EOC- Study Guide

Which sentence best shows how Ashley develops over the course of the passage?

"Also, I think the play could benefit from having two costume managers instead of one."

PART B: Which section from the text best supports the answer to Part A?

"Artists held the belief that through intellect, literature, art, and music, their work could challenge racism and enable African Americans to better integrate into American society as a whole." (Paragraph 6)

What does the word peevish most nearly mean as it is used in the passage?

Irritated

The Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural, social, and artistic movement that took place in Harlem, New York during the 1920s. This informational text further discusses how the movement developed, as well as its impact on culture in America. The Harlem Renaissance was an artistic and cultural explosion among African Americans living in Harlem, New York in the 1920s. It produced some of the greatest Americans artists, musicians, and writers of all time, and expanded the identity and culture of a group that had been marginalized for hundreds of years.Why Harlem? After the Civil War ended and slavery was abolished in 1865, many African Americans remained in southern states where their families had once been slaves on plantations. Most found jobs as farm laborers - doing essentially the same work they had done as slaves, but now for a meager wage. Over the next few decades, even though the federal government made some attempts to give African Americans a decent life, segregation, as well as racist attitudes and racial violence, kept freed slaves and their families from improving their own circumstances. The governments of southern states often ignored the hardships faced by African Americans.In the early 1900s African Americans began moving north where they could find better paid jobs working in city factories instead of on farms. This movement was known as The Great Migration. Neighborhoods that were mostly black popped up in cities all over the North, including Harlem, a neighborhood in New York City. It was originally built for a white, upper middle class population, but in 1910 a group of African American realtors purchased several blocks in the area, and opened the neighborhood to the new black migrants from the south. Not only did African Americans settle there, but dark-skinned immigrants from the Caribbean also came to seek a better life. These immigrants, often former slaves as well, also faced discrimination and oppression in their home countries.Art Confronting Racism Even though the north did not have as much overt and institutionalized racism as the south, African Americans still faced some level of discrimination and encountered stereotypes about their people and culture. One of the most common stereotypes was that they were primitive, wild people still closely connected to the "jungle roots" of their origins in Africa.The first major cultural event of the Harlem Renaissance, a 1917 theater production called "Three Plays for a Negro Theater," tore down these stereotypes for its viewers. It was written by the white playwright Ridgely Torrence and cast African Americans to portray complex human events and emotions. Two years later poet Claude McKay published the sonnet "If We Must Die." Although the poem never addressed race directly, African-American readers found its message of defiance6 inspiring as they continued to hear about racially motivated violence around the country. Literature in the Harlem Renaissance portrayed African Americans as complex human beings with intelligence and emotions, just like any other person. It provided insight into the everyday life of African Americans. These ideas were revolutionary for many white spectators because they countered the typical, stereotypical depictions of African Americans in popular culture.The Harlem Renaissance did not promote a specific political viewpoint or artistic style. Rather, it was a chance for a variety of African American artists to use their own form of art to express racial pride and identity. Artists held the belief that through intellect, literature, art, and music, their work could challenge racism and enable African Americans to better integrate into American society as a whole.Literature and Music Literature dominated the Harlem Renaissance and was one of the most powerful tools African Americans used to develop their own culture. The most famous writer to emerge from the period was Langston Hughes, a poet who decided to ignore many of the conventional rules for poetry in favor of a more rhythmic approach, drawn from traditional and new African American music like spirituals and the blues. He wrote about the many struggles African Americans faced, but a theme of hope and overcoming hardship ran through many of his books.Writers at the time popularized the concept of the "New Negro." This was an identity they hoped all African Americans would embrace, one of assertiveness and a refusal to submit to the old racial prejudice and segregation that had plagued them for so long.Music became another central component in Harlem. As jazz continued to grow in popularity everywhere during the 1920s, musicians in Harlem put their own spin on the music: the Harlem Stride Style. They added piano to the brass instruments of jazz. Many famous jazz musicians rose to stardom during this period, including Duke Ellington. Music in Harlem also included elements from old black spiritual songs and the blues. White artists began to take notice of black musicians, and they incorporated some of this new culture into their own music.A Deep and Lasting Impact Not only did the Harlem Renaissance produce new and exciting art and music, it also helped to define a new part of the African American identity. Since African Americans had been enslaved and oppressed for so long, it was important to create a cultural heritage of which they could be proud. It also made the larger American culture take African Americans more seriously, and it laid important groundwork for the Civil Rights movement that would come several decades later.PART A: Which of the following identifies the central idea of the text, regarding the Harlem Renaissance?

It provided African Americans an opportunity to create a new identity by using art to express their feelings and experiences.

This question has two parts. First, answer part A. Then, answer part B. Part A What is a central idea of the speech?

Nations are connected through advancements in technology.

