryotic organisms that oxygenated the atmosphere through photosynthesis. b. Occurred 4.5 to 3.8 Ga and saw the "first atmosphere" composed mainly of H and He captured from the Solar Nebula and "second atmosphere" composed of CO, CO2, H2S, SO2 and NOx from volcanism. c. Occurred 2.5 Ga to 541 Ma, experienced oscillation of the global climate system between hot and cold extremes, and witnessed continued evolution of Life on Earth giving rise to the first plants and animals

a. Occurred 3.8 to 2.5 Ga and saw formation of early continents, abundant liquid water/oceans, and the rise of single-celled prokaryotic organisms that oxygenated the atmosphere through photosynthesis.

What replaced the Kyoto Protocol as the key doctrine encouraging industrialized countries to limit their GHG emissions? Select one: a. Paris Climate Agreement b. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change c. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

a. Paris Climate Agreement

Of the RCP scenarios shown below, which has the highest emissions associated with it? Select one: a. RCP 8.5 b. RCP 2.6 c. RCP 5.0

a. RCP 8.5

Of the following, which provides the best example of a mitigation strategy: Select one: a. Reducing the carbon intensity of electricity by incorporating renewable energy sources (like solar energy) b. Constructing a large seawall to protect a city's assets from sea level rise threats c. Capacity building in low-income communities to improve resilience

a. Reducing the carbon intensity of electricity by incorporating renewable energy sources (like solar energy)

Of the following, which provides the best example of a mitigation strategy: Select one: a. Reducing the carbon intensity of electricity by incorporating renewable energy sources (like solar energy). b. Constructing a large seawall to protect a city's assets from sea level rise threats. c. Capacity building in low-income communities to improve resilience.

a. Reducing the carbon intensity of electricity by incorporating renewable energy sources (like solar energy).

Development that meets our current needs without hindering the ability of future generations to meet their needs is referred to as: Select one: a. Sustainable development b. Green development c. Low impact development

a. Sustainable development

When calculating the 'social cost of carbon', a key uncertainty in the estimate comes from which of the following: Select one: a. The discount rates applied b. The emissions projections used c. The population projections used

a. The discount rates applied

Radiative forcing is a measure for how a given 'forcing agent' (e.g., greenhouse gas) has contributed to global temperature rise from the year 1750 to today. Which of the following has the largest radiative forcing value? Select one: a. carbon dioxide b. methane c. nitrous oxide

a. carbon dioxide

The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuates annually. It is highest in the Spring but declines over the summer in the northern hemisphere. This decline is caused by: Select one: a. deciduous tree leaves taking in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis b. foraminifera in the shallow ocean waters forming shells during the summer that contain C. c. warm ocean water absorbing carbon dioxide in the air.

a. deciduous tree leaves taking in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis

Nitrous oxide levels have been increasing in the atmosphere since 1980. This greenhouse gas is created in wetlands when nitrate is being converted to a gas by the process of: Select one: a. denitrification b. weathering c. nitrogen fixation

a. denitrification

he mountain. As the air moves over the mountain, the area it passes over will get less rain over time than the other side of the mountain. This phenomenon is called the: Select one: a. rain shadow effect b. representative concentration precipitation c. Stefan-Boltzmann Phenomenon

a. rain shadow effect

When the Earth's temperature was 10 oC warmer than today's temperature, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere were probably over twice the levels they are today. These large quantities of CO2 were slowly removed from the atmosphere, cooling the earth, by: Select one: a. rock weathering reactions which took the CO2 out of the atmosphere and stored it in limestone bedrock containing CaCO3. b. the growth of the glaciers that covered most of Canada and Russia. c. El Nino events which cooled large portions of ocean water off the western coast of South America.

a. rock weathering reactions which took the CO2 out of the atmosphere and stored it in limestone bedrock containing CaCO3.

The major way we in the U.S. use petroleum for our energy needs is: Select one: a. transportation b. industrial manufacturing c. residential heating

a. transportation

Approximately 200 to 300 million years ago the Earth's average temperature was thought to be over 10 oC warmer than today's. Mass extinctions occurred. One theory for the warmer temperature is that the atmosphere held high concentrations of CO2 gas. The source for this gas was: Select one: a. volcanic eruptions that spilled lava over a massive area over a 1 million-year period. b. dissolution of foraminifera shells in an acidic ocean. c. variation in the Earth's orbit caused by the pull of Jupiter and Saturn.

a. volcanic eruptions that spilled lava over a massive area over a 1 million-year period.

