ENWC201 Final Study Set

In the Milking the Rhino film we observed:

A community based conservation program centered around a locallly owned eco-lodge for willdife sight seeing.

"Father of Wildlife Management"

Aldo Leopold

First Professor of Game Managment, wrote first wildlife textbook

Aldo Leopold

Zoonosis

An anilmal disease that can be transmitted to humans, but we are not a necessary part of the cycle

Brown tree snakes in Guam are an example of:

An introduced predator that is affecting populations of birds directly through predation

Vector

An organism that carries pathogens from one host to another, or from a reservoir to a host

Wetlands are more productive than many other land types and provide important habitat for many wildlife species. In the Chesapeake Bay watershed we have lost over 60% of this land type.

Answer 1: Wetlands

Acid rain is a Secondary air pollutant that is created when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide enter the atmosphere and interact with clouds. The result is a decrease in PH in our terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This can cause various problems, including the removal of important Nutrients like calcium , which reverberates up the food chain, causing snails to be unable to form shells and birds to produce fewer eggs.

Answer 1:Acid rain Answer 2:Secondary air pollutant Answer 3:Nutrients like calcium

Caribou are primarily active across the entire day, which suggest the are a [ Select ] ["Nocturnal", "Circadian rythm", "Circannual cycle", "Diurnal", "Crepuscular"] species, however their feeding activity occurs primarily around the dawn and dusk hours, which, if we were defining activity patterns based solely on feeding would suggest that they are a [ Select ] ["Diurnal", "Crepuscular", "Circannual cycle", "Nocturnal", "Circadian rythm"] species. Regardless, both of these classifications are general descriptions of their [ Select ] ["Crepuscular", "Circadian rythm", "Diurnal", "Nocturnal", "Circannual cycle"] . Caribou are also migratory, moving from summer calving grounds to wintering grounds every year, this is part of their [ Select ] ["Circadian rythm", "Dirunal", "Nocturnal", "Crepuscular", "Circannual cycle"] .

Answer 1:Diurnal Answer 2:Crepuscular Answer 3:Circadian rythm Answer 4:Circannual cycle

Habitat can be separated into four broad, but important categories. Fill in the appropriate category to the following scenario (IMPORTANT, use a single word answer for each, i.e., either shelter or cover is appropriate and equivalent, do not type shelter/cover or the system will not recognize it): The bald eagle occurs during its breeding season in virtually any kind of American wetland habitat such as seacoasts, rivers, large lakes or marshes or other large bodies of open water with an abundance of fish, these fish are the component of habitat. Studies have shown a preference for bodies of water with a circumference greater than 11 km (7 mi), and lakes with an area greater than 10 km2 (4 sq mi) are optimal for breeding bald eagles, this is the component of habitat. The bald eagle typically requires old-growth and mature stands of coniferous or hardwood trees for perching, roosting, and nesting, this is the component of habitat. Tree species reportedly is less important to the eagle pair than the tree's height, composition and location. Perhaps of paramount importance for this species is an abundance of comparatively large trees surrounding the body of water. Bald eagles and eaglets (baby eagles) derive the component of habitat from their food. However, adults will sometimes drink while bathing, if fresh water is available.

Answer 1:Food Answer 2:Space Answer 3:Shelter Answer 4:Water

The following graph shows [ Select ] ["Quadratic growth", "Gamma growth", "Uniform growth", "Logistic growth", "Exponential growth"] . Which exhibits a population that faces [ Select ] ["limiting factors", "unlimited growth rates", "decreases in mortality over time", "increases in natality over time"] which results in the number of animals leveling off at K, also known as it's [ Select ] ["production", "fecundity", "mortality", "natality", "carrying capacity"] .

Answer 1:Logistic growth Answer 2:limiting factors Answer 3:carrying capacity

One day you are walking to the grocery store (way to be ecologically conscious!) and enjoying the fresh, clean air and the gentle cool breeze from the nearby forest, this is a [ Select ] ["Genetic", "Species", "Supporting", "Provisioning", "Regulating", "Cultural"] ecosystem service. When you get to the grocery store you wander in and purchase wild caught Alaskan salmon for a special dinner, you are benefiting from a [ Select ] ["Genetic", "Provisioning", "Supporting", "Species", "Cultural", "Regulating"] ecosystem service. As you leave the store you take a detour through the local park and stumble across a cave with ancient paintings on the wall depicting wild animals. This suggests that a previous group of humans had a Cultural benefit from their ecosystem.