Misplaced Drama "I know they're here. They have to be here," Ashley said to herself in a stressed, whispered voice asshe flipped through the several pieces of clothing that hung neatly backstage. Everything appeared tobe there. Every shirt, every pair of pants, every dress, every hair ornament was there. On the proptable, every prop was present as well. Yet for Ashley, the reality was quite different. The truth was likea screeching tire, impossible to ignore.It was just two months ago that Ashley had confidently accepted the position of costume manager forthe school drama production. When Ms. Fitzgerald approached Ashley about the role, Ashley wasflattered."It's going to be a lot of work," Ms. Fitzgerald warned. "The play takes place in 1920, so many of thecostumes will need to be rented, which means that you'll have to keep meticulous records, trackingwho, what, when, and where each item is," she said, peering over her glasses at Ashley. "Every itemwill need to be logged in and out, and no one is allowed to take anything home." Ashley nodded, a mixof excitement and nervousness running through her."Since this position requires so much tracking," Ms. Fitzgerald continued, "I was thinking that we maywant two people to take on this role instead of just one. I know you have exceptional organizationalskills, and I have confidence that you can do this job just as well as two people, but if there's ever atime when you feel overwhelmed, please let me know. I'm trusting you to make me aware of anyproblems. If we lose something that we've rented, the drama club will be responsible for purchasing areplacement, and those types of incidentals aren't in our budget.""Yes, I understand," Ashley said assuredly.Now, months later, remembering Ms. Fitzgerald's words made Ashley cringe with regret anddisappointment. Had she accepted Ms. Fitzgerald's offer to share the responsibility with someoneelse, perhaps the situation she was in now could have been avoided. And perhaps if she had loggedin every item properly during the first dress rehearsal, everything would be here now.Ashley remembered that last Thursday's first dress rehearsal had gone smoothly. Much of the castand crew, including herself, were restless as they looked forward to just one more day of schoolbefore the long weekend. Ashley recalled being tired from a demanding day of classes. Instead ofchecking each item against her list like she usually did, she performed a mental check of each item,feeling confident that she had memorized the complete list and no longer needed to reference it.Looking back, her own arrogance had gotten the best of her.Ashley looked at her watch. In thirty minutes students would begin arriving at the auditorium toprepare for the second dress rehearsal. Ms. Fitzgerald would also be there, pleasantly unaware of theupsetting news she was about to receive. Ashley checked her list one more time but got the sameresults. The long-jeweled earrings were gone.In a matter of minutes, an ensemble of familiar sounds filled the auditorium: students talking, book-filled backpacks hitting the floor, and the noticeable creak of people walking across the wooden stage.These were the sounds that Ashley looked forward to hearing every day. Today, though, she dreadedthese noises because they only meant that she was one step closer to telling Ms. Fitzgerald what hadhappened."Ashley, I want to talk to you about the costumes for our male characters." Ms. Fitzgerald's voice wasfirm yet pleasant, addressing Ashley. The teacher was looking down at a printed picture she held inher hands. "I think we should add a handkerchief to the pocket, like in this picture," she said, handingthe paper to Ashley."Yes, I think that would make our characters look more authentic for the time period," Ashley replied.Ms. Fitzgerald nodded in agreement, continuing to study the picture. "Ms. Fitzgerald, I havesomething to tell you," Ashley said, her voice barely above the sound of a whisper. At that moment,Ms. Fitzgerald looked directly at Ashley and removed her glasses, seeming to brace herself forupsetting news. "I want to tell you that . . ."Ashley's voice trailed off, her attention held captive by a familiar flicker just a few feet in front of her.There stood Claudia Anderson, a main character, talking to another cast member, casually wearingthe earrings for which Ashley had painstakingly searched."The earrings!" Ashley exclaimed as she rushed to Claudia, forgetting that she had been in the middleof a conversation with Ms. Fitzgerald."Oh, I forgot to take them off after our last dress rehearsal. But it kind of worked out, because I wasable to show my mom what they looked like," Claudia replied casually, completely oblivious to theanguish Ashley had endured just moments ago. Ashley didn't know whether to yell at Claudia for herthoughtless actions or hug her for bringing peace to a chaotic afternoon. Instead, Ashley just smiledand reminded Claudia that all rented items needed to stay at school.Ashley turned and walked away smiling, relieved that everything had worked out. Suddenly, sherealized that Ms. Fitzgerald had probably heard everything, and her moment of relief immediatelyturned to uneasiness as she anticipated what her drama teacher would say."Well," Ms. Fitzgerald said as Ashley approached her, "I think we can all breathe a sigh of relief.""Absolutely," Ashley said, relieved by Ms. Fitzgerald's relaxed demeanor. "Also, I think the play couldbenefit from having two costume managers instead of one." How does the author create tension in the passage?