El Nino events occur periodically when the winds blowing westward across the ocean have become weaker or changed direction. When these events occur the water off the west coast of South America becomes _______________. Select one: a. warmer b. saltier c. colder

a. warmer

The Seuss Effect is used to explain why fossil fuels are the major source responsible for rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The Seuss Effect shows that the levels of _________ are decreasing due to dilution of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels which contain no ___________. [Same answer for both blanks] Select one: a. CH4 b. 14C c. O3

b. 14C

The Earth's surface receives from the sun approximately 161 Wm-2 of radiation. It also receives an amount of radiation from the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The amount of radiation from the greenhouse gases that is emitted back to the earth's surface is approximately: Select one: a. 1360 Wm-2 b. 342 Wm-2 c. 60 Wm-2

b. 342 Wm-2

The generally accepted concentration of C in plant biomass is: Select one: a. 35 % b. 50 %, but it can vary from the high 30's to the low 50's c. 65 %, but it can vary from the high 50's to low 70's d. None of the above

b. 50 %, but it can vary from the high 30's to the low 50's

A natural resource that can be accessed and used by everyone (e.g. fish in the ocean) is referred to as: Select one: a. An exclusive resource b. A common-pool resource c. An inclusive resource

b. A common-pool resource

Which most accurately describes the K-T Extinction Event? Select one: a. A huge volcanic eruption occurred on the islands of Krakatoa and Tybee, causing all of their flora and fauna to go extinct 25,000 years ago. b. A massive meteorite (~15 km diameter) struck the Earth at the boundary between the Cretacous and Tertiary Periods (~65 Ma), causing a nuclear-winter type event that drastically changed the climate causing extinction of many dominant plants and animals. c. Modern humans circled the globe in ships during the period of European expansion and colonization (~1500-1850 AD), causing the flora and fauna (such as the dodo) to go extinct on remote Pacific islands.

b. A massive meteorite (~15 km diameter) struck the Earth at the boundary between the Cretacous and Tertiary Periods (~65 Ma), causing a nuclear-winter type event that drastically changed the climate causing extinction of many dominant plants and animals.

The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, these strategies seek to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. These strategies are referred to as: Select one: a. Vulnerability b. Adaptation c. Mitigation

b. Adaptation

Originally promoted in disaster recovery work, the social and technical skills and strategies of individuals/groups directed towards responding to environmental or socioeconomic changes is referred to as: Select one: a. Exposure b. Adaptive capacity c. Vulnerability

b. Adaptive capacity

The name increasingly used for our current geologic epoch to highlight the dominant role humans have played over the last century in shaping the environment Select one: a. Holocene b. Anthropocene c. Pleistocene

b. Anthropocene

Coastal ecosystems occur along the world's continental margins, where: Select one: a. Approximately 10,000,000 people or 0.13 % of the human population live within 100 km of a shoreline b. Approximately 2.4 billion people or 33 % of the human population live c. Approximately 240 million people or 3.3 % of the human population live d. None of the above

b. Approximately 2.4 billion people or 33 % of the human population live

Evaluations of behaviors (either favorable or unfavorable) are referred to as a person's: Select one: a. Perceived behavioral control b. Attitudes c. Social norms

b. Attitudes

Which of the following energy sources are cheaper to use than coal for producing electricity? Select one: a. On-shore wind turbines b. Both of the sources listed are cheaper than coal c. Advanced natural gas systems

b. Both of the sources listed are cheaper than coal

Global warming potential (GWP) is a way to rank the radiation absorbing power of a greenhouse gas. Which of the following gases has the lowest GWP value? Select one: a. CH4 b. CO2 c. N2O

b. CO2

Methane concentrations in the atmosphere have risen by 15% since 1980. Methane is formed when bacteria "eat" or decompose organic matter under anaerobic conditions. In addition to organic carbon, bacteria need ___________ to form methane. Select one: a. O2 b. CO2 c. N2O

b. CO2

The "biological pump" can best be described as: Select one: a. CO2 being forced to great depths of the ocean water column by passage of high pressure weather systems b. Carbon and nutrient fluxes to great depths of the ocean water column, and eventual burial in sea floor sediments, due to "leakage" of marine food webs of the euphotic zone c. CO2 flux from the ocean surface layer, called the euphotic zone, to the atmosphere due to the decomposition of fish, marine mammals, and other organisms increasing the water column CO2 concentration d. A large diesel-powered machine used to pump ocean storm surge flooding back into the sea from coastal cities due to large storms and sea level rise

b. Carbon and nutrient fluxes to great depths of the ocean water column, and eventual burial in sea floor sediments, due to "leakage" of marine food webs of the euphotic zone

The "biological pump" can best be described as: Select one: a. CO2 being forced to great depths of the ocean water column by passage of high pressure weather systems. b. Carbon and nutrient fluxes to great depths of the ocean water column, and eventual burial in sea floor sediments, due to "leakage" of marine food webs of the euphotic zone, based on photosynthesis by phytoplankton, consumption by zooplankton, and higher trophic levels. c. CO2 flux from the ocean surface layer, called the euphotic zone, to the atmosphere due to the decomposition of fish, marine mammals, and other organisms increasing the water column CO2 concentration. d. A large diesel-powered machine used to pump ocean storm surge flooding back into the sea from coastal cities due to large storms and sea level rise.

b. Carbon and nutrient fluxes to great depths of the ocean water column, and eventual burial in sea floor sediments, due to "leakage" of marine food webs of the euphotic zone, based on photosynthesis by phytoplankton, consumption by zooplankton, and higher trophic levels.