Answer 1:Regulating Answer 2:Provisioning Answer 3:Cultural

The continued extraction of [ Select ] ["Refugees", "Bears", "Timber", "Insurgent Groups"] from tropical forests is leading to an increase in access to within the forest, and also an increase in the connectivity (bigger roads) of small villages to larger population centers. This has led to increased [ Select ] ["Selfies with", "Harvest of", "Scientific sampling of", "Photographs of"] animals within the forest, which are then being sold both at local markets but more importantly at larger cities where there is a high demand. This [ Select ] ["Photosharing", "Bushmeat Trade", "Pet Trade"] has shifted what used to be sustainable local consumption into an unsustainable use of wildlife in our tropical forests. The end result is Defaunation , meaning that even before the forest is cut down there are few animals left within it.

Answer 1:Timber Answer 2:Harvest of Answer 3:Bushmeat Trade Answer 4:Defaunation

Congress is considering modifying the Endangered Species Act to include "Economic Considerations" in the decision making process over whether or not to protect a given species. This is reflecting which philosophical approach to environmental ethics?

Anthropocentrism

Resevoir

Any living or nonliving substance that may perpetuate a pathogen in nature

A protected area which includes a "core area", with little human use, surrounded by a "buffer zone", where research, recreation, and other low impact activities occur, and then even further surrounded by a "transition area" with low to moderate human use, including some extractive resource use, is called a:

Biosphere Reserve

Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is:

Caused by an infectious misfolded protein, or prion, that creates vacuoles in a deers brain and alters their behavior to the point that they slowly die from starvation

Choose all the answers that describe dolphins and their harvest in Taiji (based on the "Cove" movie that we watched in lecture).

Dolphin meat is high in mercury and likely toxic to those eating it Dolphins are initially captured for the dolphin aquarium industry, but those not purchased for display are killed for meat

Leopold's "Land Ethic" proposes that we:

Enlarge our concept of community to include things such as soils, waters, plants, and animals, when making ethical decisions.

A common theme throughout the mission statements of each NGO that we reviewed in lecture was to focus primarily on ecosystems and wildlife, despite all of the sacrifices that people would need to make to achieve conservation success. (True or False)

False

A niche is considered an animals habitat, e.g., the physical and biological resources required by an organism for its survival and reproduction. (True or False)

False

All wildlife in the United States has adequate regulation of their harvest to prevent overexploitation. (True or False)

False

Based on the definitions given in class: the term "Wildlife" could include all living things, whether they are domesticated or non-domesticated. (True or False)

False

Black footed ferrets could only be reintroduced once prairie dog populations had been fully eliminated. The prairie dog was an invasive species that competes with ferrets for their primary food resource (vegetation). (True or False)

False

Category I protected areas allow direct exploitation of fish and wildlife via harvest (fishing and hunting). (True or False)

False

Eutrophication is caused by pesticides that we use on our crops. These pesticides make their way into water after rainfall and cause plants within our rivers, lakes, and oceans to die. This creates what is called a "Dead Zone". (True or False)

False

How communities (the living part of an ecosystem) vary across time after a disturbance (e.g., a forest fire) is described by the term "Biome". (True or False)

False

In a monogamous species, having a sex ratio skewed towards females (i.e., more females than males) will provide the highest level of production/natality. (True or False)

False

Increasing levels of acidity in our oceans (lower pH) is leading to an increase in the availability of free calcium, we will thus see an increase in the number of small organisms such as diatoms and dinoflagellates that are at the bottom of the food web. (True or False)

False

Restoration and even Replacement of ecosystems is such an advanced science that we are able to perfectly mimic nature, e.g., when we create a wetland. This means that we are able to convert a wetland in one location to another land use, such as a parking lot, but then perfectly replace it in another location, thus having no net loss. (True or False)

False

Starvation is not considered a disease, as it is not infectious and thus can not be "transmitted" from one animal to another. (True or False

False

The Endangered Species Act makes it illegal to "take" and endangered animal. This "take" is then defined only as the intentional harvest of an individual (i.e., take = hunting for an animal). (True or False)

False

The benefit of economic incentive programs is that all countries are capable of instituting them based on their tax revenue, and we do not need to develop a sustainable funding base for individual programs. (True or False)

False

The spotted owl has fully recovered, i.e., no longer endangered, and faces no new threats due to our placing it on the Endangered Species Act, and subsequently limiting old growth timber harvest. (True or False)

False

There is more mammal diversity (i.e., a higher total number of mammal species) than birds, reptiles, or amphibians, and mammals are also the most threatened group (i.e., they have the highest proportion of threatened species). (True or False)

False

Wildlife conservation was only successful in Zimbabwe once they banned trophy hunting in the late 1980s. This allowed wildlife populations to flourish (increase dramatically) and for the local people in remote villages to live harmoniously next to the local parks and game reserves.(True or False)

False

Choose all answers that are defining characteristics of the class Aves (Birds), i.e., traits that you will only find in birds and no other animals.

