Epidemiology Chpt. 2

James Lind (1716-1794)

Conducted experiments to find cause of scurvy, which was common on long sea voyages carried out a very early "clinical trial", placing sailors in different groups and giving each group a different treatment, finding citrus effective

John Snow

Considered the Father of Immunology His Cholera study provided an example of both of descriptive and analytic epidemiologic study The idea that microbes caused disease was not yet well established in the early 19th century c. 1850 a cholera outbreak occurred in London Snow counted the cases and deaths (quantification) and mapped the geographical distribution of the cases (distribution of disease) `

William Farr (1807-1883)

Continued graunt's work, extending the use of vital statistics and organized a system thought that many diseases had a multifactorial etiology

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Developed Germ theory of disease, determined that microorganisms could be killed by heat under pressure (pasteurization) Developed vaccine for rabies described life cycle of anthrax bacteria in sheep/humans, developed a vaccine for anthrax

John Graunt (1620-1674)

Developed Life tables and Life expectancy Divided deaths into 2 types of causes Acute- struck suddenly Chronic- lasted over a long period of time

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

Father of immunology/vaccination, systematically studying the process of infecting someone with cowpox to prevent smallpox. invented/produced a vaccine(vacca=cow) for smallpox. Smallpox became completely eradicated by 1979, becoming the first human disease to be completely eliminated

Pierre Charles Louis (1787-1872)

First to apply numerical and statistical methods to medicine "It is necessary to count"

Classical Epidemiology

From 1830 to 1940s due to the advent of tech/industry in W. Europe "crowd diseases" struck populations in slums of the fast growing cities observational epidemiology studies developed/public health

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Helped Pasteur establish germ theory of disease first to photograph microbes identified cause of TB studied anthrax discovered cholera bacterium, and method of transmission established importance of water purification in disease prevention

Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865)

Introduced sanitation as an effective disease prevention method correlated high incidence of childbed fever with medical students who had just come from working in the morgue proposed handwashing as a solution, which worked and made the number of deaths plummet

Clinical epidemiology

applying principles of epidemiology and bio-statistics to the care of individual patients

Rinderpest

cattle plague, eradicated in 2010, second disease in history to be wiped out

Variolation

chinese had observed for centuries that getting a weaker strain of smallpox seemed to act as protection against a stronger strain

Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689)

close observation should drive the study of the course of disease contributions- described/distinguished certain diseases, including some psychological advanced useful treatments/remedies like exercise, fresh air, and a healthy diet

Benjamin Jesty (1736-1816)

pioneer vaccinator against smallpox, noticing that milkmaids never got smallpox, but did get cowpox. "vaccinated" wife and child

Life Tables

probability of surviving any particular age remaining life expectancy for people at different ages

Early Epidemiology

15th century BC to 1830 observational studies were made and have been handed down through surviving documents theories elaborated to explain the spreading of diseases

Modern Epidemiology

1940s to present descriptive and analytic studies frequently combined benefit from clinical medicine development

Typhoid Mary

Chronic carrier of typhoid fever, causing over 250 cases personally had no symptoms confined by health officials from 1907-1910 taught the importance of keeping track of carriers

John Snow (continued)

examined water from the pump(early lab work, finding causes), interviewed residents to determine their habits(field epidemiology, finding causes) Determined that the cause/determinant for the outbreak was the Broad Street Pump, asked to have it removed (control)

Large prospective cohort studies

follows over time a group of similar individuals who differ with respect to certain factors under study, to determine how these factors affect rate of a certain outcome

Hippocrates (460B.C. to 377B.C.)

greek physician, father of medicine and first epidemiologist introduced terms epidemic and endemic observed that different diseases occurred in different locations (i.e. malaria/yellow fever near swampy areas)