Pre-Cambrian time: Select one: a. Comprises the Archon Eon, representing ½ of Earth's entire geologic history. b. Comprises the Archean, Hadean and Proterozoic Eons, about 4 Gy in duration, representing 7/8 of Earth's geologic history. c. Comprises all time after the Cambrian Explosion, which is 1/5 of the total.

b. Comprises the Archean, Hadean and Proterozoic Eons, about 4 Gy in duration, representing 7/8 of Earth's geologic history.

All of the following are intensifying or exacerbating droughts except: Select one: a. Groundwater depletion b. Desalinization c. Rising temperatures

b. Desalinization

The goal of the IPCC is to: Select one: a. Use pseudo-scientific knowledge to fight the fossil fuel industry and support liberal, left-wing political Ideologies. b. Distill the cumulative scientific knowledge on climate change in support of public policy towards a sustainable future. c. Design specific solutions to climate problems, such as coastal flooding and drought in eastern North Carolina. d. Provide a platform for scientists to become rich and famous by forwarding alarmist climate change theories, when the science is actually quite unsettled.

b. Distill the cumulative scientific knowledge on climate change in support of public policy towards a sustainable future.

The benefits human populations derive, directly or indirectly from ecosystem functions are referred to as: Select one: a. Natural landscapes b. Ecosystem services c. Ecosystem products

b. Ecosystem services

An international study on climate change awareness across 119 countries found the following to be a top predictor of awareness: Select one: a. Income b. Education c. Gender

b. Education

Protection of human communities from extreme sea level, storm surges, flooding, etc., is an important service provided by coastal ecosystems, which may also simultaneously act to mitigate climate change and increase resilience to future hazards. What are the mechanisms by which this protection is achieved? Select one: a. Evapotranspiration of flood waters, enhanced albedo, coastal hypoxia. b. Energy dissipation/wave attenuation, C uptake/burial, sediment accretion/stabilization, vegetative growth. c. Beach re-nourishment, construction of jetties and sea walls, building houses on the beach.

b. Energy dissipation/wave attenuation, C uptake/burial, sediment accretion/stabilization, vegetative growth.

The acronym FACE stands for: Select one: a. Forced-Air Chilling Experiment b. Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment c. Fixed-Assimilation of Carbon Energy d. Foliage Area Compensation Excitation

b. Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment

The phrase "Planet Earth Quo Vadis?" basically means: Select one: a. Earth is a small blue planet floating in an endless sea of dark nothingness. b. Humans are at a crossroads between choosing to use science and a sense of justice to engineer a sustainable, equitable future or to continue mining the environment unsustainably. c. We are all doomed to certain catastrophic failure of Earth's life sustaining processes by the year 2030.

b. Humans are at a crossroads between choosing to use science and a sense of justice to engineer a sustainable, equitable future or to continue mining the environment unsustainably.

Urban heat islands can negatively impact urban communities as temperatures increase from climate change. To cool urban heat islands, communities can do any of the following except: Select one: a. Plant gardens on rooftops b. Increase impervious surface c. Cover black asphalt with lighter, reflective grey coating Feedback

b. Increase impervious surface

The government responded to climate impacts on Isle de Jean Charles by: Select one: a. Constructing a seawall around the island to protect the community b. Initiating a climate relocation project to move the community on the island to higher ground c. Establishing a wind energy project on the island to increase energy efficiency Feedback

b. Initiating a climate relocation project to move the community on the island to higher ground

Strategies that limit or prevent greenhouse gas emissions and/or enhance activities that remove these gases from the atmosphere are known as: Select one: a. Adaptation strategies b. Mitigation strategies c. Resilience strategies

b. Mitigation strategies

How have climate models shown that human activities have caused global average temperature to rise? Select one: a. Model results only match observations when human impacts, such as greenhouse gas concentrations, are excluded. b. Model results only match observations when human impacts, such as greenhouse gas concentrations, are included. c. Model results have not matched observations under any scenario.

b. Model results only match observations when human impacts, such as greenhouse gas concentrations, are included.