by creating a sense of urgency through the development of the conflict

Read the speech below and answer questions 6-10. President William McKinley served in office from March 1897 to September 1901. While he was president, he advocated for a shipping canal that would connect the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. In September 1901, it was decided that the canal would be cut through the country of Panama. The canal is now known as the Panama Canal. McKinley gave the following speech at the Pan-American Exposition (a world's fair) held in Buffalo, New York, on September 5, 1901.International RelationsPresident William McKinley's Speech to the People of Buffalo, New York, September 5, 1901Ladies and Gentlemen, I am glad to be again in the City of Buffalo and exchange greetings with her people, to whose generous hospitality I am not a stranger, and with whose good will I have been repeatedly and signally honored. Expositions1 are the timekeepers of progress. They record the world's advancement. They stimulate the energy, enterprise and intellect of the people and quicken human genius. They go into the home. They broaden and brighten the daily life of the people. They open mighty storehouses of information to the student.The wisdom and energy of all the nations are none too great for the world's work. The success of art, science, industry and invention is an international asset and a common glory. After all, how near one to the other is every part of the world. Modern inventions have brought into close relation widely separated peoples, and made them better acquainted. Geographic and political divisions will continue to exist, but distances have been effaced.Swift ships and fast trains are becoming cosmopolitan. They invade fields which a few years ago were impenetrable. The world's products are exchanged as never before, and with increasing transportation facilities come increasing knowledge and trade. Prices are fixed with mathematical precision by supply and demand. The world's selling prices are regulated by market and crop reports. We travel greater distances in a shorter space of time, and with more ease than was ever dreamed of by the fathers.Isolation is no longer possible or desirable. The same important news is read, though in different languages, the same day [throughout the world]. The telegraph2 keeps us advised of what is occurring everywhere, and the press foreshadows, with more or less accuracy, the plans and purposes of the nations. Market prices of products and of securities are hourly known in every commercial mart, and the investments of the people extend beyond their own national boundaries into the remotest parts of the earth. Vast transactions are conducted and international exchanges are made by the tick of the cable. Every event of interest is immediately bulletined.The quick gathering and transmission of news, like rapid transit, are of recent origin, and are only made possible by the genius of the inventor and the courage of the investor. It took a special messenger of the government, with every facility known at the time for rapid travel, nineteen days to go from the City of Washington to New Orleans with a message to General Jackson that the war with England had ceased and a treaty of peace had been signed.At the beginning of the nineteenth century there was not a mile of steam railroad on the globe. Now there are enough miles to make its circuit many times. Then there was not a line of electric telegraph; now we have vast mileage traversing all lands and all seas. No nation can be indifferent to any other. And as we are brought more and more in touch with each other, the less occasion there is for misunderstandings and the stronger the disposition, when we have differences, to adjust them in the court of arbitration, which is the noblest forum for the settlement of international disputes.[7] The period of exclusiveness is past. The expansion of our trade and commerce is the pressing problem. A policy of good will and friendly trade relations will prevent reprisals. Reciprocity treaties are in harmony with the spirit of the times; measures of retaliation are not. If perchance some of our tariffs are no longer needed for revenue or to encourage and protect our industries at home, why should they not be employed to extend and promote our markets abroad?[8] Then, too, we have inadequate steamship service. New lines of steamers have already been put in commission between the Pacific coast ports of the United States and those on the western coasts of Mexico and Central and South America. These should be followed up with direct steamship lines between the eastern coast of the United States and South American ports. One of the needs of the times is direct commercial lines from our vast fields of production to the fields of consumption that we have but barely touched.[9] Then, too, we have inadequate steamship service. New lines of steamers have already been put in commission between the Pacific coast ports of the United States and those on the western coasts of Mexico and Central and South America. These should be followed up with direct steamship lines between the eastern coast of the United States and South American ports. One of the needs of the times is direct commercial lines from our vast fields of production to the fields of consumption that we have but barely touched.We must build the isthmian canal3 , which will unite the two oceans and give a straight line of water communication with the western coasts of Central America, South America and Mexico. The construction of a Pacific cable cannot be postponed.In the furtherance of these objects of national interest and concern, you are performing an important part. This exposition would have touched the heart of Americans whose minds were ever alert and thought ever constant for a larger commerce and a truer fraternity of the republics of the new world. The good work will go on. It cannot be stopped. These buildings will disappear, this creation of art and beauty and industry will perish from sight, but their influence will remain.Let us ever remember that our interest is in concord, not conflict, and that our real eminence rests in the victories of peace, not those of war. We hope that all who are represented here may be moved to higher and nobler effort for their own and the world's good, and that out of this city may come not only greater commerce and trade for us all, but, more essential than these, relations of mutual respect, confidence and friendship which will deepen and endure. Our earnest prayer is for prosperity, happiness, and peace to all our neighbors and like blessings to all the peoples and powers of earth.1Expositions—public exhibitions or shows2 telegraph—a machine used to transmit messages over long distances3 isthmian canal—Panama CanalRead the sentences from the speech.At the beginning of the nineteenth century there was not a mile of steam railroad on the globe. Now there are enough miles to make its circuit many times. Then there was not a line of electric telegraph; now we have vast mileage traversing all lands and all seas. What does the word traversing mean?

going across

reprinted from Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston Janie tried that, but short of telling Mrs. Turner bluntly, there was nothing she could do to discourage her completely. She felt honored by Janie's acquaintance and she quickly forgave and forgot snubs in order to keep it. Anyone who looked more white folkish than herself was better than she was in her criteria, therefore it was right that they should be cruel to her at times, just as she was cruel to those more negroid than herself in direct ratio to their negroness. Like the pecking-order in a chicken yard. Insensate cruelty to those you can whip, and groveling submission to those you can't. Once having set up her idols and built altars to them it was inevitable that she would worship there. It was inevitable that she should accept any inconsistency and cruelty from her deity as all good worshippers do from theirs. All gods who receive homage are cruel. All gods dispense suffering without reason. Otherwise, they would not be worshipped. Through indiscriminate suffering, men know fear and fear is the most divine emotion. It is the stones for altars and the beginning of wisdom. Half gods are worshipped in wine and flowers. Real gods require blood. Mrs. Turner, like all other believers, had built an altar to the unattainable - Caucasian characteristics for all. Her god would smite her, would hurl her from pinnacles and lose her in deserts, but she would not forsake his altars. Behind her crude words was a belief that somehow she and others through worship could attain her paradise - a heaven of straight-haired, thin-lipped, high-nose boned white seraphs. The physical impossibilities in no way injured faith. That was the mystery and mysteries are the chores of gods. Beyond her faith was a fanaticism to defend the altars of her god. It was distressing to emerge from her inner temple and find these black desecraters howling with laughter before the door. Oh, for an army, terrible with banners and swords ! So she didn't cling to Janie Woods the woman. She paid homage to Janie's Caucasian characteristics as such. And when she was with Janie she had a feeling of transmutation, as if she herself had become whiter and with straighter hair and she hated Tea Cake first for his defilement of divinity and next for his telling mockery of her. If she only knew something she could do about it! But she didn't. Once she was complaining about the carryings-on at the jook and Tea Cake snapped, "Aw, don't make God look so foolish - findin' fault wid everything He made." So Mrs. Turner frowned most of the time. She had so much to disapprove of. It didn't affect Tea Cake and Janie too much. It just gave them something to talk about in the summertime when everything was dull on the muck. Otherwise, they made little trips to Palm Beach, Fort Myers, and Fort Lauderdale for their fun. Before they realized it the sun was cooler and the crowds came pouring onto the muck again. What does the word defilement most nearly mean as it is used in the passage?