Feathers

The Florida panther is unable to expand its home range because

Fragmentation by roads is limiting their ability to disperse.

I feel that koalas have a right to exist, regardless of whether they are of a benefit to my own well being

Inherent

Fought to conserve Yosemite and founded the Sierra Club

John Muir

What BEST describes the behavior of an animal that is more likely to emit a warning call to alert its group members that a predator is near when the group includes close relatives, and less likely to emit a warning call when the group is not closely related. This warning call increases the emitters likelihood of being noticed by the predator, and thus endangers the individual.

Kin selection

Ecology is the scientific study of the distributions, abundance and relations of organisms and their interactions with the environment. Choose all of the correct root terms used by Ernst Haeckel in creating the word "Ecology".

Oikos meaning "home" Logos meaning "study of"

Which of the following steps are part of the process of Natural Selection?

Some individuals are able to outcompete others for limited resources and pass on their genes There must be genetic variation within a species An overabundance of individuals leads to a shortage in resources

An avid hunter and outdoorsman who's presidency in part led to the "Golden Age in Conservation"

Teddy Roosevelt

Tripled our National Forests and created first National Wildlife Refuge

Teddy Roosevelt

The "dual mandate" faced by managers of National Parks in the United States refers to:

The need to manage for both recreational opportunities as well as for ecosystems

Choose all correct answers: As you move up in trophic level, e.g., from producer "up" to primary consumer, or primary consumer "up" to secondary consumer:

There is a decrease in numbers of organisms There is a loss of approximately 90% of the energy available

"Conservation" includes the concept of using our natural resources, e.g., timber harvest, fishing, and hunting, but doing so in a manner that is sustainable. (True or False)

True

Although greenhouse gasses are important for maintaining our earths climate, as we increase the amount of them in our atmosphere we are causing more long-wave radiation to be captured/reflected back to the earth, thus causing warming. Similar to how a greenhouse works for plants. (True or False)

True

An NGO is a Non-Governmental Organization that can pursue various activities, including wildlife conservation. They are critical at every level of conservation, from local to international. (True or False)

True

An early effort to develop a new whooping crane migratory population failed, because when whooping crane chicks imprinted upon sandhill crane mothers they not only learned to migrate and eat like sandhill cranes, but also tried to court/mate with sandhill cranes. (True or False)

True

Due to our attitudes, values, and beliefs, we tend to favor reintroduction of animals that are charismatic, i.e., wolves, or ferrets. (True or False)

True

Education is a critical component of conservation as it can help form values and ethics at all levels, e.g., K-12, University, and even through the media. (True or False)

True

Starlings were introduced to the United States by Shakespeare enthusiasts. The birds have since spread across the United States and are out-competing native birds (like the blue bird). (True or False)

True

The Pleistocene Overkill refers to the extinction of elephants, camels, giant bison, and many more species of megafauna (large animals) that was caused by humans after they crossed the Bering land bridge into North America. (True or False)

True

We depend on wildlife the ecosystems they live in for our own ability to survive on this planet. (the correct answer is "True" and this question is worth 4 quiz points toward your max total of 50!). (True or False)

True

I value deer as a food resource and enjoy harvesting them for meat

Utilitarian-Good

Everytime I take an aspirin I appreciate the fact that the formula was originally derived from the bark of a willow tree

Utilitarian-Information

I value dung beetles for their effectiveness at decomposistion of cattle feces, as it helps limit infestations of various flies which lay eggs on cowpies.

Utilitarian-Service

An female cougar (also known as a mountain lion, catamount, or puma), reaches reproductive age at ~2 years old and produces a litter every two to three years. Female cougars are very protective of their cubs, which stay with there mother for up to 2 1/2 years. This reproductive system is best described as:

a K strategist

Epizootic

a disease that appears at an unexpected rate, synonymous with epidemic in humans

If spring leaf out date in our eastern forests continue to be earlier and earlier, but migratory song birds return at the same time as always from central and South America, we may see what is called a _____________ mismatch. Breeding birds may suffer because they will miss critical food supplies tied to the leaf out date of trees.

phenological

Zebra mussels were carried into the great lakes in the ballast water of tanker ships. They were brought frequently, arrived in good health (high quality), and in large numbers (quantity). This is a high _________ ________, meaning they are more likely to be a successful invasive species.

propagule pressure