The isotopes of oxygen differ in the number of _____________ in their nucleus. Select one: a. Electrons b. Neutrons c. Protons

b. Neutrons

Copper mining in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan: Select one: a. Was the second US mining boom after the Gold Rush in California in 1849 b. Provides an example for today's society of the lasting externalities of industrial economies on environmental quality/sustainabilty analogous to the issue of fossil fuels and climate change c. Is a hoax and never happened d. Made local indigenous peoples happy because it brought them great wealth and material security

b. Provides an example for today's society of the lasting externalities of industrial economies on environmental quality/sustainabilty analogous to the issue of fossil fuels and climate change

Which of the following is an example of green infrastructure? Select one: a. Impervious surface. b. Rain garden. c. Stormwater pipe.

b. Rain garden.

"Snowball Earth" refers to: Select one: a. The most recent glaciation that peaked 25 Ka, during the Pleistocene Period (2.6 Ma to 11.7 Ka), in which continental glaciers descended to latitudes as far south as 40 degrees N. b. Several episodes in Earth's deep geologic history where global cooling prevailed (2.3 Ga, 750 to 580 Ma), in which ice extended from the poles to equator and the mean annual temperature was -50 degrees C. c. A huge winter battle during the Napoleonic War in what is now the Czech Republic, in which Russian soldiers ran out of ammunition and actually defeated the French army with snowballs.

b. Several episodes in Earth's deep geologic history where global cooling prevailed (2.3 Ga, 750 to 580 Ma), in which ice extended from the poles to equator and the mean annual temperature was -50 degrees C.

"Coastal squeeze" refers to the phenomenon whereby: Select one: a. Rapid development of coastal barrier islands causes formerly natural environments to become over-crowded stressful places to live, decreasing property values. b. Shoreline erosion and natural sand migration in response to sea-level rise causes seaward land loss of coastal barrier islands, narrowing them and threatening human settlements. c. Increasing glaciation at high latitudes of coastal Alaska is causing coastal communities of indigenous peoples to be squeezed between the sea and the advancing ice.

b. Shoreline erosion and natural sand migration in response to sea-level rise causes seaward land loss of coastal barrier islands, narrowing them and threatening human settlements.

The Earth is a giant heat engine, where the global heating imbalance drives atmospheric and oceanic circulation. High latitudes receive less radiation (incoming energy) than the tropics because: Select one: a. The polar regions are cloudy and cold air transmits light less efficiently than warm air. b. The Sun's light passes through a longer path through the atmosphere and is spread out over a larger surface area at high latitudes due to curvature of the Earth. c. Greater net primary production (plant growth) at the tropics absorbs more of the Sun's energy compared to high latitudes, making it unavailable to heat the atmosphere and oceans.

b. The Sun's light passes through a longer path through the atmosphere and is spread out over a larger surface area at high latitudes due to curvature of the Earth.

What is meant by the term "biophysical feedbacks" to the climate system: Select one: a. Carbon sequestration through NPP removing CO2 from the atmosphere, thereby decreasing radiative forcing. b. The reflectivity (albedo), latent heat exchange (evapotranspiration), sensible heat flux, and atmospheric coupling (aerodynamically rough or smooth vegetation canopies) that control the surface energy budget. c. The expansion of bioenergy farming to produce fuels that displace CO2 emissions from fossil fuels.

b. The reflectivity (albedo), latent heat exchange (evapotranspiration), sensible heat flux, and atmospheric coupling (aerodynamically rough or smooth vegetation canopies) that control the surface energy budget.

Major world biomes in order of decreasing total global C storage in plant biomass are: Select one: a. Deserts, savannas/grasslands, tropical forests, temperate forests, boreal forests b. Tropical forests, temperate forests, grasslands/savannas, boreal forests, deserts c. Crops, arctic tundra, deserts, temperate grasslands, tropical forests

b. Tropical forests, temperate forests, grasslands/savannas, boreal forests, deserts

As of 2021, which country has just reentered the Paris Climate Agreement? Select one: a. China b. United States c. India

b. United States

Methane is a strong greenhouse gas, but its lifespan in the atmosphere is about 10 years. It doesn't last, because it is oxidized to: Select one: a. halocarbons and oxygen b. carbon dioxide and water vapor c. ozone and nitrous oxide

b. carbon dioxide and water vapor

In the U.S. we produce more natural gas than any other fuel source. However, the fuel we use for most of our electricity production is: Select one: a. nuclear b. coal c. natural gas

b. coal

The major source of carbon dioxide emissions from 1960 to today is: Select one: a. ruminant animals and termites b. fossil fuels and cement c. land use change

b. fossil fuels and cement

World carbon stocks are the places that hold carbon for some period but do release it so it can be recycled. The place where the most carbon is stored is the: Select one: a. soils and permafrost b. intermediate and deep ocean c. atmosphere

b. intermediate and deep ocean

The three geologic eons spanning approximately the first 4 billion years of Earth's history are known as: Select one: a. the Harkstone, Archyopteryx, and Protoprimeric b. the Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic c. the Hercules, Andromeda, and Procyon

b. the Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic

The sun emits radiation in the visible range while the Earth emits radiation in the infrared range. This is because: Select one: a. the dark surface of the earth absorbs all visible light so it can't irradiate anything we can see. b. the sun is hotter than the Earth. c. the sun is made of gas which causes the sun to emit its radiation in the visible range.

b. the sun is hotter than the Earth.