spoiling

Celebrating the Sweet Potato The delicious and versatile sweet potato is one of the oldest vegetables known to humans. It offers excellent nutrition, can be prepared in a variety of ways, and is a centerpiece of Southern cuisine. For these reasons and more, the people of South Carolina take time each year to celebrate the virtues of this very important crop.A Sweet History Before Christopher Columbus arrived in what is now the United States in 1492, Native Americans cultivated the sweet potato. Columbus then introduced this tasty vegetable to Europe, where it was an immediate success. In fact, sweet potatoes were a main source of nourishment for early settlers in Jamestown, where they may have been enjoyed during the very first Thanksgiving feast. Sweet potatoes were a popular first crop for homesteaders because they were easy to grow, and they matured quickly. Even George Washington grew them on his farm at Mount Vernon. During the Civil War, when coffee was scarce, sweet potatoes were dried, ground, and brewed to make a tasty hot drink.The popularity of the sweet potato was also shaped by a botanist named George Washington Carver, who made it his mission to help enrich the lives of others. Carver studied agriculture and nutrition and discovered that sweet potatoes were an excellent crop to grow in soil that has been worn out from growing cotton. Carver went on to invent 100 new products from sweet potatoes—flour, ink, starch, synthetic rubber, vinegar, glue for postage stamps, and hundreds of shades of textile dye—all of which increased the value of sweet potato crops.A Step UpIn recent years, the sweet potato has been elevated to the status of a "superfood"—one that is exceptionally good for our health. The rest of the world quickly learned what the South has always known: not only are sweet potatoes good to eat, but they are also good for you. The tasty root vegetable contains high levels of beta carotene and is rich in nutrients.Sweet potatoes thrive in the hot, damp climate of the southeast and have become a staple food in Southern cuisine. Sweet potato casserole and sweet potato pie are traditional family favorites. These treasured recipes have been passed from generation to generation, while some home cooks have enhanced recipes to include sweet potato dishes for every meal of the day. Because this vegetable can be baked, fried, mashed, boiled, grilled, and more, its culinary possibilities seem endless.Over 260 billion pounds of sweet potatoes are produced annually, making this crop one of the most significant crops in the world. South Carolina's farmers harvest thousands of acres of sweet potatoes a year, with Darlington County being one of the top-producing counties in the state.A Reason to CelebrateBringing in the autumn harvest of sweet potatoes is cause for much celebration in the Southeast. Sweet potato festivals are much-anticipated annual events that pay homage to this seemingly humble vegetable.More than 25,000 people descend upon Darlington's annual South Carolina Sweet Potato Festival, held the second Saturday in October. This event celebrates the impact that the sweet potato has on the economy of the area and raises funds for community service projects. Sampling delectable dishes featuring sweet potatoes is the ultimate reason to attend! The aroma of freshly baked sweet potato pie wafts through the crisp autumn air, tempting taste buds and provoking many rumbling stomachs. Entertainment and activities at the Darlington Sweet Potato Festival are myriad. Visitors can enjoy musicians, singers, dancers, gymnasts, martial arts performers, magicians, and puppeteers while browsing more than 100 vendors' exhibits.The Lower Richland Sweet Potato Festival, held in April in Hopkins, South Carolina, began as a community event to bring people together. Activities include a magic show, a talent show, and a parade with marching bands and a drumline. The festival showcases the great benefits of sweet potatoes but does not neglect sweet treats that can be made from them. A scoop or two of sweet potato ice cream is a cool tasty treat on a warm spring day, but the crowning event at the festival is the announcement of the annual sweet potato baking contest winner.Why are these festivals so popular? John Egerton was an independent journalist and author who roamed his native South and wrote about its traditions and history in a series of books on Southern life. He says, "Within the South itself, no other form of cultural expression, not even music, is as distinctively characteristic of the region as the spreading of a feast of native food . . . before a gathering of kin and friends. For as long as there has been a South, and people who think of themselves as Southerners, food has been central to the region's image, its personality, and its character." Over the centuries, the sweet potato has rightfully earned a prominent place among these foods that are so near and dear to the people of the South.Sweet Potato FactsThe sweet potato's bright orange color is due to the presence of beta-carotene. This nutrient helps maintain healthy vision and may improve respiratory health. Although more research is needed, scientists believe that beta-carotene may even protect the skin from the damaging rays of the sun.Simple sweet potatoes are power-packed with nutrients. One medium sweet potato provides more than 100% of the daily recommended intake of Vitamin A. This essential nutrient stimulates the production of immune cells that fight off disease and infection. It protects skin against sun damage, is vital for maintaining healthy vision, and is a powerful antioxidant.Sweet potatoes are a good source of Vitamin C, which helps the body's immune system; Vitamin D, which builds healthy bones and plays an important role in stabilizing mood; iron, which is essential for good energy levels as well as red and white blood cell production; and potassium, which helps regulate heartbeat and nerve signals. Sweet potatoes are loaded with fiber, which moves slowly through the digestive tract, helping people feel full longer.Sweet potatoes are low in calories as well as fat and are cholesterol free. They have a low glycemic index—their sugars are slowly released into the bloodstream, helping to ensure a balanced and regular source of energy.Read the excerpt from the passage.Sampling delectable dishes featuring sweet potatoes is the ultimate reason to attend! The aroma of freshly baked sweet potato pie wafts through the crisp autumn air, tempting taste buds and provoking many rumbling stomachs. What is the meaning of the word delectable as used in the excerpt?