The largest single source of methane is (are): Select one: a. fossil fuel burning b. wetlands c. ruminant animals (e.g., cows)

b. wetlands

The Sustainable Development Goals were adopted by the United Nations in: Select one: a. 1995 b. 2010 c. 2015

c. 2015

By establishing a price on greenhouse gas emissions, companies can be charged a dollar amount for every ton of emissions they produce. This mechanism is referred to as: Select one: a. Cap-and-trade b. An adaptation strategy c. A carbon tax

c. A carbon tax

Which of the following is an example of ecosystem resilience? Select one: a. The range of important commercial marine species such as lobster and flounder moving to higher latitudes in response to warming ocean temperature. b. Conversion of pond pine forests along the coast of North Carolina to marsh in response to sea level rise. c. Ability of a freshwater lake to remain in a clear-water condition despite the addition of excess nutrients from agricultural runoff, at least until some threshold of water-column nutrient concentration is exceeded. d. None of the above e. All of the above Feedback

c. Ability of a freshwater lake to remain in a clear-water condition despite the addition of excess nutrients from agricultural runoff, at least until some threshold of water-column nutrient

In terms of sea level rise along the North Carolina coast: Select one: a. Submerged dune ridge complexes along the continental shelf show that sea level was 410 feet below the current level during the last glacial maximum 18,000 years ago. b. The current rate of sea level rise is faster along the northern coastal zone compared to the southern, due to the additive effects of both eustatic sea level rise (expansion due to warming) and isostatic rebound of the northern tectonic plate. c. Both a and b

c. Both a and b

Metrics like the social vulnerability index help planners and emergency responders to: Select one: a. Identify disaster risk by identifying vulnerable populations b. Provide a baseline from which the success of interventions can be assessed c. Both a and b

c. Both a and b

The 'Tragedy of the Commons' concept describes how: Select one: a. People acting in self-interest can lead to natural resource overexploitation b. Individuals can be excluded from a public good c. Both a and b

c. Both a and b

The severity of Hurricane Harvey's impacts on Houston was influenced by: Select one: a. Aging infrastructure b. Extensive impervious surface c. Both a and b

c. Both a and b

Forced relocation of people due to acute or long-term changes in local environment that negatively impact well-being and livelihoods is known as: Select one: a. Amenity migration b. Translocation c. Climate migration

c. Climate migration

In 'Global Warming's Six Americas' segmentation, the categories included the (1) alarmed, (2) concerned, (3) cautious, (4) disengaged, (5) doubtful, and: Select one: a. Apathetic b. Confused c. Dismissive

c. Dismissive

Of the following, the highest impact personal choice you can make to reduce your carbon footprint is: Select one: a. Replacing your car with a hybrid b. Recycling c. Eating a plant-based diet

c. Eating a plant-based diet

In terms of human consumption of fish from the oceans: Select one: a. Global demand increased from 5 million tons to 25 million tons during the 1950-2015 period, with almost all of it from wild fish stocks. b. Global demand has decreased from 45 million tons to 20 million tons during the last 10 years due to the rise of freshwater aquaculture farms. c. Global demand increased from 20 million tons to over 160 million tons, with almost half of that being supplied by aquaculture in recent years.

c. Global demand increased from 20 million tons to over 160 million tons, with almost half of that being supplied by aquaculture in recent years.

Oxygen isotopes are used to estimate temperatures of the past. The ratio of 18O to 16O (18O/16O) is measured as a proxy for temperature. During colder periods the ratio of 18O/16O in ocean water is larger than in warmer periods because: Select one: a. More 16O is eroded into the ocean from the land. b. Deep ocean currents bring cold water to the surface of the ocean, and these waters are enriched in 16O. c. More 16O in water is locked up in ice on land.

c. More 16O in water is locked up in ice on land.

Energy balance models of the Earth have shown that the amount of incoming energy from the sun is slightly greater than the amount of energy re-emitted back into space. As a result the Earth is warming. Where is most of the excess energy being stored? Select one: a. Atmosphere b. Land c. Ocean

c. Ocean

As Earth's temperature rises, the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases. This causes more infrared radiation from the earth to be absorbed by the vapor, and this also causes the temperature to rise, leading to increasing amounts of water vapor in the atmosphere. This process is an example of: Select one: a. Negative feedback loop b. Seuss Effect c. Positive feedback loop

c. Positive feedback loop

A system that responds to a hazardous event in a way that maintains its essential basic function and structure is known as what type of system? Select one: a. Sensitive b. Vulnerable c. Resilient

c. Resilient

If a certain greenhouse gas has a radiative forcing value of 1 Wm-2, how much of a temperature change could be attributed to this? [Hint: use the climate sensitivity parameter.] Select one: a. Rise of 20 oC b. Rise of 5 oC c. Rise of 0.4 oC

c. Rise of 0.4 oC

The social, economic, and demographic characteristics that influence a community's ability to prepare for, respond, cope with, recover from, and ultimately adapt to environmental hazards is referred to as: Select one: a. Risk b. Exposure c. Social vulnerability

c. Social vulnerability

The definition of ecosystems is: Select one: a. The plants and animals that live in a specific geographic area of use to humans. b. Natural areas on Earth's surface never influenced by human activities. c. Specific assemblages of populations of organisms forming communities in a geographic area resulting from ecological processes operating over evolutionary time, interacting with the physical environment.

c. Specific assemblages of populations of organisms forming communities in a geographic area resulting from ecological processes operating over evolutionary time, interacting with the physical environment.

Climate forcing agents are things that can cause Earth's temperature change. Some forcing agents cause the Earth to warm by absorbing radiation and re-emitting it. Other forcing agents cause Earth's temperature to cool. Which of the following cause Earth's temperature to cool when they are in the atmosphere? Select one: a. Carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone b. Carbon monoxide (CO), halocarbons, and nitrous oxide c. Sulphuric acid, nitric acid, volcanic particles ejected during eruptions

c. Sulphuric acid, nitric acid, volcanic particles ejected during eruptions

Nutrient cycling falls into which category of ecosystem services? Select one: a. Regulating ecosystem services b. Cultural ecosystem services c. Supporting ecosystem services

c. Supporting ecosystem services

The Big Bang Theory states: Select one: a. That all matter in the universe instantaneously came into existence 5 million years ago, creating the elements necessary for Life on Earth. b. That all matter in the universe gradually came into existence as fully formed galaxies, stars and solar systems 3.7 billion years ago, and Life evolved on Earth shortly thereafter c. That all matter in the universe instantaneously came into existence 13.8 billion years ago, primarily as hydrogen and helium

c. That all matter in the universe instantaneously came into existence 13.8 billion years ago, primarily as hydrogen and helium

Called for by the United Nations Secretary General in 2000, this report documented the consequences of ecosystem change for human health and well-being: Select one: a. Sustainable Development Goals b. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity c. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

c. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

The term "life cycle analysis" refers to: Select one: a. Chain-of-custody documentation tracing the complete life cycle of tropical timber, from harvest in the rainforest to international transactions to sale of the final product to ensure sustainable logging practices. b. The study of the life cycle of exotic invasive forest insect pests to determine the most vulnerable life stages at which control measures can be targeted. c. The accounting of all CO2 and GHG fluxes, and changes in C pools, associated with a given type of land use practice, such as short-rotation coppice culture of trees for bioenergy, to determine the net "climatic footprint" compared to traditional land uses and energy production systems (e.g. fossil fuels). d. None of the above

c. The accounting of all CO2 and GHG fluxes, and changes in C pools, associated with a given type of land use practice, such as short-rotation coppice culture of trees for bioenergy, to determine the net "climatic footprint" compared to traditional land uses and energy production systems (e.g. fossil fuels).

In the scientific method: Select one: a. Hypotheses to be tested are formulated after collecting the data. b. Publication is an optional part of the process, mainly to further the careers of the scientists, but is not actually necessary. c. The self-correcting nature of science usually means that mistakes or even deceptions do not last long. d. None of the above.

c. The self-correcting nature of science usually means that mistakes or even deceptions do not last long.

Cold upwelling is: Select one: a. Frigid air currents created by air masses flowing over Greenland's glaciers that increase the length and severity of winter weather extending the season of polar sea ice to the benefit of polar bears. b. Sinking of salty, cold, and dense seawater at high latitudes as part of the thermohaline circulation. c. The upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich deep ocean currents, often along the western coasts of continents that sustain extremely high biological productivity and support vibrant fisheries, such as anchovies off the coast of Peru.

c. The upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich deep ocean currents, often along the western coasts of continents that sustain extremely high biological productivity and support vibrant fisheries, such as anchovies off the coast of Peru.

Evapotranspiration is: Select one: a. The water that passes through the stomata on the underside of plant leaves during the process of photosynthesis. b. The water that evaporates from the surface of large bodies of water, including lakes, estuaries, and the oceans influencing precipitation patterns. c. The water evaporated from a unit area of land that includes the water transpired by plants and evaporation from the soil surface combined.

c. The water evaporated from a unit area of land that includes the water transpired by plants and evaporation from the soil surface combined.