tasty

reprinted from Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston Sometime that night the winds came back. Everything in the world had a strong rattle, sharp and short like Stew Beef vibrating the drum head near the edge with his fingers. By morning Gabriel was playing the deep tones in the center of the drum. So when Janie looked out of her door she saw the drifting mists gathered in the west—that cloud field of the sky—to arm themselves with thunders and march forth against the world. Louder and higher and lower and wider the sound and motion spread, mounting, sinking, darkening. It woke up old Okechobee and the monster began to roll in his bed. Began to roll and complain like a peevish world on a grumble. The folks in the quarters and the people in the big houses further around the shore heard the big lake and wondered. The people felt uncomfortable but safe because there were the seawalls to chain the senseless monster in his bed. The folks let the people do the thinking. If the castles thought themselves secure, the cabins needn't worry. Their decision was already made as always. Chink up your cracks, shiver in your wet beds and wait on the mercy of the Lord. The bossman might have the thing stopped before morning anyway. It is so easy to be hopeful in the day time when you can see the things you wish on. But it was night, it stayed night. Night was striding across nothingness with the whole round world in his hands. A big burst of thunder and lightning that trampled over the roof of the house. So Tea Cake and Motor stopped playing. Motor looked up in his angel-looking way and said, "Big Massa draw him chair upstairs." "Ah'm glad y'all stop dat crap-shootin' even if it wasn't for money," Janie said. "Ole Massa is doin' His work now. Us oughta keep quiet." They huddled closer and stared at the door. They just didn't use another part of their bodies, and they didn't look at anything but the door. The time was past for asking the white folks what to look for through that door. Six eyes were questioning God . Through the screaming wind, they heard things crashing and things hurtling and dashing with unbelievable velocity. A baby rabbit, terror-ridden, squirmed through a hole in the floor and squatted off there in the shadows against the wall, seeming to know that nobody wanted its flesh at such a time. And the lake got madder and madder with only its dikes between them and him. In a little wind-lull, Tea Cake touched Janie and said, "Ah reckon you wish now you had of stayed in yo' big house 'way from such as dis, don't yuh?" "Naw." "Naw?" "Yeah, naw. People don't die till dey time come nohow, don't keer where you at. Ah'm wid mah husband in uh storm, dat's all." "Thanky, Ma'am. But 'sposing you wuz tuh die, now. You wouldn't git mad at me for draggin' yuh heah?" "Naw. We been tuhgether round two years. If you kin see de light at daybreak, you don't keer if you die at dusk. It's so many people never see de light at all. Ah wuz fumblin' round and God opened de door." He dropped to the floor and put his head in her lap. "Well then, Janie, you meant whut you didn't say, 'cause Ah never knowed you wuz so satisfied wid me lak dat. Ah kinda thought--" The wind came back with triple fury and put out the light for the last time. They sat in company with the others in other shanties, their eyes straining against crude walls and their souls asking if He meant to measure their puny might against His. They seemed to be staring at the dark, but their eyes were watching God. The tone of the passage can best be described as...

Ominous

How does the bulleted list titled "Sweet Potato Facts" support the ideas presented in the passage?

by providing evidence to verify the author's claim that the sweet potato has acquired "the status of a 'superfood'"

How does the use of the section "A Sweet History" support the ideas presented in the passage?

by providing readers with background information on the significance of sweet potatoes

. A student is writing an essay about the health benefits of organic produce. Which source would most likely offer the most relevant and credible information?

www.pacificuniversity.edu/organic: a website that provides recent research studies conducted on the impact of organic produce on the human body

Why does the author include Ms. Fitzgerald's perspective about the costume manager's job?

to foreshadow the main conflict that Ashley will face

A student is writing an essay about the benefits of online learning. Read part of the student's essay.Online learning is a growing educational opportunity for many students. Millions of students across the United States take part in some type of digital learning. Students can learn a musical instrument, improve writing skills, or take karate classes online.Some students in grades kindergarten through 12 are even receiving their educations digitally through full-time, online public schools. Homework, however, is still a requirement for most courses. Online classes are available any time of the day or night. Many times, students are allowed to learn at a pace that is comfortable for them. There are some definite advantages to taking courses online.Which sentence from the essay contains the most relevant information to support the claim that there are advantages to taking online courses?

Online classes are available any time of the day or night.

What is the relationship between the section "Beginnings In The Deep South" and the section "Difficult Final Years"?

The first section provides important details from Hurston's early life that influenced her work; the second section contrasts the relative joy and ease of Hurston's youth with the hardships at the end of her life.

A student is writing a report on Clara Josephine Schumann. The student found a source. Read the paragraph from the source.Clara Josephine Schumann was an accomplished musician and composer of the Romantic era. She was born Clara Josephine Wieck on September 13, 1819 in Leipzig, Germany. Her father, Frederick Wieck, was a piano teacher, and her mother Marianne Wieck, was a concert pianist. Clara's father wanted Clara to excel as a musician and made sure that she received instruction in piano, violin, voice, and composition from the time she was young. Clara gave her first solo concert in 1830 at the age of 11 and included works of others plus her own compositions. By her mid- teens, Clara was quite famous throughout Europe and regularly performed concerts to sold-out audiences. After marrying fellow composer, Robert Schumann, in 1840, Clara continued performing and composing. Clara traveled to England in 1856 and was invited to play in a London Philharmonic Society concert. She returned to England many times over the next few years. Her musical interpretations were known for their depth and sensitivity and are still performed today. In 1878, Clara accepted a teaching position at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt, Germany and held this position until 1892.Which question would best broaden the focus of the student's report?

Why is the music Clara Josephine Schumann wrote still popular?

PART A: How does the text describe the connection between racial inequality in the South and the development of the Harlem Renaissance?

African Americans were tired of unfair treatment in the South and wanted to forge a new path for themselves in Harlem.

A student is writing an argumentative essay in which she claims that recycling for all cities should be required since it is good to the environment.Which sentence best represents a counterclaim?

Although the environmental benefits of mandatory recycling are real, the costs for implementation of such recycling programs are significant.

Explainer: Hurricanes, Cyclones, and Typhoons by Lillian Steenblik Hwang (1) A tropical cyclone is one of the most destructive natural forces on Earth. These enormous, swirling storm systems form over the ocean. Tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean or Eastern Pacific are known as hurricanes. Those in the Western Pacific are known as typhoons. When such storms erupt in the Indian Ocean, they're referred to as cyclones. (2) Whatever you call them, these storms need several starting ingredients. First, there must be some sort of atmospheric disturbance or event. Typically, that will be a thunderstorm. Second, that disturbance has to occur over ocean water that is at least 26° Celsius (80° Fahrenheit). The air also needs to contain plenty of moisture, notes Kam-Biu Liu. He studies hurricanes at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. Next? As the sun warms the atmosphere, pockets of warm, humid air begin to rise from above the ocean's surface. This temperature driven movement is known as convection. This now-water-saturated air rises into the tropopause. This is a region in the atmosphere somewhere between 9 and 17 kilometers (5.6 and 11 miles) above Earth's surface. (3) As soon as the warm air gets here, it begins to cool. Cool air can't hold as much moisture as warm air. So some of that excess water vapor condenses to form clouds and rain. This releases some heat, which warms the surrounding air. As this warm air rises, it creates regions of low air pressure beneath it. A new parcel of air will now spin under the storm and into the space left behind by the rising warm air. This air flows in from a region of higher pressure outside the storm. It gets drawn into the center of the cyclone, the region having the lowest pressure. If the cyclone is strong enough, this center will form an "eye." That's a calm and cloud-free area of low pressure. A quiet zone, it sits smack dab in the middle of the raging bands of turbulence encircling it. Together, convection and condensation drive the hurricane, explains Liu. They "create a very efficient heat engine that fuels the hurricane." From storm to hurricane (4) But swirling ocean-born storm clouds are not enough to qualify as a hurricane. The critical issue is wind speed. As a storm strengthens, its circulating winds will become more powerful. As long as the winds' sustained speed does not exceed 61 kilometers (38 miles) per hour, this storm will be known as a tropical depression. If its winds continue to build, attaining 62 to 117 kilometers (39 to 73 miles) per hour, it will formally become a tropical storm. At this point, it will receive an official name — such as Katrina (2005 in the Gulf of Mexico), Nepartak (2016 in China and Taiwan), Roanu (2016 in the Bay of Bengal) or Harvey (2017 in the Gulf of Mexico). Finally, if conditions are right, the storm can intensify into a hurricane (or typhoon or cyclone, depending on its location). These intense circulating storms are rated category 1 to 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. That rating reflects the maximum sustained wind speed (as measured over a 2-minute period). The Categories Category 1 storms range from 119 to 153 kilometers per hour (74 to 95 miles per hour). Such winds can rip shingles off of houses and snap tree branches. The damage frequently is bad enough to knock out electric power for up to a few days. A Category 2 storm will have sustained winds of 153 to 177 kph (96 to 110 mph). Winds this strong can rip siding off of buildings and uproot trees. Associated power outages can last more than a week. A Category 3 storm slams a region with 178 to 208 kph (111 to 129 mph) winds. Category 3 and higher tropical cyclones are classified as major hurricanes. These can unleash enough damage to knock out power and water for weeks. Superstorm Sandy was, at its strongest, a category 3 hurricane. It weakened to below true hurricane status by the time it came ashore in New York and New Jersey. Still, it was devastating enough to cripple large swaths of coastal communities there. A Category 4 storm's sustained winds run from 209 to 251 kph (130 to 156 mph). That's enough to flatten homes or rip through them, rendering whole communities uninhabitable. Hurricane Opal, a category 4 storm, ravaged the Florida Panhandle in 1995. Category 5 storms are the most powerful of all. Their catastrophic winds lash a region at speeds of 252 kph (157 mph) or higher. They can unleash such extensive destruction that people may not be able to return to their homes for months. At its strongest, Hurricane Katrina reached category 5 status. It flooded whole sections of New Orleans, La., and devastated the U.S. Gulf Coast. Tropical cyclones travel, often creating havoc far from the warm waters that first spawned them. Some may move hundreds to thousands of kilometers (or miles) across open oceans. Along that path, they may strengthen or weaken several times. Especially dangerous are storms that "make landfall." This refers to their having crossed some island or coastline. Most hurricanes lose steam within a day or two of making landfall. Why hurricanes are dangerous (5) Hurricanes are defined by their winds. And those winds unquestionably pose a major threat to coastal communities. Steady winds and even higher gusts can blow down electric-power lines, upend trees, and toss debris through the air. Whole buildings can be knocked down. The gusting, gale-force tempests can even transform branches and other types of debris into potentially deadly projectiles. But storm dangers are not due solely to the speed at which hurricanes blow. One of the greatest dangers that these storms pose to coastal areas is what's known as a storm surge. As a tropical cyclone spins toward land, its winds can push seawater ashore. This may temporarily flood the land to depths of 1 to 4 meters (3 to 13 feet) or more. A storm surge can be especially dangerous if it coincides with high tide; this can push an even higher wall of water onshore. Another hazard: Torrential storms may dump 25 centimeters (10 inches) or more of rain within 24 hours. These rains can fall too fast to soak into the ground, posing a risk of flash floods. This may occur inland, far from any storm surge. And these storms may trigger lightning and tornadoes, which pose their own risks. Preparing for hurricane season (6) In the Atlantic, nearly all tropical cyclones occur between June 1 and November 30. The number of storms that form during this "hurricane season" can vary widely from year to year. In general, August and September tend to be the most at-risk months. If you live in an area that is vulnerable to hurricanes, there are things you can do to prepare. Consider stocking up on emergency supplies. Families may want to also draw up a hurricane plan. This will include things like identifying who is supposed to take on which tasks in preparing for the storm. Part of the plan also should include identifying your closest storm shelters. (7) If a hurricane is headed toward your community, you might be directed to evacuate altogether. Know the best routes to get out of town. If you need to evacuate, make sure your family has a pre-packed hurricane kit. It might include batteries, cash, matches, a flashlight, first aid supplies, medications and copies of important documents. If you aren't advised to leave and your family decides to take shelter at home, make sure to stock up with several days' worth of food and water. Expect that you could lose power and running water for several days. So prepare by charging all phones and other electronic devices ahead of the storm. And help your family prepare your home. This may include covering windows and clearing yards and porches of toys, chairs or other large items that the winds could turn into dangerous missiles. What is the connection between a storm's wind speeds and its power?