In the global methane budget: Select one: a. Total global emissions are 558 Pg, and wetlands account for 10 Pg of this b. Total global emissions are 60 Pg, and wetlands account for 50 Pg. c. Total global emissions are 558 Tg, and wetlands account for 167 Tg. d. Total global emissions are 35 Tg, and wetlands account for 20 Tg.

c. Total global emissions are 558 Tg, and wetlands account for 167 Tg.

Where in the atmosphere are most greenhouse gases found? Select one: a. Mesosphere (30-55 miles) b. Stratosphere (6-30 miles) c. Troposphere (approximately 0-6 miles)

c. Troposphere (approximately 0-6 miles)

Which of the following include major greenhouse gases? Select one: a. Ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite b. Oxygen, nitrogen, helium c. Water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide

c. Water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide

Temperature anomalies are used to summarize temperature data from around the world. Anomalies are calculated for individual weather stations on a given day by subtracting the temperature on that day from: Select one: a. a set of data where the extreme values have been eliminated because they differ too much from the average value. b. the average global temperature on that day. c. a baseline of average temperature determined over a number of years from the same station.

c. a baseline of average temperature determined over a number of years from the same station.

In terms of the world's coastlines, there are: Select one: a. a total of about 620 kilometers of coastline along which about 2, 400 people live. b. a total of 620,000 kilometers of coastline, which are very sparely populated due to the risk of property damage from storms. c. a total of 620,000 kilometers of coastline, within 100 km of which live nearly 2.4 billion people (or 1/3 of the total human population!).

c. a total of 620,000 kilometers of coastline, within 100 km of which live nearly 2.4 billion people (or 1/3 of the total human population!).

Greenhouse gases contribute to global warming because they: Select one: a. absorb visible light and therefore heat up. b. are aerosols or small particles that reflect infrared radiation. c. absorb and re-emit infrared radiation.

c. absorb and re-emit infrared radiation.

Reducing the amount of food wasted can reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases. Americans waste most of their food: Select one: a. by using excessive amount of grain to feed cattle and hogs. b. in losses of food during storage. c. in their homes and restaurants.

c. in their homes and restaurants.

The emission source that produces the least or smallest amount of carbon dioxide emissions of those shown below is: Select one: a. oil or petroleum b. coal c. natural gas

c. natural gas

The Stefan-Boltzman Law says that: Select one: a. the wavelength of the energy emitted from a body is proportional to its wavelength. b. shiny bodies reflect more light than dull bodies. c. warmer bodies give off more radiation (more Wm-2) than colder bodies.

c. warmer bodies give off more radiation (more Wm-2) than colder bodies.

Sea level is rising as global temperatures rise. The causes of sea level rise include the melting of ice sheets as well as glaciers. Another and potentially larger cause of sea level rise is: Select one: a. a decrease in salt content of the ocean water b. higher rainfall events and more flooding on land which increases sediment input into oceans. c. water expands on warming

c. water expands on warming

Increasing atmospheric and water temperatures resulting from climate change can: Select one: a.Increase exposure to pathogens and toxins in shellfish b. Decrease macro- and micro-nutrients in crops c.Both a and b

c.Both a and b

Heat in the oceans is distributed from the equator to the poles, driving the climate system. This is accomplished by: Select one: a. Rapid surface currents such as the Gulf Steam b. Very slow deep currents, such as the Thermo-Haline Circulation c. Stochastic, periodic events such as El Nino and even hurricanes d. All of the above

d. All of the above

In terms of forest responses to climate change: Select one: a. Drought can kill forests directly if severe enough. b. Forests are dying all around the globe in response to drought stress. c. Drought often (usually...?) interacts with other stress factors such as insect pests, fire, etc., to damage or destroy forests. d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

Major world biomes include: Select one: a. Oceans, freshwater bodies, and coastal ecosystems b. Polar tundra and cryosphere c. Deserts, steppes, and Mediterranean ecosystems d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The goods and services provided by coastal ecosystems: Select one: a. Depend on the structure and function of the ecosystem, and can be divided into use and non-use values b. Can be influenced by human impacts on ecosystem structure and function c. Have been given an economic value for only some goods and services, but not all d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Humans are economic creatures by nature. This is evidenced by such things as: Select one: a. "Cahokia", largest urban center of Mississippian culture, declined after 1250 AD due to natural resources depletion. b. Current world gross domestic product, which has increased from about 1 to 70 trillion US dollars from about 1960 to 2017. c. Neither a nor b d. Both a and b

d. Both a and b

Modern humans (HOMO SAPIENS): Select one: a. evolved from ancestral lineages about 200,000 years ago during the Pleistocene experiencing episodes of glaciation, but all of our modern agricultural and industrial society has only developed during the climatically favorable inter-glacial epoch known as the Holocene ( last 10,000 y or so). b. with their agriculture and industrial society are having cumulative impacts on the global climate system that rival geologic forces, leading some scientists to suggest we live in a new epoch called "The Anthropocene". c. Neither a nor b d. Both a and b

d. Both a and b

The composition and productivity of ecosystems are: Select one: a. affected by abiotic (climate, disturbance, topography, soils, storms, etc.) and biotic (number and identity of species, trophic dynamics, pests and pathogens, etc.) factors b. difficult to predict to due inter-annual variation in interacting abiotic and biotic factors c. Neither a nor b d. Both a and b

d. Both a and b

The ranking of world oceans by size, largest to smallest, is: Select one: a. Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, Antarctic, Indian b. Pacific, Hadean, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic c. Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Antarctic d. Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, Arctic

d. Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, Arctic

Holdridge Life Zones are determined by a system of bio-climatic land classification based on: Select one: a. Latitude, longitude and elevation b. Geology, soils, and landform effects c. Altitude, growing season length, and major ecosystems present d. Temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration

d. Temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration

In terms of the global C cycle: Select one: a. In terrestrial ecosystems, the vegetation contains 2 to 3 times as much C as the soil. b. The atmosphere contains much more C than the oceans. c. Proven reserves of fossil fuels are only enough to sustain current rates of consumption (~8-10 Pg C per year) for another 50 years. d. The oceans are by far the largest pool (standing stock) of C in the system.

d. The oceans are by far the largest pool (standing stock) of C in the system.

Savannas and grasslands: Select one: a. Cover about 30 % of the global land area b. Are often mixtures of co-existing trees and grasses, with trees increasing due to recent land use change c. May experience decreases in NPP in the tropics and increases in the temperate zone in response to warming d. a, b and c e. None of the above

d. a, b and c

Albedo is an important control over Earth's surface energy budget by reflecting incoming solar energy back to the atmosphere. Select one: a. Dark forests have relatively low albedo b. Grasslands also have very low albedo c. Ice and snow covered surface have very high albedo d. a, b and c e. a and c

e. a and c

The term "Global Change" refers to the fact that: Select one: a. Climate change is just one of many ways that modern society is affecting the environment, possibly decreasing Earth's capacity to continue providing important ecosystem services. b. Is the process whereby humanity sends probes to distant planets to find a new place to live. c. There is a huge patch of plastic garbage floating in the Pacific Ocean. d. a, b, and c e. a and c

e. a and c

Which statement(s) best characterize(s) the global C cycle? Select one: a. A pool of C is a standing stock of C, while a flux is movement of C between pools. b. The atmosphere has the largest pool of non-geologic C, at 37,100 Pg . c. In terrestrial ecosystems, the largest pool of C is in soil (1500-2400 Pg) compared to vegetation (450-650 Pg). d. a and b e. a and c

e. a and c

The definition of "ecosystem" is: Select one: a. Specific assemblages of populations of organisms forming communities in a geographic area resulting from ecological processes operating over evolutionary time, interacting with the physical environment b. Natural ecosystems are more-or-less in equilibrium with the physical environment and associated ecosystems, and provide broad ecosystem services c. Managed ecosystems are deliberately manipulated by people to provide specific ecosystems services, and are usually of lower complexity and not in equilibrium with the physical environment/associated ecosystems d. None of the above e. a, b, and c

e. a, b, and c

Banded-iron formations are: Select one: a. Green rocks formed during the Archean Eon found at a single location in North Carolina where iron was mined in the 1800's, founding the town of Rocky Mount. b. Rocks with alternating red and grey bands of oxidized and reduced forms of iron that formed 3.2 to 2.3 Ga, providing evidence for early evolution of aerobic photosynthesis, from which oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere as a waste product. c. Are found around the world, including northern Michigan, supporting the development of iron mining economies. d. a and b e. b and c

e. b and c

North Carolina is unique in that the northern and southern zones of the coastal plain experience different rates of sea level rise (SLR). Which of the following best describes the situation? Select one: a. The southern coastal zone has the highest rate of SLR in the state. b. North Carolina experiences some of the highest rates of sea level rise globally. c. The Northern coastal zone experiences both eustatic sea level rise, that is expansion due to warming, plus isostatic rebound of the tectonic plate due to retreat of Pleistocene glaciation. d. a and b e. b and c

e. b and c

Tundra ecosystem responses to climate change include: Select one: a. Warming much more than the global average over the past 100 years b. Permafrost melting and increase in the soil active zone c. Encroachment of woody shrubs and increased NPP d. Positive biophysical feedbacks accelerating the rate of climate change e. Sea ice retreat, stressing marine ecosystems f. None of the above g. a through e

g. a through e