A storm's wind speeds determine whether or not it will become a hurricane and its strength.

What effect is created by the author's use of a flashback in the passage?

The flashback provides the reader with insight into the background of Ashley's internal conflict.

Which sentence from the speech best supports the inference that McKinley felt the exposition atwhich he was speaking would inspire progress for many years to come?

These buildings will disappear, this creation of art and beauty and industry will perish fromsight, but their influence will remain.

. PART B: Which detail from the text best supports the answer to Part A?

"in the early 1900s African Americans began moving north where they could find better paid jobs working in city factories instead of on farms." (Paragraph 3)

Using this sentence from the passage... "By morning Gabriel was playing the deep tones in the center of the drum." Which of the following rewrites shows the sentence in passive voice?

By morning, the deep tones in the center of the drum were being played by Gabriel.

What does McKinley hope to accomplish by repeating the ideas in paragraphs 8 and 9 of the speech?

He hopes the audience will understand that steamships will eventually be replaced with other means of transportation for manufacturers to compete in a world economy.

Which statement identifies the central idea of the text?

Hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons all have the potential to cause serious damage to humans because of wind speeds and flooding.

The phrase "It woke up old Okechobee and the monster began to roll in his bed" is an example of which type of figurative language?

Personification

"Writer Zora Neale Hurston, a central figure in the Harlem Renaissance" By Biography.com Editors Writer and anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston was a fixture of the Harlem Renaissance and author of the masterwork "Their Eyes Were Watching God." Although at the time of her death in 1960, Hurston had published more books than any other black woman in America, she was unable to capture a mainstream audience in her lifetime, and she died poor and alone in a welfare hotel. Today, she is seen as one of the most important black writers in American history.Beginnings In The Deep South Zora Neale Hurston was born on January 7, 1891, in Notasulga, Alabama. Her birthplace has been the subject of some debate since Hurston herself wrote in her autobiography that Eatonville, Florida, was where she was born. However, according to many other sources, she took some creative license with that fact. She probably had no memories of Notasulga, having moved to Florida as a toddler. Hurston was also known to adjust her birth year from time to time as well.Hurston was the daughter of two former slaves. Her father, John Hurston, was a pastor, and he moved the family to Florida when Hurston was very young. Following the death of her mother, Lucy Ann (Potts) Hurston, in 1904, and her father's subsequent remarriage, Hurston lived with an assortment of family members for the next few years.Eatonville, Florida, was an all-black town when Hurston lived there. Hurston had little contact with white people until her mother's death, when Hurston was. Until her teens, Hurston was largely sheltered from racism. A talented, energetic young woman with a powerful desire to learn, she didn't finish high school but prepared herself for college.To support herself and finance her efforts to get an education, Hurston worked a variety of jobs, including as a maid for an actress in a touring Gilbert and Sullivan group. In 1920, Hurston earned an associate degree from Howard University, having published one of her earliest works in the university's newspaper.Harlem Renaissance In 1925, she moved to New York, where she became a central figure in the Harlem Renaissance. High-spirited, outgoing, and witty, she became famous for her storytelling talents.She became a fixture in the area's thriving art scene, with her apartment reportedly becoming a popular spot for social gatherings. Hurston befriended the likes of Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen, among several others, with whom she launched a short-lived literary magazine, Fire!!Along with her literary interests, Hurston landed a scholarship to Barnard College, where she pursued the subject of anthropology and studied with Franz Boas, a prominent professor at Barnard. She received a fellowship to collect oral histories and folklore in her home state. She also studied voodoo in Haiti."Sweat" And "How It Feels To Be Colored Me" Hurston established herself as a literary force with her spot-on accounts of the African-American experience. One of her early acclaimed short stories, "Sweat" (1926), told of a woman dealing with an unfaithful husband who takes her money, before receiving his comeuppance.Hurston also drew attention for the autobiographical essay "How It Feels to be Colored Me" (1928), in which she recounted her childhood and the jolt of moving to an all-white area. Additionally, Hurston contributed articles to magazines, including the Journal of American Folklore.In 1931, she collaborated with Langston Hughes on the play "Mule Bone." Her first novel, "Jonah's Gourd Vine," featuring a central character based on her father, was published in 1934. "Mules and Men," a collection of material from her research in oral folklore, was published in 1935 and became her best-selling work during her lifetime - but even so, it earned her only $943.75."Their Eyes Were Watching God" Upon receiving a Guggenheim fellowship, Hurston traveled to Haiti and wrote what would become her most famous work: "Their Eyes Were Watching God" (1937). It was the story of a black woman looking for love and happiness in the South. The novel tells the story of Janie Mae Crawford, who learns the value of self-reliance through multiple marriages and tragedy.The book was criticized at the time, especially by black male writers, who condemned Hurston for not taking a political stand and demonstrating the ill effects of racism. Author Richard Wright, for one, decried Hurston's style as a "minstrel technique" designed to appeal to white male audiences and their fantasies about black sensuality.Wright and Hurston both went on to write harsh critiques of each other's books. Harvard professor Henry Louis Gates Jr. described their vitriolic exchange in an article in The Root. Gates wrote that the "root cause, I believe, was Hurston's creation of a black female protagonist who was comfortable with and celebrated her own sensuality, and who insisted on her right to choose her own lovers in spite of the strictures of the black community. In reviews of each other's books, sexual politics met literary politics for the first time in public in all of African-American literary history." Instead, the novel, now considered her masterwork, celebrated the rich tradition of the rural black South.Difficult Final Years Hurston's work remained uplifting and joyful despite her financial struggles. She published a memoir, "Dust Tracks on a Road," in 1942. For all her accomplishments, Hurston struggled financially and personally during her final decade. She kept writing, but she had difficulty getting her work published. Hurston worked on and off as a maid near the end of her life. A few years later, Hurston had suffered several strokes and was living in the St. Lucie County Welfare Home. The once-famous writer and folklorist died poor and alone on January 28, 1960, and was buried in an unmarked grave in Fort Pierce, Florida.Restored Legacy More than a decade after her death, another great talent helped to revive interest in Hurston and her work: Alice Walker wrote about Hurston in the essay "In Search of Zora Neale Hurston," published in Ms. magazine in 1975. Walker's essay helped introduce Hurston to a new generation of readers, and encouraged publishers to print new editions of Hurston's long-out-of-print novels and other writings.Is the article suggesting that Zora Neale Hurston's work was unaffected by racism?Which selection from the text BEST supports your answer?

No. "Hurston established herself as a literary force with her spot-on accounts of the African-American experience."

How is the author's point of view advanced in the passage through the use of rhetoric?

The author uses repetition of key ideas to emphasize the health benefits of the sweet potato.

Read the sentence from the passage. "Ms. Fitzgerald, I have something to tell you," Ashley said, her voice barely above the sound of a whisper." How do the words "barely above the sound of a whisper" impact the tone?

The words create an anxious tone.

Part B Which sentence from the speech best supports the answer in part A?

Modern inventions have brought into close relation widely separated peoples, and madethem better acquainted.

Read the sentence from the speech. Expositions are the timekeepers of progress.What is meant by the phrase "the timekeepers of progress"?

Expositions showcase the most-recent innovations in science and industry.

For Hurston, writing was a labor of love and was never about turning a profit. Which sentence from the article BEST supports the inference above?

Hurstons's work remained uplifting and joyful despite her financial struggles.

The essay below needs revisions or edits. Read the essay and answer question 5.How to Care for Goldfish(1) I received a goldfish for my tenth birthday. (2) This delightful package also contained a small bag of white gravel and a day-glow green, spiky plant, I was eager to go to the store to select my fish. (3) I found a place with a container of bright fish moving busy. (4) Given the size of the bowl, the clerk recommended that I buy three small fish. (5) After plastic bags were filled with water from the aquarium tanks, my fish were scooped up and placed inside.(6) After filling the bowl with water, I set the bags with the fish still in them in my large fish bowl. (7) With great deliberation, I chose two miniature goldfish and a bottom-feeder. (8) Adjusting to the temperature of the water in the bowl, I waited impatiently for the water in the bag. (9) Once the temperatures were the same, I carefully untwisted the ties on the bags to release the fish into the bowl. (10) And my carefully selected fish swam around in their new home. (11) Darting in and out of the day-glow spikes of the plant.(12) First, the water became cloudy. (13) I made a number of mistakes when I first started caring for my fish. (14) Soon, I learned to cut back the amount of food flakes I gave them and alternated feeding days. (15) I made another mistake when I changed the water in the fish bowl allowing a fish to flop out.Where is the most logical placement of sentence 13?

immediately before sentence 12

Why does the author choose to conclude with the section "Restored Legacy"?

to suggest that society has become more accepting of black female writers since Hurston's death